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A NEW ENTREPRENEURIAL MOTIVATIONS PROFILE FOR STARTING NEW BUSINESS BY USING A PANEL DATA ANALYSIS

Author(s): Ane-Mari Androniceanu,Irina Georgescu,Jani Kinnunen / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The paper is based on research that identified and analyzed the effects of the variable context of the period 2011-2019 on the entrepreneur’s businesses from 16 states. The database used in this research has been selected from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. The data were obtained based on surveys involving adult entrepreneurs. The aim of the research was to identify the characteristics and motivations of entrepreneurs in selected states to start new businesses. The data set includes variables that reflect the entrepreneurial intentions of individuals, their abilities, opportunities, and risks depending on gender. The research was conducted using random and fixed effects models. Within the research methodology, the final analysis model selected explains 95% (R2) of the variation of TEA (total early-stage entrepreneurial activity). The research results show a high degree of heterogeneity in the profile of entrepreneurs.. Research has shown that fear of failure has positive effects on TEA. During the research, we tested the predictive power of the fixed effects model, and the results showed that it is very accurate. The results of our research contribute to shaping a well-defined profile of the entrepreneur’s behavior from different states.

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A new Visegrad Group in the new European Union - possibilities and opportunities for development

Author(s): Mariusz Bocian,Patrycja Bukalska / Language(s): English,Polish

The Visegrad Group has fulfilled the tasks it was set when established. It seems unjustified, therefore, to ponder the need for it to function further. However, it is advisable to lay out new tasks, suitable for the group's operation in the new European reality - following EU accession of Visegrad countries in May 2004.

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A path to follow or a journey to the unknown? Brexit in Polish opinion weeklies before and after the referendum

Author(s): Grzegorz Kowalczyk / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

As an unprecedented event in the European history Brexit was an important reference point in the Polish media. The paper analyses how the Polish opinion weeklies, as one of the topmost opinion-forming Polish media, reported on Brexit and assessed the phenomenon. Basing on the content analysis of the four most prominent Polish opinion weeklies it has been concluded that regardless of their editorial line in relating Brexit to the Polish reality and the political situation in Europe this phenomenon was negatively evaluated. All the titles pointed out that it was a crisis for the European Union and a success for Eurosceptics. National politics and national factors such as the problematic situation of the Polish community in the UK played an essential role in its assessment. The topic of Brexit was often referred to Poland’s possible exit from the European structures or loss of an ally who tried to stop the European integration proposed by France and Germany.

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A POSSIBLE EURO-ATLANTIC COMPREHENSIVE MARITIME SECURITY MODEL

Author(s): Valentin Catalin Vlad / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This article aims to identify the existence, relevance and opportunity of a theoretical security through cooperation model based on the main concepts and theories of the security communities and the appreciation of universally recognized individual and collective values and freedom, in order ultimately to prove the relevance and opportunity of such a comprehensive maritime security model that could be adopted and developed at Euro-Atlantic maritime space as part of the complex process of ensuring regional and international maritime security.The adoption of a comprehensive maritime security through cooperation model centered on ensuring individual and collective security, stability and prosperity is the key element for the legitimacy, credibility and efficiency of the Euro-Atlantic maritime strategies in relation to international treaties, challenges and threats to international maritime security and last but not least with the peculiarities and characteristics of international maritime basins.

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A Possible Exit Strategy from the ‘Halloumi Affair’: How to Solve Problems with CETA Ratification

Author(s): Vito Rubino,Filip Tereszkiewicz / Language(s): English Issue: 27/2022

This article explores the importance of geographical indications within the new trade policy of the European Union, using the example of the CETA and the dispute over Cypriot halloumi cheese. The authors point out that geographical indications occupy an important place within the European Commission’s negotiating strategy primarily because of their significance for the EU economy. In negotiations with third countries, such as Canada, a crucial problem is the different approaches to the protection of typical regional products. Therefore, the Union is trying to transfer its internal solutions to the international level. The detail of regulations, combined with the mixed nature of new trade agreements, makes trade policy vulnerable to blackmail by individual EU Member States. According to the authors, a reasonable solution to this problem – which was highlighted by Cyprus’s veto of the CETA – is to rely on the treaty provisions and the judgements of the Court of Justice of the EU. These indicate the exclusive competence of the EU in this area and impose an obligation on EU Member States to cooperate sincerely.

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A POSSIBLE SOLUTION: A SYNERGIC PONTIC-MEDITERRANEAN CONTINUUM

Author(s): Grigore Alexandrescu / Language(s): English Issue: 33/2009

During the evolution of the whole European civilization, the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea have been tightly connected not only by waters, but also by their peoples’ common fate. It has determined the scene to generate a synergic effect in the Euriasan and Eurafrican relation. Therefore, on both shores, there have been achieved confluences sheltering the civilizations' essences developing in this part of the world and building some indisputable systems of values. Today, guiding ourselves after the history’s lessons, EU may stimulate the achievement of a synergic continuum from the Mediterranean Sea to the Black Sea, for providing a larger and more flexible dialogue framework, one that should give coherence and substance to the policies addressing the area. This mechanism may work for turning into dynamic the current regional cooperation process, by an intensified dialogue which should increase the trust of the states from these three continents.

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A quarter-century of independent Ukraine. Dimensions of transformation

Author(s): Tadeusz A. Olszański / Language(s): English

On 24 August 1991, the Supreme Council of the Ukrainian SSR proclaimed independence, and on 1 December the same year, the Ukrainian people ratified that proclamation in a referendum. The new Ukrainian state had some very important assets, such as the peaceful path that led to its independence, the fact that its territory was uncontested and its civilian administration was established. They downside, which determined Ukraine’s fundamental weaknesses, was that like the other former Soviet republics, it had been part of the Soviet state and had no central state bodies of its own, such as a general staff, a bank of issue, or most of the necessary ministries. // After nearly a quarter century of peaceful development, interrupted by the outbreak of the war in 2014, Ukraine is still weak, but at the same time it has consolidated internally and internationally, demonstrated its capacity to withstand armed aggression, and is actively looking for its place in the world. The country’s greatest success has been to raise a new generation of ‘natural-born citizens’ of Ukraine, while its greatest failure has been to succumb to the dramatic population decline with irreversible consequences, and to allow the impoverishment of the lower strata of society, typical for all the post-Soviet states. // The present paper is not a history of independent Ukraine, but an attempt to present the main mechanisms by which the former Soviet republic has transformed itself into an independent state with a market economy. It is therefore mainly focused on internal developments in Ukraine.

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A reality check for Moldova-EU relations

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A reality check for Moldova-EU relations

Author(s): Oktawian Milewski / Language(s): English Issue: 05 (43)/2020

By mid-2020, and one year after the fortuitous change of political power in Chișinău (after the politician/oligarch Vladimir Plahotniuc fled the country in June 2019), the state of Moldovan-EU relations has continued to be plagued by the same structural institutional pathologies for at least the previous three to four years: systemic corruption, state capture, shady transactions, divisive political identity, beleaguered institutions, legal nihilism, endemic poverty, and the list goes on.

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A REFERENDUM ON THE UNKNOWN TURK? Anatomy of an Austrian debate

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

Around the world, the quality press has been reporting for weeks on the run-up to theAustrian referendum on Turkish EU accession. In London, The Guardian writes: “In 1683, Turkey was the invader. In 2015, Austria still sees it that way.” A commentator in The Financial Times notes: “For many Austrians it is as though the Janissaries were even now aiming their cannon at the gates of Vienna.” The Austrian press (“Siege Mentality”, “The Return of the Turks”, “Bulwark Austria”) and the Turkish media (“The Walls of Vienna”, “Will Vienna fall?”) are awash with military metaphors. || There has never been any doubt about the outcome of the referendum. For more than a decade, Eurobarometer polls have recorded no more than 10 percent support among Austrians for Turkish accession. With the exception of the Green party, all political parties represented in parliament have campaigned for a ‘no’ vote. It is the inevitability of the result which fascinates some (and shocks others). Vienna 2015 will replace Vienna 1683 as a global metaphor for the eternal confrontation between Christian and Muslim Europe.

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A Review of the Monograph by T. Pimonenko, O. Lyulyov, N. Letunovska "Stochastic Modeling of the Roadmap for Harmonizing Domestic and European Standards of Energy Market Regulation: Transformational Shifts to a Circular and Carbon-neutral Economy”

Author(s): Aleksy Kwilinski / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

The European Green Deal is a new European climate strategy presented by the European Commission in 2019. The central postulate of this strategy is the growth of renewable energy sources share in the energy balance of the European countries. The Pro-European integration vector of Ukraine envisages the country to synchronize the national energy policy with the EU strategic guidelines for transition to a circular and carbon-free economy. This monograph aims to explore the experience in implementing the principles of the European Green Deal and the best practices in improving energy policy among the EU countries. Therefore, the findings would be instrumental in developing a balanced and structured roadmap for Ukrainian energy policy synchronization with the EU requirements. The European Commission poses significant challenges to European producers. In turn, transition to the principles of the European Green Deal is particularly relevant for Ukrainian exporters competing with European producers within the European Union and abroad. The comprehensible implementation mechanism of the new European Green Deal tools is a prerequisite for the successful adaptation of national energy policy and the modernization of approaches to managing local businesses and industries that depend on energy resources.

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A Review of Transnational Regulations in Environmental Protection and the Circular Economy

Author(s): Zofia Wysokińska / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

The aim of the paper is to present a review of transnational regulations (global and European) in the field of environmental protection and the circular economy. The paper discusses the regulations proposed in publications and reports of such global organizations and UN Agencies as the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP), the United Nations Conference for Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), as well as the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the European Commission as the Executive Body of the European Union. With regard to the WTO, these regulations concern the effects of liberalizing trade in environmental goods and services and environmentally sound technologies. Sustainable development means, above all, protecting the natural environment and reducing excessive dependence on depleting natural resources, including primary raw materials, in the economic sector. This implies the need to implement a new resource‑efficient development model, based on the principles of the circular economy (CE), which has been proposed for several years by transnational organizations. In the CE model, the use of natural resources is minimized, and when a product reaches the end of its useful life, it is reused to create additional new value. This can bring significant economic benefits, contributing to new production methods and new innovative products, growth, and job creation. The topics mentioned above are the main subject of consideration in the presented paper.

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A SENDING COMMUNITY IN THE FACE OF A MIGRANT CRISIS. MOŃKI CASE STUDY

Author(s): Barbara Cieślińska / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2019

The article presents results of the study carried out in Mońki, which is a town characterized by high intensity of economic emigration. The study was conducted in 2016, during the so-called the migration crisis, i.e. the increased influx of immigrants and refugees to the countries of the European Union. Although the wave of this influx did not reach Poland, but the migration crisis has become an important social issue, especially in the mass media. Our survey shows how being a member of an emigrant sending community affects the attitude towards receiving immigrants and refugees.

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A Separate Eurozone Parliament - New Names for Old Dilemmas?

Author(s): Lavinia-Ioana Opriș / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In recent years, heavily loaded, yet still rather vague questions considering the future of the European project have been asked with a staggering frequency that has the more salient issues of European integration bordering the realm of clichés. Against this background, suppositions, comments and analyses regarding a Europe with differentiated integration have covered their own terrain on the complex map of the European Union. The aim of this particular paper is to discuss a very recent illustration of this last point, namely the superbly timed declaration by Germany’s finance minister Wolfgang Schäuble concerning possible support for a separate Eurozone Parliament. Would the functional, legal and symbolic implications of such a move be construed as another example of the versatility and adaptability the EU is famous for - or, in more sceptical views, notorious for - or would it represent a decisive step towards that proverbial final straw that breaks the camel’s back?

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A SHIELD FOR A NEW EQUILIBRIUM

Author(s): Gheorghe Văduva / Language(s): English Issue: 34/2010

Unfortunately, the Theatre Missile Shield (TMD), also known as missile shield, cannot be seen only in itself, as a beneficial system for everybody, but especially as a European strategic safety solution, and meantime as a component of the US National Missile Defence (NMD). We consider such a shield is a must, as the ballistic missiles, created and located in silos, submarines, strategic bombers, or other vectors (although they are, in themselves, vectors carrying different types of loads, including the nuclear ones) threat everybody, including the ones owning them. This new anti-missile shield is related with the power relations and it is also related with a complicated and very sensitive security architecture, based on a moving and vulnerable equilibrium. A TMD is necessary, both for the United States, and for its strategic partners, and also for NATO and its European partners. However, achieving, expanding or improving any anti-missile system, as well any other offensive missile system (in fact, all missiles are offensive!) raises many problems. Even the current American TMD, which is meant to be a consonant and even integrated one, with a possible Alliance TMD, raises enough problems. Besides costs and more or less vehement Russia’s reactions, although the system does not aim the offensive missiles of the Russian Federation, the future US anti-missile shield, which will be operational in 2015, wants to be – and it is – a strategic stability factor, for strategic equilibrium.

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A strong and united Europe in the common foreign and security policy

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A strong and united Europe in the common foreign and security policy

Author(s): Niels Annen / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

We live in a changing and increasingly challenging world. The arc of insecurity around our borders to the south, the ongoing conflict in Syria, Iran’s nuclear ambitions, the Ukraine conflict and also a more assertive Russia to the east pose huge foreign and security policy challenges for the European Union. To address these challenges, we need a united EU foreign and security policy that is fit for purpose. The Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) has vast untapped potential – I will address some of the changes we need to make to unlock it.

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A Struggle for Survival: The Polish Agricultural Sector from Communism to EU Accession

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A Struggle for Survival: The Polish Agricultural Sector from Communism to EU Accession

Author(s): Silvia Borzutzky,Emmanuel Kranidis / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2005

This article discusses the evolution of the Polish agricultural sector, its struggle for survival since 1945, and the effects of this struggle on the Polish economy. The article provides insights and conclusions about the flaws of the communist economic system and central planning policies, the successes and problems of the Polish transition to a free market system, the effects of EU policies on the agricultural sector, and the depth of the relationships between the agricultural sector and the national economy. The article concludes with a discussion of the impact of the Poland-EU Association Agreement and the effect of preaccession policies on the agricultural sector. The analysis indicates that EU accession has not solved the structural problems of the Polish agricultural sector such as overemployment, farm size, and lack of capital. However, EU accession provides the potential for a better future if a stable economic environment is created and if foreign capital is attracted.

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A Three-Pillar Firepower to Solve the European Sovereign Crisis: A last chance!

Author(s): Rym Ayadi / Language(s): English

EU policy-makers, led by Germany, have a last chance to work together with the private sector to produce a comprehensive, multi-pillar framework to stop the pernicious spread of economic contagion from the sovereign debt crisis in Europe with its detrimental effects on the real economy and the society. The sovereign debt crisis and the turmoil in the banking sector have become intimately intertwined. Partial cures will not be strong enough to tackle the root cause of the disease, which has macro and micro origins resulting from the close relationship that has developed over decades between sovereigns and banks and been reinforced by the erroneous zero-risk weight treatment of the EEA countries under the Basel regulatory regime. Recent calls to increase core Tier-1 capital ratios (up to 9%) on all European banks without reconsidering the ratio’s design profoundly miss the point. The experience of Dexia, which had a core Tier-1 ratio of approximately 12.1% in 2010, seemingly superior to the 9%, reveals the limits of these capital indicators to assess a bank’s soundness. Therefore, creating unnecessary noise in the market may derail policymakers’ efforts to solve the European sovereign debt crisis.

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A threshold for European aspirations. NATO membership. 2008.

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

At a meeting with NATO Secretary General, Mr. Jaap D.H. Scheffer, former Macedonian Prime Minister, Vlado Buckovski, talking about the NATO demands for 110% fair elections in Macedonia, said: “Secretary General, you're asking for miracles. But I accept the miracle.”. This is a regular political joke, especially since the elections of July 2006 were not exactly “110% fair”. Yet, this statement is also indicative from another perspective – it speaks about the political discourse in Macedonia, how things are perceived, referred to and understood. Thus, it seems rather ironic, if unsurprising, that the Macedonian discourse about NATO should revolve around ‘miracles’ – demanding or accepting them. NATO officials have continually emphasized the ‘rational’ nature of NATO, its enlargement and the criteria for enlargement. There should be nothing miraculous about them! When a state is ready, when all necessary reforms and preparations in the defense and political sectors have been completed, it receives an invitation for NATO membership. In the meantime, NATO evaluates the progress of reforms and provides guidelines and recommendations. It is as simple as that.

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A tool for health system description. Diagnosing the Polish system

Author(s): Włodzimierz Cezary Włodarczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2019

The article presents the thesis that there is information available in the public sphere on the basis of which the situation in the Polish health system can be diagnosed. Such a diagnosis would make it possible to identify the problems experienced by patients as ailments and other problems which may lead to missing the chance of positive impact on the health condition. Since the study is focused on and confined to the diagnosis of problems, especially those perceived by patients as limiting, and leaves their explanation to be considered further, the range of sources is necessarily restricted. The following sources are indicated: WHO reports, European Health Consumer Index reports, Centre for Public Opinion Research (Pol. CBOS) reports, National Health Fund (Pol. NFZ) annual reports, WHC BAROMETER results and OECD documents. On this basis, it can be argued that a serious problem for the system is the multi-cause perception of the patients’ failure to meet their health needs, long waiting times for specialist consultation, diagnostic tests and hospitalisations, shortage of time and attention devoted to patients, issues of equal treatment of patients and – oftentimes – dissatisfaction with the functioning of the system. After formulating the outline of the diagnosis presented in this text, considerations were made aimed at explaining the revealed problems.

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A VERY SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP. Why Turkey’s EU Accession Process Will Continue

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

One area where the EU has discriminated against Turkey has been in the field of visa-free travel. This suggests an obvious way to show that EU conditionality vis-à-vis Turkey remains “strict but fair”: to offer Ankara a visa roadmap similar to that which has been given to Western Balkan countries. Once the roadmap requirements are met, Turkish citizens should be able to travel to the EU without a visa. Visa-free travel to the EU is a right enjoyed by Central Europeans (since the early 1990s) and by most people living in the Western Balkans (since 2009). The EU already promised it to Turkey under the 1963 Association Agreement. A credible visa liberalisation process would provide tangible evidence to ordinary citizens that the EU remains committed to a future integration perspective. It would also be a useful tool to advance the implementation of non-discrimination policies and promote further improvements in Turkey‟s human rights record, bringing down still high rates of asylum requests granted to Turkish citizens in EU member states. Such a reform process would be a win-win proposition for the EU and Turkey and a big shot in the arm for the accession process.

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