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CSD Policy Brief No. 36: Educational Integration of Refugee and Asylum-Seeking Children: the Situation in Bulgaria and the Experience of other European Countries

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

KEY POINTS According to the Migrant Integration Policy Index (MIPEX) for 2011, Bulgaria reaches an average of 15 per cent of the internationally recognised standards in relation to policies on access to education, assessment of knowledge upon arrival and assistance during language learning. The educational integration of RASC in Bulgaria is organised in two stages: preparation for school enrolment and integration into the public school system. ››› The main focus is on the preparatory stage which ensures school enrolment. The second stage, during which the true educational integration of RASC takes place, develops in the public schools and is not supported by special programmes and additional resources. ››› The studying of Bulgarian language is viewed as the main (and the only) element of the educational integration of RASC. Other particularly important aspects of educational integration like preparatory courses in the main subjects, participation of parents in the education process, providing school materials and appliances or mother tongue training currently remain unconsidered by the responsible institutions. There is no systematic observation and data collection with regard to RASC presence and performance in the public school system of Bulgaria.

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Ljudska prava migranata u vreme krize

Author(s): Dejan Pavlović / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Treatment of the refugees and asylum seekers can become be a challenge for any state, particularly for fragile states with relatively weak economies and insufficient institutional capacities. The war in Syria caused a significant flow of refugees and asylum seekers from that region, which stirred the foundations of humanity across Europe, indicating that EU could become fortress like. There are alarming trends in border controls and prison-like treatment of the illegal migrants. The detention centers offer poor living conditions and there is wide spread malpractice of expulsion of asylum seekers without proper asylum procedures or in disrespect of the non-refoulmant principle of the public international law. Republic of Serbia is in a complex situation that requiring careful monitoring of external and internal migration flows. There is already a significant number of refugees and Internally displaced peoples (IDPs) as a legacy from the conflicts related to the dissolution of Yugoslavia. The general socio-economic situation is fragile and not helpful for the formulation of a clear and coherent migration policy. The management of migrations in Serbia is also an issue within the process of the EU accession, under Chapter 24 (Justice, Freedom and Security). The key human rights issues in the context of migrations are the reception conditions for the asylum seekers, in particular, those belonging to the vulnerable groups, and collective rejections without due process.

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Temporary Migrants: Beyond Roles, Across Identities

Author(s): Petya Kabakchieva / Language(s): English

In this text I would not reflect upon different approaches towards migration; many books deal with this issue (to point just a few: Chow R. 1993; Baubock R. 1994; Cesarani D. and M. Fulbrook 1996; Appadurai 1996; Massey et all, 1998; Brettell and Hollifi eld 2000; Wallace and Stola 2001). Here I want to focus on a specific type of migration – temporary migration and its influence upon the self-perception of temporary migrants. My paper is based on a qualitative study of Bulgarian gastarbeiters in Western European countries that are members of the EU.

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Trends in Asylum-Seeking in light of Macedonia’s Accession Processes in the European Union

Author(s): Martina Smilevska / Language(s): English

Western European countries have been at the front line of developing instruments designed to control and restrict flows ever since the 1970s when the problem of unwanted immigration and asylum flows began to emerge. Their policy responses subsequently set a standard or pattern for other, ‘new’ asylum countries or transit countries on Europe’s borders, at the same time influencing towards more restrictive policies in this area. The European Union’s further integration through building the Common European Asylum System (CEAS) influence towards creating common standards on determination and harmonizing the level of human rights among the EU countries. These processes however, on the other side are producing negative impact on the protection regimes in EU, making it more difficult for the forced migrants to reach the “shores” of Europe and benefit from the asylum. The Republic of Macedonia is a candidate country for European Union membership since 2005 and the accession to EU has been defined as one of the highest strategic priorities for the governmenti . The country present the democratic capacities in a light that shows that the State ensures law, procedure, standards and legal understanding through which it will protect those in need and ensures legitimacy in front of the international democratic public, thus following the development and further integration of the European policies through establishing asylum system and policies synchronized with the EU`s ‘acquis’.After the Bosnian crisis and the Kosovo war, Republic of Macedonia faced with significant number of so- called “new asylum seekers”, asylum seekers coming from countries outside the Balkans and Europe. According the UNHCR official statistical data in 2011, 740 asylum applicationsii were submitted in front of the Section for asylum- Ministry of interior. None of these asylum- seekers was granted with convention (refugee) status or complementary protection statusiii . In 2008, the number of asylum applications was 50, following by increases in the numbers in 2009- 90, then 2010 with 180 asylum applications.

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От криза към реформи: „бежанската“ криза и опитите за нейното овладяване

Author(s): Svetoslav Malinov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This report focuses on crisis processes in the European Union, which give rise to the need for reforms in several areas: Greek debt, deteriorating relations with Russia, "refugee" flow, increase in the number of terrorist acts, the referendum in the UK. The author stresses that there are very few positive examples for consensus on long-term measures against future threats. Crisis prevention through deep anticipating reforms is something new in the European policy. However, the EU would not allow "refugee crisis" to remain unused.

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Европейската миграционна политика във фокуса на националните интереси и дефицитите в законодателството и бежанското право

Author(s): Milka Yosifova,Adela Bozmarova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

EU migration policy remains a serious problem, both in financial terms and the security of Member States and the Union as a whole. Inability to limit the migratory pressures exacerbates relations between Member States and causes extreme statements and defensive positions of their leaders, which block taking fast and effective solutions to limit and return of illegal economic migrants and those coming from countries where there is no military actions and civil war. After the failure of the mechanism for displacement and relocation, hopes are directed to the Agreement with Turkey to hold the wave of migration and to accept economic migrants against the price of a number of conditions and demands. The report examines art. 4 pt. 1 of Regulation (EC) № 2007/2004 on the establishment of FRONTEX, which states that "External borders may be crossed only at border crossing points and within the fixed opening hours", which the migrants undoubtedly violate, and the requirement to possess valid document for crossing the border. Moreover, the admission of this crime raises smuggling, human trafficking and civic associations for detention of migrants.

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Миграционният поток от Близкия изток – проблеми и перспективи

Author(s): Ivaylo Petrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The timeliness of the report consists in the growing power and unpredictable consequences for national security related to new forms of various threats in global and regional terms, with various socio-economic, political, ethnic and religious factors standing in their core. The question arises about the refugee wave of asylum seekers from Syria through Bulgaria and its neighboring countries to Western Europe as a way for the transit of foreign fighters-terrorists. Objects of the study is the migration flow seen on one hand as a result of the activities of the Islamic State, and the other hand - as a potential threat to the security of Bulgaria and hence Europe as a whole. The paper studies the various forms of threat and destabilization of order and security in the country and the EU. It outlines the main causes of migration wave as a tool for illegal crossing of militants through the territory of Bulgaria.

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Новите предизвикателства пред Шенген

Author(s): Ivan Lolev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Creating an area of free movement of people without internal borders is one of the greatest achievements of European integration. Is Schengen threatened today and what will be the response of the European institutions and leaders? Answering these and other questions related to border security is sought in this report. The purpose of the analysis is to present a vision from different perspective on illegal migration and the reaction of the European institutions.

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Бежанската вълна – заплаха за сигурността на Европа

Author(s): Alexandra Valcheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This report examines the dynamics of the factors that underlie the migration crisis occurred after the destabilization of North Africa and the Middle East. The actions are presented, through which EU should limit the negative impacts on its security resulting from the event.

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Агротероризмът – мит и реалност

Author(s): Nikifor Stefanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The early 21st century is marked by external and internal conflicts with multiple victims in countries such as Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, Libya and many others. Daily worldwide terrorist attacks occur with many wounded and killed. Migration increased dramatically, and the flow of immigrants to the European Union has a continuous nature. A real threat arises terrorist groups to "hit" the population by infected food in the chain from production to supply and cause crises with significant negative consequences for health, safety, security, economic or social well-being of the population in separate countries or regions on Earth.

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Отговорности на България като външна граница на Европейския съюз

Author(s): Zahari Biserov,Alexander Alexiev,Borislav Dinkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Considering the responsibilities of Bulgaria as an EU external border we must first ask the question: Does Bulgaria succeed to protect its own borders? Because its responsibility to the Union is not less than that which brings to itself and its people. The events of the past few months have shown clearly the position in which Bulgaria is situated. Bulgarian border, respectively EU border is unable to stop migration flows. Authorized Service Directorate "Border Police" shows weakness, lack of capacity and professionalism. The army had to come to the aid, which does not mean that the way the border protection was organized would stop the migrants. It turned out that another service the Ministry of Interior 570 has parade but not required capabilities. The fact that they have formed voluntary squads in the regions around the "groove", says it all.

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Корупция и промигрантски лобизъм в Европа

Author(s): Nikolay Radulov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This report focuses on the legal basis of Iran and Tajikistan in the field of international cooperation in criminal matters and seeks to analyze the effectiveness and efficiency of the legal regime in the surveyed countries. This article does not cover all aspects of international cooperation in criminal matters and elect three of them, which are key - international legal assistance, extradition and confiscation of criminal assets.

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Морските операции на европейската агенция Frontex в отговор на новите предизвикателства пред сигурността в района на Източното Средиземноморие

Author(s): Kaloyan Pancheliev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The paper presents new security challenges posed by the heavy traffic of migrants from Turkey to Greece in 2014 - 2015 At the center of the analysis are maritime operations of the European agency Frontex in the area of the Eastern Mediterranean, including the participation of Bulgaria with border police ship "Obzor" (525) in 2016. The possibilities are shown for improving the existing model for the operations in terms of its organization and management.

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Environmental Security and Climate Change Impacts in South – Eastern Europe

Author(s): Tsvetan Spasov / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Over the last decade, the number of scientists increases, who study in more depth topics related to environmental security and the relationships between socio-economic and natural processes and how the depletion of natural resources undermines human security. This article discusses the impact of climate change on communities and key economic sectors such as agriculture and energy. We will analyze the impact of current and potential future socio-economic processes catalyzed by climate change, which in combination with the population boom in traditionally unstable regions like the Middle East, already seriously affect the security and economic development of Bulgaria and the European Union.

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Генериране на финансова сигурност чрез реформиране на механизмите за прехвърляне на парични средства в ЕС в контекста на миграционните потоци

Author(s): Gergana Yordanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Intensification of migration flows to Europe generates new challenges for the financial security of host countries, which include the latest trends in the flow of transactions concerning transfer of funds. In some observed cases, it is about a liquidity support to refugees and economic migrants. However, alongside these legitimate operations many remittances of illegal origin run, which impair the integrity, stability and reputation of the financial sector, and threaten the internal security. This requires reforms in regulatory and technical mechanisms of the transfer of funds within the Community in order to prevent endangering the domestic and international development.

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Migration as a Political and Public Phenomenon: The Case of Czech Republic

Author(s): Jan Bečka,Bohumil Doboš,Filip Gantner,Jakub Landovský,Lenka Pítrová,Martin Riegl,Scarlett Waitzmanová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

For the last two years, migration became one the most discussed topics in many European countries. With the waves of refugees and migrants in general arriving to Europe from the war-torn countries of the Middle East and from African countries, the European political representatives as well as the general public have been largely caught off guard. By September 2016, for example, there were almost 120,000 first-time asylum seekers in the EU-28.1 According to the UNHCR, there were 362,376 migrants and refugees arriving to Europe just by the Mediterranean route in 2016, not counting others.2 The migration flows that Europe has been witnessing as a part of the current crisis are the big-gest since the wars in the Balkans in the 1990s and perhaps the most significant since the end of Second World War.

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Handling the Refugee Influx. Between the Lwas, Borders and Political Discourses

Author(s): Lana Radovanović,Katarina Kosmina / Language(s): English

When speaking about the refugees currently arriving in Europe, it is rather difficult to focus on one relevant dimension: the legal framework, border policy, and political discourse - all converge to affect both how we speak and act on the issues arising from the mass influx of refugees on the territory of the European Union. This article attempts to deconstruct the EU’s response to the current ‘crisis’ and outline its relevance for Serbia’s asylum strategy. The focus will be on relevant EU legislation, such as the Dublin III Regulation, and ensuing issues, as well as the response taken regarding border policies and political discourse.

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DON’T CLOSE BORDERS, MANAGE THEM: How to improve EU Policy on Migration through Libya

Author(s): Mattia Toaldo / Language(s): English

Two years after the start of the refugee cri s i s , migrat ion flows via Libya to Europe are increasing, while deaths in the Mediterranean have skyrocketed. Current policies have failed to reduce the number of migrants reaching Europe’s shores. // The EU and its member states need to rethink their basic assumptions about migration and break popular taboos about the movement of people if they are going to reduce flows. The first step is to cast away the idea that borders can be completely closed to economic migrants. // The EU and its member states need to manage flows, rather than aiming to cut them to zero. To do this, legal migration channels should be opened so that illegal channels can be shut via a series of readmission agreements. // Through a coalition of the willing, EU member states can implement this policy, which should also involve establishing safe and quick procedures to guarantee asylum to refugees; reinforcing the Libyan economy and its local communities; building respect for the rule of law and human rights; and finally, broadening the scope of the EU Border Assistance Mission to Libya.

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Stanovništvo Kaknja u osmanskom periodu

Author(s): Emir Demir / Language(s): Bosnian

This book supplements the Census Register from the year 1850, which is crucial for understanding the genesis of surnames in Kakanj. The surnames as we know them today began forming in the early 19th century, and the process had lasted for almost an entire century. In the past, surnames had more of a titular than an identifying function, especially among the nobility. In the register, some households lack surnames, while others have surnames that were later changed. The primary goal of this research was to facilitate the search for ancestry. The focus is not on glorifying surnames but on identifying the inhabitants of Kakanj during that period. Migration has always been a constant and will continue in the future. This collection is the result of a year-long research project published in Kakanj Newspapers. I remained committed to presenting an accessible vision of both immediate and distant ancestry to the common person through a suitable local medium. Although this research does not strictly adhere to classical academic standards, it holds scientific value. The regular publication of articles prompted the completion of this work. I hope this book will serve as a valuable resource for future generations.

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Czech America: Chicago

Author(s): Jaroslav Kříž / Language(s): English

Did you know that more than 100,000 Czechs lived in Chicago before World War I, making it the third largest Czech city after Prague and Vienna? Did you hear about Eastland disaster, also known as the Czech Titanic? Did you know that there is a Czech National Cemetery in the USA? You might also be surprised to know that in 1931 a Czech became the mayor of Chicago. The monograph Czech America: Chicago provides a comprehensive look at the development of the Czech community in Chicago between 1848–1945. The main part of the book is devoted to the socio-cultural, economic and political development of the Czech minority from an ethno-historical perspective.

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