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#50 Trends and Gaps in the Academic Literature on EU Labour Migration Policies

Author(s): Marie De Somer / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2012

This paper provides an overview of the ‘state of the art’ in the academic literature on EU labour migration policies. It forms part of the research agenda of Work Package 18 of the NEUJOBS project, which aims at reviewing legislation and practices regarding the labour market inclusionand protection of rights of different categories of foreign workers in European labour markets. Accordingly, particular attention is paid to the works of scholars who evaluate the status of rights of third-country national workers in relation to labour market access, employment security, social integration, etc., in European legislation on labour immigration. More specifically, the review has selected those scholarly works that focus specifically on analysingthe manner in which policy-makers have addressed the granting of rights to non-EU migrant workers, and the manner in which policy agendas – through the relevant political and institutional dynamics – have found their translation in the legislation adopted.

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#51 Does the Stockholm Programme matter? The Struggles over Ownership of AFSJ Multiannual Programming

Author(s): Elspeth Guild,Sergio Carrera / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2012

Does the 2009 Stockholm Programme matter? This paper addresses the controversies experienced at EU institutional levels as to ‘who’ should have ownership of the contours of the EU’s policy and legislative multiannual programming in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ) in a post-Lisbon Treaty landscape. It examines the struggles around the third multiannual programme on the AFSJ, i.e. the Stockholm Programme, and the dilemmas affecting its implementation. The latest affair to emerge relates to the lack of fulfilment by the European Commission of the commitment to provide a mid-term evaluation of the Stockholm Programme’s implementation by mid-2012, as requested by both the Council and the European Parliament.

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#59 Current Challenges regarding the International Refugee Law, with focus on EU Policies and EU Co-operation with UNHCR

Author(s): Violeta Moreno-Lax,Elspeth Guild / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2013

From an examination of the instruments of the Common European Asylum System (CEAS) and related policy measures regarding border surveillance and migration management, two inter-related issues stand out as particularly sensitive: Access to asylum and responsibility for refugee protection.The prevailing view, supported by UNHCR and others, is that responsibility for the care of asylum seekers and the determination of their claims falls on the state within whose jurisdiction the claim is made. However, the possibility to shift that responsibility to another state through inter-state cooperation or unilateral mechanisms undertaken territorially as well as abroad has been a matter of great interest to EU Member States and institutions. Initiatives adopted so far challenge the prevailing view and have the potential to undermine compliance with international refugee and human rights law.

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#60 Why come here if I can go there? Assessing the ‘Attractiveness’ of the EU’s Blue Card Directive for ‘Highly Qualified’ Immigrants

Author(s): Katharina Eisele / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2013

This paper analyses the attractiveness of the EU’s Blue Card Directive – the flagship of the EU’s labour immigration policy – for so-called ‘highly qualified’ immigrant workers from outside the EU. For this purpose, the paper deconstructs the understanding of ‘attractiveness’ in the Blue Card Directive as shaped by the various EU decision-making actors during the legislative process. It is argued that the Blue Card Directive sets forth minimum standards providing for a common floor –not a common ceiling: the Directive did not, as originally envisaged by the European Commission, create one European highly skilled admission scheme. This raises questions regarding its concreteuse. A critical focus is placed on the personal scope of the Blue Card Directive and the level of rights offered, and a first comparative perspective on the implementation of the Directive in five member states is provided.

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#61 The Criminalisation of Migration in Europe. A State-of-the-Art of the Academic Literature and Research

Author(s): Joanna Parkin / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2013

In the last 30 years, a clear trend has come to define modern immigration law and policy. A set of seemingly disparate developments concerning the constant reinforcement of border controls, tightening of conditions of entry, expanding capacities for detention and deportation and the proliferation of criminal sanctions for migration offences, accompanied by an anxiety on the part of the press, public and political establishment regarding migrant criminality can now be seen to form a definitive shift in the European Union towards the so-called ‘criminalisation of migration’. This paper aims to provide an overview of the ‘state-of-the-art’ in the academic literature and EU research on criminalisation of migration in Europe. It analyses three key manifestations of the so called ‘crimmigration’ trend: discursive criminalisation; the use of criminal law for migration management; and immigrant detention, focusing both on developments in domestic legislation of EU member states but also the increasing conflation of mobility, crime and security which has accompanied EU integration.

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#67 The US Labour Immigration Scheme – All about being attractive? EU Perceptions and Stakeholders’ Perspectives Reviewed

Author(s): Katharina Eisele / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2014

Labour immigration schemes that effectively attract qualified immigrant workers are a policy priority for many governments. But what are ‘attractive’ labour immigration schemes and policies? To whom are (or should) such policies (be) attractive? In Europe, the US is often portrayed as one of the most ‘attractive’ countries of immigration – if not the most ‘attractive’. This paper aims to analyse and provide a better understanding of the elements of the US immigration system that are supposedly attractive to foreign workers, by examining key features of the current and prospective US labour immigration rules. The paper finds that ‘attractiveness’ in this policy context is a highly malleable and flexible concept: What might be ‘attractive’ to one key stakeholder might not be to another.

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#69 ‘Wrong number?’ The Use and Misuse of Asylum Data in the European Union

Author(s): Minos Mouzourakis / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2014

The Common European Asylum System (CEAS) is a policy area particularly evocative of the ‘politics of numbers’. The European Union has at its disposal a wide array of sources providing detailed information about its member states’ asylum systems’ capacities and pressures. This paper discusses thecontent of asylum data and the evolving interaction between its different sources, ranging from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees to the European Commission’s EUROSTAT and DGHOME, the European Asylum Support Office (EASO), FRONTEX, the European Migration Network (EMN) and national databases. However, the way in which such data are often misused, or even omitted,in political debate exerts a strong impact on the soundness of policy decisions in the CEAS.

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#77 New Approaches, Alternative Avenues and Means of Access to Asylum Procedures for Persons Seeking International Protection

Author(s): Elspeth Guild,Cathryn Costello,Madeline Garlick,Violeta Moreno-Lax,Minos Mouzourakis / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2015

This study examines the workings of the Common European Asylum System (CEAS), in order to assess the need and potential for new approaches to ensure access to protection for people seeking itin the EU, including joint processing and distribution of asylum seekers. Rather than advocating the addition of further complexity and coercion to the CEAS, the study proposes a focus on front-line reception and streamlined refugee status determination, in order to mitigate the asylum challenges facing Member States, and vindicate the rights of asylum seekers and refugees according to the EU acquis and international legal standards. Joint processing could contribute to front-line reception and processing capacity, but is no substitute for proper investment in national systems.

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#80 The Criminalisation of Irregular Migration in the European Union

Author(s): Mark Provera / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2015

This paper offers an academic examination of the legal regimes surrounding the criminalisation of irregular migrants in the EU and of acts of solidarity with irregular migrants, such as assisting irregular migrants to enter or remain in the EU, and other behaviour that is motivated by humanitarian instincts.The research analyses EU law and its relationship with national provisions regarding the criminalisation of irregular migration and of acts of solidarity vis-á-vis irregular migrants. A comparative analysis was made of the laws of the UK, France and Italy, supplemented by ananalysis of the laws of Germany, the Netherlands and Spain. By considering the role of public trust in fostering compliance with the law, the paper explores the impact of criminalisation measures on institutions’ authority to compel individuals to comply with the law (institutional legitimacy).

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#87 EU-Morocco Cooperation on Readmission, Borders and Protection: A model to follow?

Author(s): Sergio Carrera,Jean-Pierre Cassarino,Nora El Qadim,Mehdi Lahlou,Leonhard Den Hertog / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2016

Greater cooperation with third countries is one of the EU’s core responses to the refugee crisis. This cooperation is focused on the read mission of individuals irregularly staying in the EU, on border surveillance and control, and on the reception of refugees in third countries. The EU has attempted to co-opt Turkey and African countries into these priorities, using funding and specific mobility channels as incentives. This paper poses the question of what kind of cooperation the EU should pursue with third countries. As the current approaches are not new, we present the lessons from the EU’s long cooperation with Morocco to inform the current debate. We find that, first, the difficult negotiations on an EU Readmission Agreement with Morocco show that more funding or ‘incentives’ cannot guarantee such an agreement, let alone its implementation. Second, we highlight the challenges of the partly EU-funded and Frontex-coordinated cooperation on borders between Spain and Morocco, which hampers the capacity of third countries to respect migrants’ rights and challenges the obligations of EU member states under European and international law. Third, as EU cooperation with Turkey and Africa now aims to ‘stem’ the flow of asylum-seekers, the capacity of third countries to offer reception and protection to asylum-seekers is crucial. We conclude that Morocco has limited capacities in this regard, which raises the question of whether third countries can be assumed to be able to offer such reception and protection.

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#88 A European Border and Coast Guard: What’s in a name?

Author(s): Leonhard Den Hertog,Sergio Carrera / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2016

This paper assesses the Commission’s proposal presented in December 2015 to set up a European Border and Coast Guard (EBCG), based on the responses made by the EU border agency Frontex to the ‘refugee crisis’ that began in 2015 and continues unabated. It explores the extent to which this proposed new body will be capable of remedying the EU’s short comings in meeting established border and asylum standards and related institutional needs on the ground and concludes that it is unlikely to do so. The paper argues that the EBCG proposal does not establish a true European Border and Coast Guard. Instead it would revamp Frontex into a Frontex + Agency. The EBCG would expand the current logic of national border guards to be committed to the Frontex Agency ‘pools’ and therefore does not solve the ‘dependency’ of Frontex on member states. More importantly, the EBCG would do too little to ensure that member states comply with EU border and asylum standards, which has constituted the central deficiency throughout 2015 and earlier.

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#95 Money Talks. Mapping the funding for EU external migration policy

Author(s): Leonhard Den Hertog / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2016

This paper examines the role of funding in the EU’s external policies on migration, borders and asylum. Academic analysis has looked extensively into the political and legal resources of the EU in this area,but surprisingly little attention has been paid to the role of funding in the governance of this cooperation with third countries. The objective of this paper is first to understand what EU funds are involved and which actors are setting priorities for funding in the field of migration, borders and asylum. This is a highly technical field of EU governance, characterised by complex political and legal dynamics. The funding landscape is fragmented and incoherent, with limited coordination, but this incoherence can be understood in light of the broader political, sociological and institutional struggles that come to the fore in the setting of priorities for funding. This paper argues that a certain degree of incoherence is an inevitable characteristic of EU governance in this field. The bigger issue is the challenge posed to accountability by this EU funding.

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#WITHREFUGEES- 20 JUNE 2016 – WORLD REFUGEE DAY

Author(s): Specified No Author / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2016

Conflict and persecution caused global forced displacement to escalate sharply in 2015, reaching the highest level ever recorded and representing immense human suffering.

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(red.) Grażyna Firlit-Fesnak, Justyna Godlewska-Szyrkowa, Cezary Żołędowski: Migracje i migranci w pismach Ludwika Krzywickiego, Floriana Znanieckiego, Józefa Chałasińskiego. Wybór tekstów

Author(s): Anna Karnat / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2018

Review of: Anna Karnat - Migracje i migranci w pismach Ludwika Krzywickiego, Floriana Znanieckiego, Józefa Chałasińskiego. Wybór tekstów, (red.) Grażyna Firlit-Fesnak, Justyna Godlewska-Szyrkowa, Cezary Żołędowski, Oficyna Wydawnicza Aspra, Warszawa 2013, s. 232

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(red.) Natalia Bloch: Wszyscy jesteśmy migrantami. (Od)zyskiwanie migracyjnej pamięci

Author(s): Mariusz Dzięglewski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2018

Review of: Mariusz Dzięglewski - Wszyscy jesteśmy migrantami. (Od)zyskiwanie migracyjnej pamięci, (red.) Natalia Bloch, Centrum Kultury ZAMEK, Poznań 2016, ss. 346

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(red.) Sławomir Łukasiewicz: Polska emigracja polityczna 1939–1990. Stan badań

Author(s): Mirosław Boruta / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2018

Review of: Mirosław Boruta - Polska emigracja polityczna 1939–1990. Stan badań, (red.) Sławomir Łukasiewicz, Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, Warszawa 2016, ss. 600

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1933 Sonrası Türkiye’ye Sığınan Nazi Karşıtı Aydınlar ve Karşılaştırmalı Edebiyatın İki Kurucu Adı: L. Spitzer ve E. Auerbach

Author(s): Gülnihal Gülmez / Language(s): Turkish / Publication Year: 0

7 Nisan 1933’de, Almanya’da, Hitler hükümetinin ırkçı yasalarından ilki olan ve Nazi yöneticilere rejim düşmanlarından, özellikle de Yahudilerden kurtulma fırsatı sunan, “devlet memurluğu mesleğinin ihyasına dair yasa” kabul ediliyordu. Ari ırktan olmadıkları için üniversitelerdeki kürsülerinden kovulan çok sayıda bilim adamının Nazi Almanya’sını terk etmek zorunda kaldığı bu 1933 yılında, hemen hemen aynı tarihlerde, kuruluşunun henüz onuncu yılındaki genç Türkiye Cumhuriyeti de bizzat Atatürk’ün öncülüğünde, kökten bir üniversite reformu gerçekleştirme çabasındaydı. Her iki ülkenin tarihindeki bu ilginç kesişme, Nazilerin kovduğu birçok akademisyenin mesleklerine Türk üniversitelerinde devam edebilmelerini sağladı.

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1980 Sonrası Türkiye’nin Büyük Kent Sorunu ve Göç Olgusu

Author(s): Ece Demiray Erol,İbrahim Erol / Language(s): Turkish / Publication Year: 0

Türkiye’de 1980 sonrası değişen bölgesel politikalar çerçevesinde büyük şehirlerin nüfusları aşırı bir biçimde artmıştır. Türkiye’deki göç hareketlerinin artışında Neoliberal politikalar ve küreselleşme hareketleri etkili olmuştur. Bu göç olgusunun perde arkasında büyük kentlerdeki daha iyi yaşam koşullarının varlığı, yeni iş fırsatları, eğitim ve sağlık hizmetlerinden daha iyi yararlanma ile kültür olanakları ön plana çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı büyük kent sorununu analiz etmek, büyük kentlerin olumlu ve olumsuz etkilerini tartışarak optimal şehir büyüklüğünü ortaya koymak ve bu çerçevede göç olgusunu değerlendirmektir. Değerlendirmeyi zorlaştıran en önemli etken bu alandaki çalışmaların çok az olmasıdır.

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A Competition for Talents – 15 Years of EC – and EU-Directives Fostering the Immigration of Highly Qualified and Skilled Third-Country Nationals

Author(s): Michael Griesbeck / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2018

Beginning with the Tampere summit and the Lisbon Council conclusions and the Directives starting with the Students Directive and the Researchers Directive the European Union took significant steps to create a modern legal framework for the management of legal migration that makes the European Union attractive for highly qualified and skilled third country nationals. Also the introduction of the EU-Blue-Card was an important step on this way. The initiatives show that the Union is well aware of the demographic development and the global competition for highly qualified and skilled migrants.However changing laws and regulations is not enough. It also requires accompanying measures and the perception and visibility of the new regulations. Also a fast and simple visa procedure is required as well as a mechanism for recognition of qualification. Language training abroad and after arrival and integration politics are also indispensable for success.

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A farewell to open borders? The Danish Approach

Author(s): Peter Hobbing / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2011

Migratory pressure from abroad and populist trends in Europe have already put considerable stress on borderless Europe, despite the open borders being one of its most precious achievements. But what in the past could be seen as annoying yet temporary disturbances attained an entirely different character under the Danish initiative launched in early May 2011. The move to install permanent controls, including customs houses and video surveillance, alarmed not just Brussels but also travelers and business associations EU wide. Even though the new government has since banished the nightmare by repealing the border measures, one should still not sound the ‘all clear’ signal. With populist parties all over Europe, similar scenarios are likely to arise elsewhere.

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