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A language that forgot itself (Essay on the curious non-existence of German as a recognized minority language in today’s Poland)

Author(s): Tomasz Kamuselka / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 45/2014

This essay draws on my almost three decades worth of research on the multiethnic and multilingual history of Upper Silesia during the last two centuries, when various ethnolinguistic nationalisms have radically altered the ethnic, political, demographic and linguistic shape of the region. I focus on the German minority that was recognized in Poland in the early 1990s. This recognition was extended to the German language. However, though in official statistics there are hundreds of schools with German, and bilingual signage amply dots the Upper Silesian landscape, neither in the region nor elsewhere in Poland is there a single, however small, locality where German would be the language of everyday communication. With this essay I attempt to explicate this irony of official recognition on the one hand, and the tacitly enforced non-existence on the ground, on the other hand.

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A szomszédos országok migrációs forrásterületeinek a vizsgálata a magyar népszámlálási adatok felhasználásával 2001 és 2011 között

Author(s): Áron Kincses / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 05/2015

International migration has positive effect on Hungary’s demographic, social and economic processes. Although the proportion of the Hungarian-speaking migrant population declined between the two censuses, it still plays a decisive role. This is related with the cross-border linguistic and cultural ties. If we looked at the Hungarian country territory before World War I and II, we found, that half of the international migration was domestic migrants from the peripheral regions to the centre of country. So, this phenomenon determines the migration network form the Carpathian Basin to Hungary. In general, most of the migrants come from the Hungarian speaking regions. The proportion of non-Hungarian speaking migrants coming from Trans-Carpathian Ukraine, northern Slovakia, Serbia, outside parts of Vojvodina, as well as Austria, Croatia and Slovenia has been increasing. Analysis of the source area showed a colorful picture about foreign citizens living in Hungary. In general it can be stated that the lower-skilled migrants have greater proportion in migration to a smaller distance, while those with higher education dominate in migration for longer distances. The impact zone of potential migration increases with educational qualifications and skills.

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Activity of the international community in Europe after the Second World War within the scope of the International Refugee Organization as a model of the aid action towards refugees

Author(s): Pawel Sekowski / Language(s): English / Issue: 25/2017

The International Refugee Organization (IRO) was the first specialized agency created by the United Nations. It operated between 1947 and 1951 and had under its mandate the masses of displaced persons (DPs) and refugees remaining outside of their countries of origin in the immediate post-war context. The purpose of this paper is to describe the main fields of activity of the IRO and to point out those aspects of its action that could be an inspiration for the future activities of the international community towards the resolution of the refugees issue in a changed contemporary context of this problem. The author claims that as the activity of IRO was the suitable and efficient way to solve the DPs and refugees problem at the time of the crisis connected with the massive presence of refugees, it merits a deeper examination as a temporary instrument of the international community also nowadays, during such critical periods.

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Adepti moci a úspechu. Etablovanie elít v moderných dejinách

Author(s): . Miscellaneous / Language(s): Slovak / Publication Year: 2016

There has been always been a great buzz around Valerián Bystrický. It is not different even today. His study is almost continuously occupied by his friends, colleagues and pupils. They work not only at his household institution – the Institute of History of the Slovak Academy of Sciences – but also at other scholarly institutions and universities. They come to him for a friendly chat and to discuss their professional issues expecting his opinion and advice. Authors who participated on this publication represent a small sample of them. The topics included in this book represent a very broad and colorful spectrum and the same can be said about the view and professional erudition of Dr. Bystrický. It would be not very useful to list all the topics he has dealt with. They can be found in the selected bibliography of his writings at the end of this book. It doesn’t matter if he is dealing with European or Slovak history; the 1st and 2nd Czechoslovak republic or the war Slovak republic; politics, personalities or society – all his works are characterized by comprehension, detachment and great knowledge of sources. He doesn’t belong to theoreticians or speculative methodologists of various systems and –isms. He goes to the problem always in medias res. His method is the accurate documentation of historical processes and consistent knowledge about the searched topic and sources. That is how his pertinent works based on arguments had been created. Many of them belong to fundamental and pioneering works of our historiography. We must admire the curiousness and interest of Dr. Bystrický for new problems. We can say that a man with such an erudition and detachment can’t be surprised easily. It is a gift or a privilege that there is always something which he is interested in – he is still able to contemplate and to think intensely about historical and social problems. He is a proponent of the necessity to always take a clear and resolute stand to key questions. He is not shy to let his positive or negative attitude be known. The latter possibility brought numerous stories, occasional good-hearted acrimonies and anecdotes that are still very popular. They originated from the fact that he is a well-known enemy of smallmindedness and petty wars. As he often says: „Something is always going to happen.” For a scholar of his caliber, one must admire the graciousness of Dr. Bystrický which has an extra significance in the scholarly circles. In connection with his natural authority, it has a special value mainly for the middle generation of today’s historians. He has always treated them with human understanding and they have had the opportunity to cooperate with a wise and helpful man.

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Agamben'in Siyasal Kuramı ve Türkiye'deki Suriyelilerin Hukuksal Statüleri

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Agamben'in Siyasal Kuramı ve Türkiye'deki Suriyelilerin Hukuksal Statüleri

Author(s): Esin Hamdi Dincer / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 2/2019

Syria’s civil war, started in 2011, has caused over 6 million people flee abroad. This process forced around 3,6 million refugees to live in Turkey, leading significant changes in Turkish legal structure. The EU-Turkey Readmission Agreement and the Law on Foreigners and International Protection that is added into domestic law as a result of this agreement, are two main legislations in this regard. Such legal norms can be evaluated around the framework on social change as well as in accordance with concepts such as “subject”, “discrimination” and “exclusion”. This article, discusses these two legislations based on Giorgio Agamben’s thought, who has succeeded in putting these concepts at the center of political theory. The article argues that, this Italian political theorist well-known with his catogeries of “homo sacer”, “state of exception” and “bare life”, provides significant opportunities in interpreting the goals of contemporary legal regimes.

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Aktuálne problémy kulturologického výskumu dolnozemských Slovákov

Author(s): Boris Michalík / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 3/2015

The main goal of this contribution is to point out a few problematic spheres, where the generally accepted not quite correspond to the real situation. We emphasize that the path to the general knowledge of the culture of Slovaks living in Low Land is through the realization of research in widest context of theory in as many localities as it is possible. We present a view of the seven problematic issues, which in the context of the current research of Slovaks living in Low Land can be considered as relevant. First, there is the problem of the meaning of terms ethnic enclave and ethnic diaspora. Secondly, the consideration of degree of acculturation and the transfer of the meaning from term "language island" to term "cultural island". Thirdly, we are considering terms of ethnocultural and ethnoconfesional aspects of identity. The fourth problematic sphere is relation between local and ethnic identity. The fifth problem is the urban and rural environment and their contexts affecting acculturation in the minority sector. The sixth circuit is relation between ethnic identity and civic identity. Seventh problem is the minority policy in the European Union, its relative instability and undeniable impact on the acculturation of minorities.

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ALBANIAN IMMIGRANTS IN GREECE: FROM UNWANTED TO TOLERATED?

Author(s): Artur Adamczyk / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2016

The main objective of this article is to present the way attitudes towards Albanian people and the perception of them has changed in Greece. The Albanians came to Greece following the collapse of the Communist bloc at the beginning of the 1990s. Within time it transpired that it was a mass immigration of approximately 500,000 people. Greece was not prepared for such an enormous influx of foreigners and failed to initiate an effective migration policy. The initial reactions of the Greek politicians, media, and society were negative. Social feelings, however, began to turn in the first decade of the XX century. Albanians ceased to be stigmatised as a threat and started to be perceived in a positive way through the prism of the demands of the Greek economy. The economic and migration crisis, however, lead to the reappearance of a xenophobic mood among the Greeks.

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Albanski zlatari i pekari s Kosova u Zagrebu: migracije i etničko poduzetništvo

Author(s): Marijeta Rajkovic Iveta,Rina Geci / Language(s): Albanian,Croatian / Issue: 29/2017

Punimi është i bazuar në intervista kualitative me shqiptarë nga Kosova, artarë (katolikë nga Prizreni) dhe furrtarë (myslimanë nga rajoni i Hasit), të cilët jetojnë në Zagreb. Informatorët dhe paraardhësit e tyre janë migrantë ekonomikë, të cilët gjatë bashkëjetesës në Jugosllavi kanë ardhur në territorin e Republikës së Kroacisë për të punuar, kryesisht në vendet turistike të bregdetit adriatik. Shumica e migrimeve sezonale të meshkujve janë shndërruar në shpërngulje të përhershme në qytetin e Zagrebit, ndërsa me shpërbërjen e Jugosllavisë, këta migrantë janë bërë pjesëtarë të minoritetit kombëtar në Republikën e Kroacisë. Duke përdorur etnografinë personale, bazuar në teoritë e sistemeve të migrimeve, teoritë e integrimit social e kulturor dhe teorinë e transnacionalizmit, qëllimi i punimit ka qenë hulumtimi i përvojave të jetuara të migrantëve. Përveç paraqitjes së shkaqeve të migrimeve dhe rimigrimeve, arsyeve dhe intensitetit të (jo)shndërrimit të migrimeve sezonale në ato të përhershme, qëllimi i punimit ka qenë që të hulumtohet edhe mësimi i zanateve dhe sipërmarrja etnike. Sot, shumica e furrave dhe artarive në Zagreb janë në pronësi të sipërmarrësve shqiptarë. Të dyja zanatet përcillen te pasardhësit. Familja e gjerë dhe/ose rrethi i gjerë i kushërinjve ua siguron punën, pastaj iu ndihmon financiarisht të hapin punëtorinë, ku ata punësojnë gjeneratat e ardhshme e kështu përsëri. Artarët katolikë janë të lindur ose me dekada jetojnë në Zagreb, martohen me kroate, në Kosovë nuk kanë prona, praktikat e tyre transnacionale janë të vogla dhe mirë janë të integruar në shoqërinë kroate. Furrtarët myslimanë u takojnë valëve më të reja të të shpërngulurve, të gjithë janë të lindur në Kosovë, kanë zgjedhur bashkëshortë nga vendi i origjinës dhe ngushtë janë të lidhur me vendlindjen. Dallimet më të mëdha vërehen në jetët private të zanatlive.

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All Eyes on Hungary

Author(s): Dominik Héjj / Language(s): English / Issue: 6 (19)/2015

Country name: Hungary. Official language: Hungarian. Head of the government: Viktor Orbán. These are three certainties about Hungary. Due to the hysteria in the media, it is difficult to understand what the current migration crisis truly is. Perspectives vary. One of them is Hungarian.

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Almanya’da Yaşayan Azerbaycan Kökenli Bir Yazar: Orhan Aras

Author(s): Asuman Gürman Sahin / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 01/2016

Turks, who have emigrated to Germany as workers, have found a place in literature for themselves in the country they lived. In Germany, lots of studies have been conducted on the development of Modern Turkish Literature. However, a lack of studies on Turkish artists’ lives and literary works is noteworthy. A master’s thesis was prepared by the writer of this paper about the life and literary works of Orhan Aras- an author about whom there is no information in the literature on authors of Turkish origin living in Germany. The purpose of the current study is to identify and plot where Orhan Aras stands in the Turkish literature developing in Germany as an author whose family migrated from Azerbaijan to Turkey, and who was born in Turkey and has been living in Germany. The analysis is conducted in two stages. In the first stage, the shared characteristics of second generation authors including Orhan Aras are presented, and in the second stage unique characteristics of the author are introduced. The foremost characteristic of the author distinguishing him from his contemporaries is his Azerbaijani accent and themes rooted in his family.

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An inclusive analysis of determinants of international migration. The case of European rich and poor countries

Author(s): Antonio Mihi-Ramírez,Vilmante Kumpikaite-Valiuniene,Eduardo Cuenca-García / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2017

This work aims to integrate defragmented migration perspectives in order to better understand and explain reasons of contemporaneous migration. Accordingly, international migration flows are explained with various socio-economic determinants which address different sources of migration, reinforced by the best-known theories and conceptual frameworks. A panel data analysis is performed at the level of rich and poor countries of the European Union to measure migration flows from the year 2000 until 2013. The results provide evidence indicating that there are some structural similarities and discrepancies between European rich and poor countries. These similarities (or discrepancies) make them responding similarly to certain economic conditions and changes. Thus, the association of earnings, inequalities (measured by the Gini Index) and poverty line could be positive or negative depending on wealth level of countries. Moreover, unemployment is a supply-push factor, but its importance is much higher in rich countries, diminishing in poorer countries. Economic freedom has a very strong positive effect on migration for all countries, but its relevance turned out to be the highest in the group of the poorest countries. Also, the association between Foreign Direct Investment and migration is negative, but it is more significant in the case of poorer countries.

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ANALIZA PODSTAWOWYCH POJĘĆ Z ZAKRESU HISTORII IMIGRACJI (NA PRZYKŁADZIE FRANCUSKIM)

Author(s): Pawel Sekowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2019

The aim of this paper is to explain the terminology used in the field of history of immigration and for referring to foreigners, by means of defining the terms, studying the relationship between them and identifying essential factors that differentiate their meanings. The studied terms are: emigration, economic and political emigration, foreigner, émigré, immigrant, foreign worker, refugee, exile, stateless person, asylum seeker, displaced person, repatriation. The analysis refers to the case of France – which, from the historical perspective, was the first European country of immigration and not of emigration – in the interwar and immediate postwar period and to the case of the large Polish immigrant community settled in France since the interwar period.

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Analysis of Socio and Economic Factors that Shape Attitude towards Immigrants: EU Case

Author(s): Elisabeth T. Pereira,Giedre Gedaminske,Mindaugas Butkus / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2019

The main aim of this paper is to analysis and measure social and economic factors which have the greatest impact on tolerance of population to immigrants in European Union (EU) countries and to figure out how attitudes towards immigrants changed in the period between 2002 and 2016 for 25 European countries. Through the analysis of scientific works are identified macro and personal factors which could affect tolerance. For calculations are used ordinary least and ordered logit econometrical models and calculations are made using Eviews software. The results demonstrated that in general tolerance towards immigrants increased during the period and personal situation is more influencing tolerance than macro factors in hosting country but the significance of factors and direction of relations differ across the countries.

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Anatomy of a Crisis: Not all migrations are treated equal

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Anatomy of a Crisis: Not all migrations are treated equal

Author(s): Przemyslaw Roguski / Language(s): English / Issue: 6 (19)/2015

Today, the EU faces three major challenges emanating from what former NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen called the arc of instability: Ukraine, the Middle East and North Africa and the Sahel. All these crises have led to massive population movements which are reflected in European migration statistics. In this situation the need for unified European action and solidarity is obvious. Hence, further bad blood between the eastern and western EU states needs to be avoided if a meaningful solution is to be found.

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Anthropology Of Migration: The Experience Of The Doukhobors In Canada

Author(s): Yulia N. Sushkova / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2015

Until recently, practically no attention was paid to the ethnic composition of the Doukhobors, since there has been established an idea of the Doukhobors as a special group of the Russian ethnos. Few studies mentioned about the ethnic heterogeneity of the Doukhobors, uniting not only Russians, but also the Mordvins, Poles, Gypsies, Tatars, Ukrainians, etc. Doukhobors’ ideology contributed to the fact that in their communities as in a kind of melting pot, representatives of various ethnic groups became one. The Doukhobors believe in their special mission, considering themselves as a separate ethnos and requiring recognition of this position not only from the surrounding population, but also from the state authorities. However, despite many common characteristics of all Canadian Doukhobors that have arisen on the basis of a common religious cult and joint activities, one language (Russian) and genesis, Doukhobors of the Mordovian origin, long living outside their historic homeland, still remember about the ethnic roots, retaining some features of the traditional Mordovian culture.

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AR LAUKIAMI DIASPOROS VAIKAI LIETUVOJE? TĖVŲ IR MOKYTOJŲ PATIRTYS

Author(s): Irma Budginaite,Ruta Mašidlauskaite / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 2 (78)/2015

The article is based on a research project funded by the Lithuanian Research Council and conducted in Lithuania, with a focus on the challenges when integrating children that are coming back with parents from abroad into the Lithuanian education system. It is based on semi-structured interviews and one focus group with teachers that have experience educating returnees’ children as well as interviews with return migrants that have children under eighteen. In addition, two representative surveys – the Lithuanian population survey and the survey of return migrants – are used to illustrate the tendencies of return migration. This article aims to contribute to the development of return migration research field and raises such questions as: How the educational opportunities for children make impact on decision to return to Lithuania? How educational institutions are chosen and how the pupils’ knowledge is evaluated? What are the main challenges that teachers face while educating returnees’ children? The research has revealed that family circumstances are one of the most important factors motivating emigrants to return. The desire to start a family and raise children in a Lithuanian cultural environment and children’s education may be important aspects when deciding to return. Parents that are planning to return are interested in educational opportunities for children, are collecting relevant information and, if possible, are visiting schools before returning to Lithuania. Some of them express their worries about the preparation of teachers to educate their children. The research also shows that not all teachers are aware how to deal with the challenges they face educating pupils with the migrant background. The qualitative interviews have revealed that it is harder to get relevant information for teachers from small towns, and it is hardly possible for them to participate in the trainings that are organised in the cities. Therefore, teachers are obliged to find individual creative solutions for teaching children. According to the interviewees, such measures as individualised course materials, specific training courses, allocation of additional funding for the Lithuanian language or other subject classes could contribute to a better integration of returnees’ children. The interviews also disclosed that not all policy measures for the integration of children with the migrant background are applicable in small towns.

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Architektoniczne środki tworzenia granic społecznych wokół imigrantów w miastach

Author(s): Oskar Amiri / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 37/2014

Immigrants in the cities sometimes use architectural means to mark their presence, as well as a separate identity. These activities are often superficial, aesthetic, due to the asymmetry in the means of power in the urban space. On the other side there are the planners, having other plans towards enclaves, and the possibility to introduce them. Urban development is therefore a conflict of interest of different groups, and the result illustrates this dispute. It is a dispute which has a different outcome every time, just as the cultures coexisting in the cities are different, with different needs, identities and history.

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