Państwo bez wstrętu

Author(s): Przemysław Czapliński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

In this article Czapliński proposes to read Stefan Żeromski’s novel Before the Spring as a rather cruel project of the modern state. In this state the key subjects are communities (bioclasses and social classes) whose raison d’être are reproduction and productiveness. The biopolitical state must take them into consideration, as their usefulness transcends their own disgustingness. The state need not consider infertile classes (the landed gentry) or unproductive classes (parts of the Jewry), as their inability to meet the new criterion they are inexorably stigmatized as odious.

Николай Ненов /Съст./, Бета Хараланова, Татяна Щерева. Страдание и спасение. Паметта на еврейските общности в Русе, Шумен и Варна. Русе, 2015

Author(s): Daniela Koleva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2016

Помощ за евреите по време на Втората световна война. Нови аспекти

Author(s): Marcin Urynowicz / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2017

The issue of the aid given by the Polish to the Jewish community during the Second World War turned out to be heavily neglected in the historical researches after 1945. This article provides guidance for future research on this issue.

Съветът за помощ на евреите („Жегота“) в структурите на полската нелегална държава

Author(s): Waldemar Grabowski / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2017

The persecution of the Polish society by German occupiers is the cause of both individual and institutional support actions. As part of the actions of the Polish Underground State, such an action is carried out by the Government of the Republic of Poland in exile, and in particular the Department of Labor and Social Welfare. The aid action are aimed at both repressed and threatened by reprisals, citizens of the Polish state, regardless of their religion and nationality. Due to the particularly brutal behavior of the Germans, directed directly at the destruction of the entire Jewish people, the authorities of the Polish State, together with many public and political organizations, held an organized action to help the Jews from the end of 1942. To this end, the Polish Council to Aid Jews ("Jegota") was established. Within his modest possibilities, the Council was making efforts to save as many Jews as possible.

Евреи, избягали от гетата и лагерите на територията на окупирана Полша в периода 1942 – 1945 г.

Author(s): Grzegorz Berendt / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2017

This article deals wiht the phenomenon of Jews that managed to escape from the ghettos and the camps in the territory of German-occupied Poland. In the analysis of the data from the encyclopaedia of the ghettos, published by the Institute Yad Vashem, as well as from the literature on the subject, the author found that at least 60 000 Jews has fled to the so called Aria area in occupied Poland.

„Който предостави на евреин подслон, достави му храна или му окаже друг вид помощ, подлежи на смъртно наказание“

Author(s): Aleksandra Namysło / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2017

The Institute of National Remembrance realized a program "Index of Poles, repressed and killed for assisting Jews during the Second World War". The aim of the program is to identify the names of Polish citizens who lived in the territory of the Republic of Poland before September 1, 1939 and were opressed by the Third Reich military and civilian authorities, its officers and members of the Nazi Party; by the collaborative organizations, for assisting Jewish population.

Поляци спасяват евреи в района на Жешов по време на Втората световна война

Author(s): Elżbieta Rączy / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2017

The article presents the situation of the Poles and Jews during the German occupation in the Rzeszow region, as well as the ways of saving the Jewish population there.

Какво помним и как преподаваме Холокост – педагогическият дискурс на съвременните учебници по история и цивилизация

Author(s): Violeta Stoycheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2013

Ян Карски – герой на полската съпротива

Author(s): Andrzej Żbikowski / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2016

Židovský plavecký a športový klub Bar Kochba Bratislava – najúspešnejší športový klub Slovenska v medzivojnovom období

Author(s): Peter Bučka / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2019

In this article, the author deals with the foundation, development, results and reasons of disappearance of the most successful sports club in the interwar era; the Jewish swimming and sports club Bar Kochba Bratislava. After the birth of Czechoslovakia, sports in Slovakia could develop on a national basis. Large national minorities had the same possibilities. To eliminate the risk of misusing sports for political purposes, sport representatives decided to organise it on the ethnic principle instead of the re- gional one. Thanks to this a wide variety of national sports organisations were esta- blished, including some Jewish ones. Even though Jews constituted only 2.01% of the population in the interwar period in today’s territory of Slovakia (Bergerová, 1992: 108), they succeeded not only in sports but in other areas of social life as well.

Сътрудничеството между националните малцинства на Втората полска република и съветските власти в завладените от Червената армия територии през септември и октомври 1939 г.

Author(s): Jacek Romanek / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2019

The article presents the issue related to the collaboration of national minorities during the Soviet Union’s aggression against Poland in 1939. The appearances of the Ukrainian and Jewish minorities against the Polish population led to a huge amount of crimes. Thousands of representatives of the Polish state were killed by the communist militias. According to Soviet propaganda, destruction of the Polish intelligentsia began in the occupied areas. These activities were to make the soviets easier to defeat the Polish state.

Legislative Interventions into the Creation of Local Political Elites as an Instrument of Anti-Jewish Policy during the Holocaust (A Comparative View)

Author(s): Zuzana Tokárová / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

The extension of totalitarian and authoritarian regimes in the first half of the twentieth century, which hit most European states, required political interferences within the highest legislative and executive authorities of states as well as in local administrations and bodies of self-government. Legislative interventions resulted in the formation of new local political elites whose representatives, mostly recruited by the criterion of political reliability, held the defining positions and played the significant role in implementing anti-Jewish policy during the Holocaust era. The main aim of this contribution is the analysis of the mechanisms of legislative interventions into the creation of new local political elites in selected examples of Nazi-occupied countries (General Government, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia) and allied regimes (Slovak State and Hungary).

Collaborators, Informers and Agents in Occupied Krakow: A Contribution to Further Research

Author(s): Alicja Jarkowska-Natkaniec / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

This study contributes new research exploring cases of collaboration with the German authorities and the phenomenon of delators (denouncers), informers and agents in occupied Krakow, as well as letters of denunciation. Cases linked to the blackmailing at the beginning of World War II of Jews, and as the war continued of colleagues and neighbours working for the resistance and of disliked relatives and in-laws are also taken into account. Letters written by Krakow inhabitants – some anonymous, others signed – are appraised for information contained therein on political, racial, economic, social and financial matters. The article also describes the activities of the Polish resistance against collaborators and the post-war settling of scores through the Krakow Special Criminal Court in the early post-war years.

Żydzi w Biblii, czyli uporczywy anachronizm

Author(s): Tomasz Paweł Krzeszowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2017

Celem artykułu jest wykazanie, że używanie polskiego wyrazu „Żyd” i jego derywatów w odniesieniu do przedstawicieli „narodu wybranego” uczestniczącego w wydarzeniach opisanych w Starym i Nowym Testamencie jest anachronizmem językowym, gdyż wyraz „Żyd” w tym właśnie kształcie graficznym i fonetycznym powstał dopiero w średniowieczu. Dlatego używanie tego wyrazu w kontekście wydarzeń biblijnych jest niestosowne. Ten klasyczny anachronizm językowy jest o tyle zdumiewający, że stosują go nie tylko sami współcześnie żyjący Żydzi, gdy posługują się językiem polskim, ale także inni polscy specjaliści w dziedzinie judaistyki i biblistyki. Artykuł zawiera kilka przykładów rażąco anachronicznych polskich tłumaczeń fragmentów Starego i Nowego Testamentu. Można zaryzykować twierdzenie, że omawiany anachronizm w dużej mierze przyczynia się do kształtowania postaw antysemickich, zwłaszcza wśród niektórych wyznawców chrześcijaństwa. // The aim of the paper is to provide evidence for the claim that the Polish word ‘Żyd’ and its derivatives as used with reference to the “chosen people” taking part in the events described in the Bible is a linguistic anachronism. The word in its present graphic and phonetic shape had not come into existence before Middle Ages. As an anachronism it is inappropriate in the context of biblical events. Yet, it occurs not only in the language of contemporary Jewish people but also as an accepted term in biblical and Judaic studies. The article contains a number of examples of anachronistic Polish versions of the Bible. One can venture the claim that the anachronism in question significantly contributes to maintaining anti-Semitic attitudes, especially among certain groups of contemporary Christians.

SHORT NOTES/GENERAL WORKS

Author(s): Maria Cieśla,Antoni Grabowski,Bartosz Kaliski,Adam Kożuchowski,Grzegorz Krzywiec,Rafał Rutkowski,Hubert Wilk / Language(s): English Issue: 120/2019

General works: Wspólne dziedzictwo. Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów w polskiej, litewskiej i ukraińskiej historiografii XIX – XXI wieku [Common Legacy. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Polish, Ukrainian, and Lithuanian Historiography from the Nineteenth till the Twenty-First Century], ed. by Mariola Hoszowska, Joanna Pisulińska, Paweł Sierżęga and Leonid Zaszkilniak, University of Rzeszów Press, Rzeszów, 2019, 283 pp. Żydzi polscy w oczach historyków [Polish Jews in Historical Research], ed. by Adam Kaźmierczyk and Alicja Maślak-Maciejewska, Jagiellonian University Press, Kraków, 2018, 263 pp., index of persons Urszula Glensk, Hirszfeldowie. Zrozumieć krew [The Hirszfeld Family. Understanding the Blood], Universitas, Kraków, 2018, 496 pp., photos Marek Górlikowski, Noblista z Nowolipek. Józefa Rotblata wojna o pokój [A Nobel Prize-Winner from Nowolipki Street. Joseph Rotblat’s War for Peace], Wydawnictwo Znak, Kraków, 2018, 507 pp., index Jacek Małczyński, Krajobrazy Zagłady. Perspektywa historii środowiskowej [Landscapes of the Holocaust. A Perspective into Environmental History], Instytut Badań Literackich PAN, Warszawa, 2018, 247 pp., bibliog., ills. Anna M. Brzezińska, Spór o średniowiecze. Z rozważań nad tożsamością kulturową Europy: Jacques Le Goff, Jerzy Kłoczowski, Aron Gurie wicz [A Dispute Over the Middle Ages. Considerations on Europe’s Cultural Identity: Jacques Le Goff, Jerzy Kłoczowski, Aron Gurevich], Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, Łódź, 2018, 216 pp., bibliog., index of persons Stanisław Rosik, Sylwia Jędrzejewska, and Karol Kollinger (eds.), Hierofanie, wierzenia, obrzędy… Kultura symboliczna w średniowieczu między pogaństwem a chrześcijaństwem [Hierophanies, Beliefs, Rituals: The Symbolic Culture in the Middle Ages, between Paganism and Christianity], Materiały V Kongresu Mediewistów Polskich [Materials of the Fifth Congress of Polish Medievalists], ii, Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, Rzeszów, 2018, 252 pp., ills., English summary Andrzej Buko (ed.), Początki chrześcijaństwa na pograniczu mazowiecko- ruskim [The Origins of Christianity at the Masovian-Rus’sian Borderland], Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii PAN, Warszawa, 2019, 388 pp. Janusz Lewandowicz, Klasztory, mnisi, mniszki. Obraz życia monastycznego w „Registrum epistularum” Grzegorza Wielkiego na tle prawa cesarskiego i kościelnego [Monasteries, Monks and Nuns. The Image of Monastic Life in Gregory the Great’s Registrum epistularum, in the Context of the Imperial and Ecclesiastical Law], Wydawnictwo Benedyktynów, Tyniec, 2018, 440 pp., Latin, Polish, and Greek material indices, index of names and sources, bibliog Antoni Grabowski, The Construction of Ottonian Kingship. Narratives and Myth in Tenth-Century Germany, Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam, 2018, 294 pp. Piotr Okniński, Narodziny miasta komunalnego. Struktury ustrojowe, ramy przestrzenne i podstawy gospodarcze Krakowa w XIII wieku [The Birth of a Municipal City. Institutional Structures, Spatial Framework and Economic Foundations of Cracow in the 13th Century], Instytut Historii PAN, Warszawa, 2018, 204 pp. Karol IV Luksemburski [Charles IV of Luxembourg], Liber de gestis meis, translated into Polish by Magdalena Nowakowska, with an introduction, afterword, notes, and bibliography by Anna Paner, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego, Gdańsk, 2019, 178 pp., index of names, bibliog.; series: Fontes rerum Bohemicarum Najdawniejsze przywileje królewskie miasta Bielska z XV i XVI w. [The Earliest Royal Privileges Granted to the Town of Bielsk from the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries], ed. by Waldemar Bukowski and Dorota Michaluk, Muzeum Rolnictwa im. ks. Krzysztofa Kluka, Archiwum Główne Akt Dawnych, Urząd Marszałkowski Województwa Podlaskiego – Departament Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego, Ciechanowiec, Warszawa and Białystok, 2018, 115 pp., ills., source texts in Latin and Ruthenian, and as translated into Polish (by Waldemar Bukowski, Krzysztof Pawłowski, Jarosław Zawadzki, and Krzysztof Pietkiewicz); series: Lokacje miast podlaskich Wojciech Tygielski, Dylematy włoskiego emigranta. Giovanni Battista Jacobelli (1603–1697), śpiewak i kapelan nadworny, kanonik warmiński [Dilemmas of an Italian Emigré. Giovanni Battista Jacobelli (1603–97), Singer and Court Chaplain, Canon of Warmia], Muzeum Pałacu Króla Jana III w Wilanowie, Warszawa, 2019, 443 pp.; series: Silva Rerum Kirill A. Kochegarov, Ukraina i Rossiia vo vtoroi polovine XVII veka: politika, diplomatiia, kul’tura. Ocherki [Ukraine and Russia in the Second Half of the Seventeenth Century: Politics, Diplomatic Service, Culture. Studies], Kvadriga, Moskva, 2019, 424 pp. Joanna Schmidt, Zdrowie mieszczan w dobie oświecenia: polityka zdrowotna właścicieli miast prywatnych z pogranicza polsko-litewskiego [The Health of Burghers in the Time of Enlightenment: Health Policies of Owners of Private Towns in the Polish-Lithuanian Borderland], Książnica Podlaska im. Łukasza Górnickiego, Białystok, 2018, 165 pp. Sejm Niemy: między mitem a reformą państwa [The ‘Silent Sejm’: Between a Myth and the State Reform], ed. by Michał Zwierzykowski, Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, Warszawa, 2019, bibliog., 407 pp Antologia okolicznościowej poezji politycznej bezkrólewia i wojny o tron polski (1733–1735) [Anthology of Commemorative Political Poetry From the Period of Interregnum and the War for the Throne of Poland, 1733–35], ed. by Rafał Niedziela, Towarzystwo Wydawnicze Historia Iagellonica, Kraków, 2019, 281 pp. Między Konstytucją a Targowicą: korespondencja i pisma polityczne prymasa Michała Jerzego Poniatowskiego [Between the Constitution and Targowica: Correspondence and Political Writings of Primate Michał Jerzy Poniatowski], ed. by Angela Sołtys, Rambler, Warszawa, 2018, 209 pp. Adam Mieczysław Skałkowski, Aleksander Wielopolski w świetle archiwów rodzinnych, i: Margrabiego lata przedhistoryczne, ii: Margrabiego i Polski tragedia [Aleksander Wielopolski in the Light of Family archives, i: The Margrave’s Prehistoric Years; ii: The Tragedy of the Margrave and Poland], with an introduction and by ed. Mariusz Nowak, PIW, Warszawa, 2019, 411 + 512 pp. Franciszka Ramotowska, Warszawa przed-styczniowa. Przebudzenie: “rewolucja moralna” [Warsaw Before January 1863. The Awakening: A ‘Moral Revolution’], ed. by Dorota Lewandowska and Małgorzata Osiecka, Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych, Warszawa, 2018, 312 pp. Maria Konopka, Polski rynek wydawniczy Lwowa w dobie autonomii galicyjskiej [The Polish Publishing Market in Lviv at the Time of Galician Autonomy], Universitas, Kraków, 2018, 437 pp., English summary, index of persons Teresa Chylińska, Karol Szymanowski. Romans, którego nie było. Między Tymoszówką i Wierzbówką [Karol Szymanowski: a Love Story That Never Happened. Between Tymoszówka and Wierzbówka], Polskie Wydawnictwo Muzyczne, Kraków, 2018, 300 pp. Brigitte Gautier and Maciej Urbanowski (eds.), Zagadkowy Ksawery Pruszyński [Ksawery Pruszyński the Enigmatic], Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, Kraków, 2018, 180 pp., index of persons; series: Francuski Łącznik Czesław Brzoza, Żydzi Krakowa międzywojennego. Kalendarium [The Jews in the Interwar Cracow. A Timeline], Towarzystwo Wydawnicze Historia Iagellonica, Kraków, 2018, 826 pp., bibliog., index of persons, list of abbreviations Adam Danek, Demokracja nacjonalistyczna. O myśli politycznej Zygmunta Cybichowskiego [A Nationalist Democracy. Zygmunt Cybichowski’s Political Thought], Ośrodek Myśli Politycznej, Kraków, 2018, 411 pp., bibliog., index Robert Rudnicki, Wiesław Ignacy Renke (1912–1944). Życie i działalność kierownika politycznego Obozu Narodowego [Wiesław Ignacy Renke (1912–44), His Life and Activities as Political Leader of the National Camp], Prohibita, Warszawa, 2018, 349 pp., ills., bibliog., index Patryk Tomaszewski, Uniwersytet Stefana Batorego w Wilnie w latach 1919–1939. Studium z dziejów organizacji i postaw ideowych studentów [The Stephen Báthory University in Vilnius, 1919–39. A Study in the History of Its Organisation and Ideological Attitudes of Its Students], Wydawnictwo Naukowe Mikołaja Kopernika, Toruń, 2018, 615 pp., bibliog., list of abbreviations, index of persons, ills., tables, English and Russian summary

РЕЦЕПЦИЈА И РЕПРЕЗЕНТАЦИЈА ХОЛОКАУСТА У ИСТОЧНОМ БЕРЛИНУ И БЕОГРАДУ НАКОН ДРУГОГ СВЕТСКОГ РАТА

Author(s): Milena R. Nešić Pavković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 75/2021

The goal of this paper is to investigate the memory of the Holocaust, i.e. the reception and representation of the suffering of the Jewish population during the rule of the Third Reich (under Nazi rule and occupation) in the capitals of the states constituted after the Second World War - in East Berlin, GDR, and Belgrade, SFRY, during the period from 1945 to 1989/1991. Relying on the achievements of memory studies and analyzing the political moods of that time and the ways of constructing official narratives about Jewish suffering in selected post-war Communist countries, the similarities and differences in the policy of representing Jewish suffering in these two countries and the memory of Jewish victims in places of remembrance and in the practices of remembrance in their capitals will be pointed out.

ФИКЦИОНАЛНА ДЕЛА О ГОЛОМ ОТОКУ У СРПСКОЈ КЊИЖЕВНОСТИ КОЈУ ПИШУ ЖЕНЕ / ЖЕНЕ КАО ГЛАВНЕ, ФИКЦИОНАЛИЗОВАНЕ ЈУНАКИЊЕ У РОМАНИМА О ГОЛОМ ОТОКУ

Author(s): Slavica O. Garonja Radovanac / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 78/2022

In this paper, we consider the phenomenon of fictionalization of the theme of the Goli otok in novels (mostly written by women), as a kind of collective and ideological trauma, which has been a taboo topic in socialist Yugoslavia for more than 40th years. Biljana Jovanović (Duša, jedinica moja, 1984) and Boba Blagojević (Skerletna luda, 1991) started the topic of Goli otok in a women’s ideological novel and after that the topic of IB Resolution continued through different genres: publicist- memoir work (Ženi Lebl), autobiographical novel (Vera Cenić), or a real postmodern novel by Milka Žicina (Sve, sve, sve, 2002), all the way to a modern novel, with a fictional protagonist, which combines all the experiences of the Goli Otok`s victims (G. Zalad, Plava tišina, D. Grossman, Život se sa mnom mnogo poigrao). We divide the origin of these novels into the works of women writers who personally experienced torture of Goli otok (Ž. Lebl, V. Cenić, M. Žicina, Eva Panić), and those who were born much later, dealt with this topic completely through the fiction (G. Zalad, D. Ilić, D. Grosman). V. Cenić and M. Žicine also created several impressive literary heroines, whose degree of fictionalization we have specifically analyzed here as literary heroines (Brana Marković, Dragica Srzentić, Slavka Pogačarević, Eva Panić Nahir), as well as the type of antiheroine in the character of Marija Zelić, the warden of the camp on Goli Otok. These are works whose literary qualities should be much more present on our literary scene, and with a good film adaptation they should enter a much wider, public reception, especially since film as a medium is the main subtext of two modern novels about Goli Otok (G. Zalad, D. Grosman).

L’OEUVRE DE SAÜL MÉZAN ET L’INFLUENCE FRANÇAISE SUR LES SÉFARADES EN BULGARIE

Author(s): Vladimir Paunovski / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2024

Saul or Shaul Yeroham Mezan is a doctor with specialization in surgery and urology, Doctor of Medicine, officer, public figure, Zionist, anti-fascist, publicist, journalist, poet, historian, and folklorist – researcher of Sephardism, political scientist and current political analyst. He was born in the city of Tatar-Pazardjik (today Pazardjik, Bulgaria) in 1893, and died far from his homeland, as a victim of Nazism, probably around 1943. Nowadays his name is known to a few researchers, as the predominant writings about him and his work are episodic in time and fragmentary in their subject matter. His literary and journalistic works, as well as his socio-political views, remain almost unknown to the general public, including, unfortunately, to the Jewish community in Bulgaria. The objective of the paper is the French-speaking environment in which S. Mezan was formed, and his works in French in various fields of the knowledge, which prevail over the ones in Bulgarian both in quantity and in terms of scientific and social significance. The author also pays special attention to the numerous yet scattered references for the French influence on the language, the way of life and the culture of the Sephardim in Bulgaria in the book by S. Mezan dedicated to them.

Memoria vie a Holocaustului din România și reprezentările sale (1944-1947)

Author(s): Dumitru Tucan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2024

The Holocaust in Romania (i.e. the involvement of Romanian authorities in the crimes against the Jewish population during World War II) was a marginalized and distorted historical event in the Romanian public discourse. Immediately after the end of the war and in the years that followed, some survivors wrote about the sufferings endured, texts of a vivid traumatic memory. Some were published, others remained in manuscript. There were also timid attempts to recover the memory of the Holocaust tragedy through artistic representations (graphic albums, fiction, film), which remained marginal. These texts and representations did not penetrate the public consciousness and Romanian cultural memory, the reasons being mostly ideological. Subsequently, especially after 1990, a good part of these texts were (re)published in an effort of memorial recovery whose project continues today. Also, other artistic representations have been produced which have begun to have an increasingly visible impact on Romanian cultural memory. This work starts from an analysis of the relationship between living memory, ideology and cultural memory (Assmann 2008, 2013) in order to sketch a typological and historical outline of the “literature” and cultural representations of the Holocaust in Romania, during the first years after World War II. I will be interested in the textual and artistic 'typology' of the phenomenon, as it manifests itself between the years 1944 and 1947, the years of the living (communicative) memory of the survivors.

Żydowskie ślady na Środkowym Nadodrzu

Author(s): Andrzej Kirmiel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2011

Artykuł dotyczy pozostałości po obecności ludności żydowskiej na Środkowym Nadodrzu. Autorka krótko opisuje polsko-niemiecką współpracę w akcie ratowania dziedzictwa kulturowego na badanym terenie oraz działalność organizacji społecznych i szkół uczestniczących w tym przedsięwzięciu.