We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.

4.50 €

Preview

Обвиняващата мощ на една парадоксална едногласовост

Author(s): Iskra Tsoneva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 3/2019

Jonathan Littell’s novel The Kindly Ones, written in French, is a story about World War II and the Eastern Front, presented through the fictional memoirs of a sophisticated SS officer. The main aim of the article is to show how, by a radical rejection of the method of polyglossia, characteristic of narrative in the traditional novel, Littell merges his voice with the voice of his criminal hero, who accuses everyone – participants and witnesses alike, all of us.

More...

Download

Problem tożsamości i poczucia lojalności Żydów pochodzących z zaboru pruskiego na przykładzie Alfreda Cohna (1901–1961)

Author(s): Elżbieta Alabrudzińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2019

So far a very simplified picture of the transformation of the identity of Jews of West Prussia and Poznan land have functioned in the literature on the subject. The impulse to conduct the research on this issue became the publishing of the memories of Alfred Cohn, a typical German Jew, whose life and dramatic decisions show the complexity of the problem of identity and the sense of loyalty of the Jewish population of the territory of the Prussian partition. Alfred Cohn was close to recognizing himself as a German of the Jewish denomination. In 1920, without a shade of doubt, he decided to maintain loyalty to the German state and leave his family town Bydgoszcz, while in 1945 he decided the opposite. In order to clarify these contradictions, an analysis of the emancipation, acculturation and assimilation processes of the Jewish community of the territories of the Prussian partition of the 19th century and the first two decades of the 20th century was conducted. Subsequently, the results of this analysis were compared with studies on the identity of German Jews living in the Second and Third Reich. At least until the 1880s, the Jews of Greater Poland, and West Prussia considered themselves representatives of a separate nation, despite the already advanced process of assimilating German culture, customs and language, and showing loyalty to the German state. The assimilation reached its greatest intensity at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, leading to a strong integration of Jews with German society and the German state. This aggravated Polish-Jewish antagonism, especially in Greater Poland. After some of the lands of the former Prussian partition came under Polish rule, most Jews remained loyal to the German state, treating it as their homeland, and emigrated in the years 1918–1921 along with the majority of the German population. However, despite such decisions, despite the use of German as their mother tongue, and despite demonstrating German patriotism and the intense desire to blend in with German society, it is necessary to show great caution in the case of attempts to recognize the Jews of the Prussian partition only as a religious minority, although more than once they have defined themselves this way. In the Reich, Jews did not manage to merge with the German environment, either. They created their own Jewish-German cultural system. Their identity can be described as very specific, heterogeneous and shaped by contradictions and dilemmas. In the territories of the Prussian partition, the process of shaping the identity of German Jews was even more complicated as this community had to function also within the Polish society.

More...

20.00 €

Preview

Aspects of Romanian Stalinism's History: Ana Pauker, A Victim of Anti-Semitism?

Author(s): Pavel Câmpeanu / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2001

Born in 1893 in a village in Moldavia (eastern Romania), a daughter of a Jewish religious leader, Ana Pauker moved to Bucharest, Romania's capital, as a young girl. There she eventually joined the old socialist movement, also embraced by her future husband, Marcel Pauker. According to Vladimir Tismaneanu, she was "probably the leading figure of Romanian Stalinism. " An instructor in the Komintern with the French Communist party in the early 1930s, Ana Pauker was arrested by the Romanian authorities in 1935. Her trial had a strong impact both in Romania and abroad. Sentenced to 10 years in jail, she became a world class celebrity, her name being given to an artillery unit of the International Brigade fighting in the Spanish civil war. [...]

More...

20.00 €

Preview

The Holocaust in Romania: Murderous or Providential Anti-Semitism?

Author(s): Dennis Deletant / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2001

The review of: Radu loanid. The Holocaust in Romania. The Destruction of Jews and Gypsies under the Antonescu Regime, 1940-1944. Chicago, Ill.: Ivan R. Dee, 2000. Published in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 352pp. Notes. Index. Maps.

More...

20.00 €

Preview

Attitudes of Young Poles Toward Jews in Post-1989 Poland

Author(s): Jolanta Ambrosewicz-Jacobs / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2000

For over nine centuries before the outbreak of the Second World War, Poland was a multiethnic country. Jews in Poland constituted the largest Jewish community in Europe, the second largest in the world, and 10% of Poland's population. Their history on Polish soil goes back as far as Poland's history does. The destruction of European Jewry took place in Poland, and Jewish Polish citizens were victims of the Holocaust. Later, communist ideology denied the existence of ethnic differences between people. History was suppressed; many sites and events were erased from the collective memory. New narratives were supplied; new history books were written. [...]

More...

20.00 €

Preview

Double Memory: Poles and Jews After the Holocaust

Author(s): Piotr J. Wróbel / Language(s): English Issue: 03/1997

Contemporary Polish-Jewish relations resemble a vicious circle. On the one hand, most Poles firmly believe that Poland has always been one of the most tolerant countries in the world and that anti-Semitism has existed only on the margins of Polish society. As far as they are concerned, there has been no such phenomenon as Polish anti-Semitism, for Poland has always been a true paradisus Judeorum. On the other hand, most Jews, especially those on the American continent and in Western Europe, claim that Poland is one of the most anti-Semitic countries in the world. Jews have often shared the former Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Shamir's belief that virtually all Poles received their anti-Semitism "with their mothers' milk." Often, this unfortunate polarization makes any reasonable communication, let alone consensus, quite impossible. [...]

More...

4.90 €

Preview

The Romanian Participation in the Holocaust by Bullets

Author(s): Marius Cazan / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2020

This article continues to follow the 6th ‘Vânători’ Regiment’s itinerary from the summer of 1941, after the slaughtering of the Jews in Sculeni. Its advancing in Bessarabia meant the crossing of a territory where large Jewish communities lived. The entire edifice of ideology and propaganda that equated the Jewish identity with the affiliation to communism, one that the military supported earnestly, was used to bring the Romanian troops to and keep them in the right state of mind. The article aims at describing in detail the operating mode, the criminal actions, and the subordination and coordination relationships from within one of the units of the 14th Infantry Division, that committed mass murders during the first few months after the launching of Operation ‘Barbarossa’.

More...

4.90 €

Preview

Nicolae Iorga and the Jews

Author(s): Ana Bărbulescu / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2020

This paper turns toward the image ascribed to the Jewish minority by one of the most prolific representatives of Romanian culture, Nicolae Iorga. The analysis starts with the identity pattern proposed by Iorga and moves to the cluster of attributes that he ascribed to the Jewish minority, as well as the social roles associated to the latter. On a final approach, our interest moves towards the political solutions envisaged by Iorga to solve the “Jewish problem”.

More...

Download

Lokalne struktury Narodowych Sił Zbrojnych wobec ukrywających się Żydów w świetle powojennych materiałów śledczych i procesowych – przypadek powiatów miechowskiego i pińczowskiego

Author(s): Dariusz Libionka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2020

This paper deals with the activities of members of the local structures of the National Armed Forces (Narodowe Siły Zbrojne, NSZ) in Pińczów and Miechów counties aimed at hiding Jews, and the murder of several men, women, children committed by a partisan detachment that for some time operated in this area. In the area in question, 34 people died at the hands of the NSZ. A further 11 were identified by people who admitted to be members of this organization to the German police and were subsequently murdered. The starting point for this analysis were investigation and trial documents concerning former NSZ members tried on the basis of the so-called “August decree”. The author’s purpose was to reconstruct these bloody events that took place from late 1943 to the spring of 1944 and to determine how the crimes against Jews were treated by county investigators from county and provincial security offices and by military courts and courts of law; finally, the author deals with the controversial issue of witness credibility and the testimonies given at that time by the defendants and witnesses.

More...

Download

David Kowalski: Polens letzte Juden. Herkunft und Dissidenz um 1968.

Author(s): Beate Kosmala / Language(s): German Issue: 4/2020

Review of: Beate Kosmala - David Kowalski: Polens letzte Juden. Herkunft und Dissidenz um 1968. (Schriften des Simon-Dubnow-Instituts, Bd. 30.) Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Göttingen 2018. 243 S., Ill. ISBN 978-3-525-37068-1. (€45,–.)

More...

4.90 €

Preview

Stare grzechy rzucają długi cień. Wcielony kapitał przemocy

Author(s): Romana Kolarzowa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2020

Kolarzowa explores the construction of Polish collective identity before the foundation of the Second Polish Republic in 1918. Elucidating why non-discursive means were essential in this formational work she relates some of these means – which were based on practices of anti-Semitic violence – to Pierre Bourdieu’s notion that the most significant elements of cultural capital must be embodied while their proper manifestation becomes a reflexaction. Kolarzowa also presents the effects of this strategy and its repercussions today.

More...

Download

Po wykładzie wysłuchanym na stojąco. Strategie uciszania głosów żydowskich studentek wobec getta ławkowego

Author(s): Natalia Judzińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

In my article I propose an outline of a comparative analysis of two disciplinary proceedings initiated against students of the Mathematics and Natural Science Faculty of Stefan Batory University in Vilnius, Rywka Profitkier and Estera Tajc, before the introduction of the so-called ghetto benches. Two female students refused to subordinate to the student practice at that time, and did not take a seat on the left side of the lecture hall. Hence, they both listened to the lecture standing between the benches. I will situate my analysis in the context of the events of the entire 1936/1937 academic year, in which the university was closed for almost three months due to the anti-Jewish violence. The sources consist of the documents of two disciplinary proceedings based on events that occurred only one day apart, but most importantly, they took a similar course. However, due to the different strategies chosen by the female students, the sanctions imposed on them for not subordinating to the practice of taking seats assigned to Jews at the time were significantly different.

More...

20.00 €

Preview

Between Europeanisation and Local Legacies: Holocaust Memory and Contemporary Anti-Semitism in Romania

Author(s): Raul Cârstocea / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2021

This article addresses the persistence of anti-Semitism in Romania, placed in the context of some recent debates concerning the memory of the Holocaust in the country, as well as in the area of Central and Eastern Europe more broadly. It argues that, despite significant improvements in terms of legislation, the memory of the Holocaust remains a highly contested issue in contemporary Romania, torn between the attempts to join in the European memory of the Holocaust and local legacies that on the one hand focus primarily on the suffering of Romanians under the communist regime, and on the other perform a symbolic “denationalisation” of the Jewish minority in the country, whose own suffering is thus excised from national memory. It does so by focusing in particular on the debates surrounding the adoption of Law 217/2015, meant to clarify earlier legislation on Holocaust denial, and comparing them with those prompted by the Ukrainian “memory laws” passed in the same year. Taking into account both the national and international reactions to these very different pieces of legislation, the article shows the still-persisting discrepancy between a (mostly Western) “European” memory of the legacy of the twentieth century and local memory topoi characteristic of the countries that were part of the former socialist bloc.

More...

20.00 €

Preview

The Void Communities: Towards a New Approach to the Early Post-war in Poland and Ukraine

Author(s): Anna Wylegała / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2021

The present article offers a new framework for understanding the early East European post-war that introduces and conceptualizes the idea of “Void Communities.” The core of the argument is that the disappearance of various groups of Others—ethnic, religious, and class—was one of the most important consequences of the Second World War for Central and Eastern Europe, and particularly for Poland and Ukraine. The Void left by those who had disappeared could be described on several levels, such as physical absence, social and economical dysfunctionality, transformation of the social structure and stratification, property transfer, decline of moral values and norms, and changes in local culture and traditions. Based on an extensive oral history research (of more than 150 interviews) and in-depth reading of ego documents, the article prioritizes the first-hand perspective of witnesses and centres on those who remained in the post-war Void Communities after their neighbours had been murdered, deported, resettled, or encouraged to leave semi-voluntarily. While the paper primarily focuses on the historical region of Galicia, now divided between Poland and Ukraine, the source material used to analyze the framework for Void Communities includes documents associated with the entire pre-war Polish Second Republic.

More...

Download

REVIEWS

Author(s): Joanna Nalewajko-Kulikov,Stephan Lehnstaedt,Joanna Wojdon,Maciej Górny,Piotr Kuligowski,Urszula Augustyniak,Rafał Rutkowski / Language(s): English Issue: 121/2020

Review of: Rafał Rutkowski- Theodoricus, De antiquitate regum Norwagiensium. On the Old Norwegian Kings, ed. and comment. Egil Kraggerud, trans. Peter Fisher, The Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture in Oslo, Oslo, 2018, XCVIII + 394 pp.; series B: Skrifter, 169 Urszula Augustyniak- Martin Faber, Sarmatismus. Die politische Ideologie des polnischen Adels im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert, Deutsches Historisches Institut Warschau, Wiesbaden, 2018, 526 pp.; series: Quellen und Studien, 35 Piotr Kuligowski - Morgane Labbé, La Nationalité, une histoire de chiffres. Politique et statistiques en Europe centrale (1848–1919), Presses de Sciences Po, Paris, 2019, 382 pp. Maciej Górny - Balázs Trencsényi, Michal Kopeček, Luka Lisjak Gabrijelčič, Maria Falina, Mónika Baár, and Maciej Janowski, A History of Modern Political Thought in East Central Europe, ii: Negotiating Modernity in the ‘Short Twentieth Century’ and Beyond, Part 1: 1918–1968; Part 2: 1968–2018, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2018, 472 and 392 pp., selected bibliography, indices Joanna Wojdon - Joanna Hytrek-Hryciuk, Między prywatnym a publicznym. Życie codzienne we Wrocławiu w latach 1938–1944 [Between the Private and the Public. Everyday Life in Wrocław in the Years of 1938–1944], Via Nova, Wrocław, 2019, 319 pp. Stephan Lehnstaedt - Barbara Engelking and Jan Grabowski (eds), Dalej jest noc. Losy Żydów w wybranych powiatach okupowanej Polski [Night Without an End. Fate of Jews in Selected Counties of Occupied Poland], 2 vols., Stowarzyszenie Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów, Warszawa, 2018, 871 + 835 pp. Joanna Nalewajko-Kulikov - Magdalena Ruta, Without Jews? Yiddish Literature in the People’s Republic of Poland on the Holocaust, Poland and Communism, edited by Jessica Taylor-Kucia, Jagiellonian University Press, Kraków, 2017, 452 pp.; series: Studies in Jewish Civilization in Poland, 2

More...

Download

CAN FASCISM BE GOOD FOR THE JEWS? THE RESPONSE OF THE YIDDISH PRESS IN POLAND TO ITALIAN FASCISM (1922–39): A RESEARCH RECONNAISSANCE

Author(s): Joanna Nalewajko-Kulikov / Language(s): English Issue: 123/2021

The article sets out to profile the results of preliminary research into the stances taken by two Warsaw Yiddish daily newspapers, Haynt and Der Moment, on the phenomenon of Italian fascism. These ranged from guarded and benevolent interest, and even a certain fascination, to categorical rejection, depending on the official stance of the fascist movement towards the Jews. The article discusses the initial ad hoc judgments on fascism made in the 1920s, opinions on Polish and Jewish emulators of Mussolini, with particular attention to Vladimir Jabotinsky and the Revisionist movement, and the opinions of Jewish political journalists on Mussolini’s volte-face regarding the Jews in the 1930s. A separate section is devoted to a series of 1938 reportage features showcasing the life of the Italian Jews in Fascist Italy.

More...

Download

THE SOVIET NARRATIVE OF THE WARSAW GHETTO UPRISING

Author(s): Gennady Estraikh / Language(s): English Issue: 123/2021

Soviet ideological overseers did not consider the Warsaw Ghetto uprising an utterly taboo topic. However, on their general scale of notable events of the Second World War, the uprising belonged to the category of relatively minor episodes, worth mentioning mainly in the context of ‘more important’ themes, such as the presence of former Nazis in state institutions of West Germany or the collaboration of some Jews, most notably Zionists, with the Nazis. At the same time, the Soviet Yiddish periodicals, first Eynikayt [Unity, 1942–8] and then Sovetish Heymland [Soviet Homeland, 1961–91] did not treat the uprising as an event of secondary importance. Instead, they emphasise the heroism of the ghetto fighters.

More...

Download

(Re)konstruowanie narracji – działanie w przestrzeni publicznej – edukacja. Postpamięć zagłady Żydów lubelskich: studium przypadku

Author(s): Marta Kubiszyn / Language(s): Polish Issue: 65/2020

Although originally the term ‘post-memory’ referred to the experiences and memories of the survivors that influenced the biographies of their children, in the following years its meaning was extended and the concept started to be used to describe the processes of transmitting the memory of any traumatic experience within any group, not necessarily bound by blood. In the case of Lublin, where one third of the pre-war community consisted of Jews, most of whom were murdered during World War II, the position of non-Jewish vicarious witnesses seems to be particularly important. This article discusses some aspects of the Holocaust post-memory discourse referring to the cultural activities of the ‘Grodzka Gate – NN Theatre’ Centre. Research questions will concern the artistic language and means of expression of these projects as well as the aesthetic codes that are being used by vicarious witnesses.

More...

Download

What We Remember and What We Forget: Selective Memory in the Holocaust

Author(s): Maya Camargo-Vemuri / Language(s): English Issue: 83/2021

Why remember atrocity? This paper considers how trauma shapes the political memory of atrocity. What we choose to remember about atrocity is largely determined by the visibility of events, but also impacted by social norms, normalized violence, and perceptions of atrocity. Certain events, although common or not necessarily unusual, are suppressed from memory (both in collective and individual narratives) due to fear, shame, guilt, or disgust. In genocide, we rarely hear about acts that induce emotions such as the ones mentioned, including acts of rape, prostitution, and parricide. Most often, such acts are omitted from the narrative because they are not normal crimes in the societies where they occur, and are seen as particularly horrific. The consequence of this omission is a skewed image or conception of genocide and what it does to the people who are part of it, either as victims or perpetrators. This paper determines that, however uncomfortable, unusual, or painful it is to remember such acts, the memory of such acts is necessary to understand the mechanics of atrocity and victimization. It uses a case study of the Holocaust, focusing on sexual violence, to illustrate the concepts of memory omission, skewed historical perception, and the necessity of understanding atrocity through accurate memory.

More...

Download

GENOCID – OD FARAONA DO SREBRENICE

Author(s): Izet Čamdžić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 86/2021

The term genocide is often a subject of disagreements regarding its definition making its usage popular in common language. As such it is being used in a form much stronger than it is actually defined by the international law. Thus it became a subject of moral rather than legal condemnation: to characterise some action as genocidal it means to express one’s particularly strong moral condemnation and abhorrence of that act. In this article the author presents definitions of genocide as well as the Qur’anic view wherein the different levels of accountability for such acts are explicated. The article particularly stresses the topic of planning and executing the genocide committed over Bosniaks in Eastern Bosnia in 1995.

More...