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The Romanian Participation in the Holocaust by Bullets

Author(s): Marius Cazan / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2019

At the beginning of Operation ‘Barbarossa’, the 6th ‘Vânători’ (Huntsmen) Regiment wasstationed near the Prut River, waiting for orders from the 14th Infantry Division to cross itinto Bessarabia through the Sculeni border point. This article studies the involvement ofsoldiers belonging to that regiment in the earliest actions aimed at exterminating the Jewsduring the summer campaign of 1941. The study has two parts. In part one, I present themanner in which the withdrawal from Bessarabia, in 1940, was perceived by members ofthe regiment. At the same time, I present the ways in which the hatred against the Jews wasfueled, through orders and intelligence reports sent by the higher echelons of the militaryto the members of the regiment. The last pages in the first part of the study about this unitof the Romanian Army aims at reconstructing the soldiers’ involvement in the exterminationof the Sculeni Jews in the early days of the war. The other massacres in which soldiers ofthe 6th ‘Vânători’ Regiment were involved are focused on in the latter part of this project.

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Jewish Refugees from Austria in the Hospitals of the Jewish Community of Pest after the ‘Anschluß’

Author(s): Kinga Frojimovics / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

The study analyzes the social characteristics of Jewish refugees who have fled from Austria to Hungary after the Anschluss, on the one hand, by a unique source – the hospital records of refugees, treated in the hospitals of the Jewish Community of Pest. Moreover, the correspondence of Jewish organizations dealing with hospitalized refugees, gives a glimpse into the decision-making processes that the Jewish community had to make alone, as the Hungarian state left it to aid and care of refugees. This happened in those years (from 1938 onwards) when the Hungarian Jewish community itself was a victim of continuous legal and economic discrimination by the Hungarian state.

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Antisemitism and Catholicism in the Interwar Period - The Jesuits in Austria, 1918–1938

Author(s): David Lebovitch Dahl / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

The paper examines the attitudes of the Austrian Jesuits to antisemitism in the interwar period. This question is highly relevant for the study of antisemitism and the Holocaust, because of the strong influence of Catholicism within Austrian society and the prominent role played by Austrians in the Holocaust. The scientific literature has argued that the Austrian context was of central importance to the formation of both antisemitic and anti-antisemitic views among Catholics. However, the dynamics and internal nuances within high ecclesiastical circles have remained understudied. The present research indicates the permanence of an entrenched anti-Jewish tradition as well as the start of a novel reconsideration of this very tradition within the Jesuit Order in Austria. By analyzing tensions in the positions of the Austrian Jesuits, this research contributes to a better understanding of the continuity and rupture in antisemitism in Austria in the period immediately prior to the Holocaust.

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Spaziergang in der Herrengasse - Straßenfotos aus dem jüdischen Czernowitz

Author(s): Marianne Hirsch / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2014

Czernowitz was the Habsburg Empire’s „Vienna of the East“; it had a lively German-speaking Jewish community, almost all of whom were persecuted or murdered during the time of the Second World War. Yet the memory of Cernowitz lives on, passed on as it is by survivors and their descendants „like a wonderful present“ and a „relentless curse“, as noted by Aharon Appelfeld. We find evidence of old Cernowitz in historical reports, memoirs, documents and literary works. These include impressive contributions by Cernowitz-born writers. In their lecture, Marianne Hirsch and Leo Spitzer focussed primarily on materials from family albums and collections in order to tap into the world of Jewish Cernowitz before its destruction. In particular, they analysed street photographs depicting daily life which had been taken on the city’s streets before the Second World War and during the occupation by Romanian fascists and their allies from Nazi Germany. What do these ordinary and apparently opaque images tell us about the rich and diverse past? We were astonished to discover that they tell and show us a lot in that they reveal both more and less than we had expected.

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Experiences of Jews Who Converted to Christianity before and during the Holocaust. An Overview of Testimonies in the Fortunoff Video Archive

Author(s): Ion Popa / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

Research on Jews who converted to Christianity before and during the Holocaust has been scarce until recently, although since the 1980s survivors’ testimonies began to mention such experiences more often. This article offers a first general overview of 97 testimonies found in the Fortunoff Video Archive of Holocaust Testimonies that describe the experience of conversion of Holocaust survivors. Based on the information provided by these testimonies it 1) analyses the attitudes of Christian and Jewish institutions and individuals towards converts and 2) explores the way in which the experience of conversion impacted the sense of belonging and Jewish identity of the survivors.

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Linguistic Image of Non-Christian Jews in Early Christian Narratives as a Function of Inter-Group Conflict (Theoretical Background)

Author(s): Amadeusz Citlak / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

This article is an attempt to apply a modern social psychology thesis to reproduce a linguistic image of non-Christian Jews in chosen narratives taken from the Greek canonical Gospels of the New Testament. In the first century AD, non-Christian Jews and primitive Christians found themselves in a state of growing ideological conflict resulting in marked changes in their social relations and mutual perceptions. While remaining in close connection with the usage of language and discourse creation, these changes led to the adoption of new linguistic strategies among primitive Christians, thanks to which the image of non-Christian Jews took on over the course of the following years characteristics of negative stereotypes. A structural model has been used to analyse Christian texts, allowing for consistent and uniform comparisons of available sources. The aim of this paper therefore is an attempt to recreate linguistic characteristics of Jews in primitive Christian documents. There is also an alternative proposal for the analysis of stereotypes against that which has been used for many years in the study of anti-Judaism in historical documents. I will present the theoretical context (a short historical outline) and accepted psychological theories.

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Głosów zbieranie… (O książce Joanny Tokarskiej-Bakir Pod klątwą. Społeczny portret pogromu kieleckiego i nie tylko o niej)

Author(s): Jacek Leociak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

The presentation of the contents and compositional layout of Joanna Tokarska-Bakir’s two-volume work Pod klątwą. Społeczny portret pogromu kieleckiego is guided by reflections that go beyond a classical book review and a reconstruction of events that occurred on 4 July 1946. The interdisciplinary nature of Tokarska-Bakir’s work (history sensu stricto, social history, microhistory, ethnology, cultural anthropology and historical anthropology, discourse analysis, forensic science), the skillful fusion of intellectual discipline and methodological rigorousness with literary qualities, the revision of previously established interpretative conclusions (e.g., rebuttal of the provocation hypothesis), as well as the air of actuality (in the context of debates centered on the experience of post-war years and the historical roots of Polish identity) all make this book one of the greatest achievements of Polish humanities in recent times. This paper focuses on three things. Firstly, on the phenomenon of continuity and long duration that are revealed by the analysis of events from 4 July 1946. Secondly, on the pogrom themes: terror, macabre, bloodiness and the instruments of murder, Thirdly, on the compositional and generic structure of Joanna Tokarska-Bakir’s book.

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Metamorfoza antysemity. Ulica Graniczna Aleksandra Forda

Author(s): Tomasz Żukowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 43/2019

The article reconstructs the model of discourse present in Polish culture since the 1940s. Border Street (1949) is one of the first implementations of this model. An antisemite who becomes a righteous gentile is a pars pro toto of the Polish community. Violence is invoked, but its range is limited: Polish antisemitism stops when it comes to harming Jews. Violence that was, according to historical research, the dominant behavior toward Jews during the Nazi occupation is presented as an exteriorized exception. Two other Polish films of the same type are discussed in the article: Just beyond this Forest (1991) and In Darkness (2011).

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Stalinism the Polish Way

Author(s): Anna Zawadzka / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2019

This is the first part of the introduction to issue 8/19 of Studia Litteraria et Historica. The issue focuses on an anthropological and sociological analysis of the years 1945–1956 in Poland and, to some degree, on a deconstruction of contemporary Polish narratives on Stalinism. The author discusses the reasons for reexamining the subject, along with the methodological basis of such reexamination. The article also offers a polemical discussion of Andrzej Leder’s interpretation of Poland’s Stalinist period.

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Hierarchies and Boundaries. Structuring the Social in Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean

Author(s): Katarzyna Roman-Rawska,Tomasz Rawski / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2019

The article is an introduction to the 8th issue of Colloquia Humanistica. It discusses the concepts of boundaries and hierarchies and their role in structuring the social reality of (semi)peripheral Eastern Europe. The text discusses, on the one hand, the relevance and validity of these concepts and, on the other, the possibility of a critical approach to them. Furthermore, the article reviews the most important ideas and concepts proposed by the authors who contributed to the issue.

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Back to the Origins. The Tragic History of the Szekler Sabbatarians

Author(s): Gábor Győrffy,Zoltán Tibori Szabó,Júlia-Réka Vallasek / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2018

Sabbatarians were the only proselyte religious community that had an official institutional form in nineteenth-century Europe. This study aims to present the history and gradual disintegration of the Sabbatarian community and their acceptance of a common fate with Transylvanian Jewry during the Second World War. This is realized by, first, outlining the historical context of the formation of Sabbatarianism; second, by describing the social and political circumstances of Transylvanian Jews in the first half of the twentieth century; and third, by giving a detailed presentation of the 1944 deportations and other related events.

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L’émancipation graduelle des Juifs de Roumanie et la révision de la citoyenneté roumaine sous le gouvernement Goga. Aspects juridiques (1879-1938) et historiques (1937-1938)

Author(s): Philippe Henri Blasen / Language(s): French Issue: 3 (19)/2018

This article focuses on the changes of the citizenship status of Jews in Romania between 1879 and 1938. It presents the Romanian citizenship law beginning with the constitutional amendment of 25 October 1879 and concluding with the citizenship review under the Goga ministry. It rediscusses the citizenship review using previously unexploited archival material. It argues that the Romanian State performed an almost complete rotation in the above-mentioned period: the State gradually granted most of the Jews in Romania citizenship, then challenged its acts beginning with 1936. The citizenship review deprived 30% of the Jewish population in Romania of its citizenship shortly later, in 1938-1939.

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Christian Corpses for Christians! Dissecting the Anti-Semitism behind the Cadaver Affair of the Second Polish Republic

Author(s): Natalia Aleksiun / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2011

In this article, the author analyzes the campaign that captured the attention of medical colleges at Polish Universities in Warsaw, Vilno, Cracow, and Lvov during the 1920s and 1930s. The author discusses calls made by right-wing students for a regular supply of Jewish corpses matching their percentage among the students, and the ways in which university authorities and Polish Jewish communal leaders responded to these demands. Clearly, driving Jews out of the medical profession combined traditional prejudicial thinking about Jews with modern racial science and corresponded with the more general call to remove Jews from free professions. However, the issue of Jewish corpses took this line of thinking into the realm of pathology. The author argues that taking issue with Jewish access to “Christian corpses” echoed perceptions of Jewish impurity. It implied that Jewish students constituted a danger not only to their Polish colleagues but even to the corpses of Christians, which they could somehow contaminate or violate. Thus, this campaign was based on the notion of essential difference between Jews and non-Jews even in death. It suggests a vision of society in which any contact between Jews and non-Jews was perceived as contaminating and dangerous.

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Jedwabne before the Court. Poland’s Justice and the Jedwabne Massacre—Investigations and Court Proceedings, 1947–1974

Author(s): Krzysztof Persak / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2011

On 10 July 1941, Jewish inhabitants of the little town of Jedwabne were burnt alive in a barn by their Polish neighbors. This was probably the worst act of violence inflicted on Jews by the Poles during World War II. By examining postwar legal proceedings related to the Jedwabne massacre, this article looks at the attitude of Polish authorities towards crimes committed by the Poles on Jews during the war as well as the reaction of the local community to its own dark past. Although a group of perpetrators were put on trial in 1949 and 1953, criminal court files reveal the indolence and ineffectiveness of Communist Poland’s justice in such cases. The documents also expose a conspiracy of silence among residents of Jedwabne and their solidarity with the defendants. On the other hand, a scrutiny of civil court proceedings discloses mechanisms of appropriation of the victims’ property by the perpetrators. An analysis of a subsequent investigation into the Jedwabne case carried out in the 1960s and 1970s proves that it predominantly aimed at erasing the truth about Polish involvement in the crime, and as its result German gendarmes were officially pointed out as the sole culprits. Only after the restitution of democracy in 1989 was Poland able to openly confront black pages of its history including the Jedwabne massacre.

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Perpetrators’ Self-Portrait. The Accused Village Administrators, Commune Heads, Fire Chiefs, Forest Rangers, and Gamekeepers

Author(s): Alina Skibińska / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2011

The article is a fragment of a more comprehensive study and at the same time a continuation of the subject originated in the article “The Participation of Poles in Crimes against Jews in the Świętokrzyski” (Yad Vashem Studies, 2007, No 35). By the thorough analysis of the files of several dozen trials that had taken place in the courts of Kielce during the 1940s and 1950s, I am looking for the answers for the questions focused on such issues as specific and diverse circumstances in which the crimes emerged (direct reasons and situational conditions), perpetrators (their profile based on such criteria as position/function, age, marital status, education, financial and social status, etc.), witnesses (both of the defendant and the plaintiff), and defense (the analysis of the defense strategies and arguments used during the investigation and the main trial, as well as the pleas for parole and other letters applied to defend the accused people). Special emphasis is going to be laid on the final issue—defense strategies of the perpetrators—which should enable the reconstruction of the then and, probably, still unchanged, attitude of the villagers of central Poland toward the crimes committed there and their victims.

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The Final Solution in Bulgaria and Romania: A Comparative Perspective

Author(s): Ethan J. Hollander / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2008

Accounts of the Final Solution in Bulgaria and Romania often stress the differences between the two countries, attributing Bulgaria’s relatively low victimization rate (18 percent) and Romania’s relatively high one (approximately 50 percent) to differing levels of anti-Semitism or local attitudes toward Jews. This article argues that, broken down by region, Bulgaria and Romania were actually quite similar, in that both countries participated in the victimization of Jews in newly acquired territories while protecting those in the “home country.” By investigating the complex negotiations between Nazi Germany and local officials in each of these countries, the author shows that because of their close alliance with Nazi Germany (and not despite this), the governments of Bulgaria and Romania were both able to protect their own Jewish citizens. Both countries essentially traded loyalty in military and economic affairs for concessions, delays, and limitations in the Final Solution. This observation has fascinating moral implications, since it suggests that countries could only protect their own citizens by cooperating with Nazi Germany. It also illustrates that far from being passive subjects of coercion, weak states in imperial relationships can actually bargain to change the terms of their own subjugation. Imperial hegemony is partly a product of negotiation and international contracting, not unmitigated coercion.

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Balkan Anti-Semitism: The Cases of Bulgaria and Romania before the Holocaust

Author(s): William I. Brustein,Ryan D. King / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2004

The considerable difference between Bulgaria and Romania with regards to Jews and anti-Semitism makes for an intriguing case study, and the available evidence thus far appears to challenge prominent theories of European anti-Semitism. Why did Bulgaria protect its Jews despite its alliance with Nazi Germany during WWII, while anti-Semitism flourished in Romania? Were these countries equally as distinct with regards to anti-Semitism prior to the rise of European fascism? If so, how great was the difference in popular anti-Semitism in the two countries, and how might the differences be explained? In this article, the authors attempt to address the latter two questions by examining Bulgarian and Romanian anti-Semitism prior to WWII. They seek to show that popular anti-Semitism in Bulgaria was noticeably scant between 1899 and 1939 while rather extensive in Romania during the same period, attempt to illustrate where existing theories of anti-Semitism have trouble explaining the cases of Bulgaria and Romania, and propose an eclectic theory to account for societal variation in anti-Semitism.

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The Romanian Holocaust: Family Quarrels

Author(s): Irina Livezeanu / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2002

The review of: 1) Randolph Braham, ed. The Destruction of Romanian and Ukrainian Jews During the Antonescu Era. Holocaust Studies Series. Social Science Monographs. Boulder, Colo.; New York: Columbia University Press, 1997. 413 pp. 2) Randolph Braham. Romanian Nationalists and the Holocaust: The Political Exploitation of Unfounded Rescue Accounts. Holocaust Studies Series. Social Science Monographs. Boulder, Colo.; New York: Columbia University Press, 1998. 289 pp. 3) Radu loanid. The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction of Jews and Gypsies Under the Antonescu Regime, 1940-1944. Chicago, Ill.: Ivan R. Dee, 2000. 352 pp.

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Jedwabne: Will The Right Question Be Raised?

Author(s): Ilya Prizel / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2002

The review of: Jan Gross. Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2001.

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Apologies for Jedwabne and Modernity

Author(s): Andrzej W. Tymowski / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2002

The review of: Jan Gross. Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland, Princeton University Press, 2001.

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