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Martyrionul de la Halmyris, un șantier de restaurare întrerupt

Author(s): Elena Murariu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 10/2021

The paper tackles the main issues the author faced during the works of mural painting conservation-restoration from the crypt-martyrion of the Episcopal Basilica from Halmyris, ancient fortress located within the territory of Murighiol commune, Tulcea county. The historical context of the Halmirys fortress is specified, this being the last bastion of the Danubian limes of the Roman Empire in the North-Eastern extremity of the Moesia Inferior and Scythia Minor provinces, the Episcopal Basilica from the fortress sheltering the relics of the saints Epictet and Astion. The paper presents the most important aspects regarding: condition assessment for the protective shelter of the basilica and the crypt, murals execution technique, pictorial decoration of the tomb, murals condition assessment and the causes of degradation, difficulties encountered during the works of mural painting conservation-restoration, as well as the cause and consequences of the worksite interruption.

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Patrimoniul arhitectural din Zonele Construite Protejate ale Bucureștiului, între protecție și ignoranță

Author(s): Raluca-Maria Trifa / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 10/2021

For more than three decades, the built heritage of Bucharest’ historical areas is in an advanced state of degradation, being constantly threatened by abandonment, mutilation and abusive demolition. Moreover, contemporary interventions in the protected areas of Romania’s capital city seem to elude the legislation regarding the protection of built heritage and the urban planning regulations, generating fundamental transformations in the structure of the urban fabric, but also the loss of cultural identity. For the moment, the critical situation of the architectural heritage of Bucharest does not seem to have a solution, despite the numerous alarm signals made by a series of organizations concerned with its fate. This paper tries to provide a series of answers regarding the wide spread phenomenon of Bucharest’s cityscape degradation, but also possible solutions for the coherent development of these urban areas.

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Building Archaeology în România?

Author(s): Ileana Burnichioiu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 10/2021

A Presidential committee report from 2009 drew up an inventory of the issues that the built heritage from Romania had been facing for years. As part of the response to the general crisis in the management of cultural heritage, the committee proposed a series of measures to reform the training of professionals who inventory, document, analyse and interpret the built heritage. Without a straightforward connection to the field, the authors came close to the views and objectives of some traditional fields in German-speaking areas, like Bauforschung or Baugeschichte, and also to the so-called “archaeology of architecture” which spread from the 1980s-2000s under various names as Building(s) archaeology, Archeologia dell’architettura, Archéologie du bâti etc. Therefore, first, my article surveys the landscape of these consecrated multidisciplinary building researches from different western european countries. Secondly, it investigates the chances of implementing architectural archaeology in Romania, taking into account the lack of tradition in rigorous building recording, that very few of the international principles in the field of heritage protection have been applied so far, and that soil archaeology has not yet moved up to the standing buildings.

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Restaurarea ansamblului de arhitectură și a picturilor murale de la Biserica Sf. Ilie din Suceava

Author(s): Georgiana Cristina Zahariea,Constantin Gorcea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 10/2021

Built in 1488 by Stephen the Great on the outskirts of today’s Suceava as a monastery of monks, the ensemble known as “St. Elijah” appears together with the church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross from Pătrăuți and that of Voroneț. This attitude is part of the rhythmic and consistent program of the ruler to found monasteries in the cities that are related to the Courts (Iași, Vaslui, Botoșani, Dorohoi, Bacău, Piatra).The church, which was left neglected after the monastery was disbanded during the Austrian occupation, didn’t come to the attention of the Commission of Historic Monuments from Vienna, nor was it proposed for restoration, such as the churches of the Putna monastery, St. John the New in Suceava, Voroneț, the old church of Mirăuți or the one next to the former Royal Court from Milișăuți/Bădeuți.Although there are no clear documents, the church of St. Elijah went through several stages of restoration that changed in some way the original appearance of the monument. Now, the ensemble is at the end of the restoration project and for that reason this article brings to the reader information observed during the restoration from the perspective of the design architect and the mural restorer.The interdisciplinary approach of the project was coordinated by the architectural design company AGD SUCEAVA, having the collaboration on the part of construction execution - SC GENERAL CONSTRUCT SRL. The restoration of the mural paintings from inside and outside was made by SC CERECS ART SRL, SC MOLDRESTCOM SRL, SC ATELIER REMONZA SRL

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Początki bazyliki św. Jana na Lateranie (313 – 455 n.e.)

Author(s): Michał Łukaszczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2021

The article provides an account of the building of one of the first Christian churches in ancient Rome – the Basilica of St. John Lateran – up until the year 455. It also presents the process of adapting the building to public use for Christians who came out of hiding after 313, and a description of the first basilica – Basilica Nova – which was used for sacral purposes in ancient Rome. Due to the limited size of the article, it intends to provide a concise presentation of the discussed theme.

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„Hagiologiczny Kerygmat”. Teologiczna „lektura” bazyliki San Stefano Rotondo w Rzymie

Author(s): Katarzyna Parzych-Blakiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2021

The article presents the theological interpretation of the sacred space of San Stefano Rotondo in Rome. It is the result of research in the area of saints and holiness – that is, hagiology. The aim of the research undertaken is to define the temple as locus theologicus. San Stefan is a rotunda. In the middle there is a presbytery illuminated by natural light. Around it is a nave with 34 frescoes depicting scenes of the martyrdom of saints from the first centuries of Christianity. The theological interpretation concerns the whole interior, including its artistic furnishings and architecture. It was done in the perspective of papal teaching onholiness as a daily experience of closeness to God and taking into account the assumptions of aspectual hagiology. She has led to conclusions that include a proposal to use a new term– „hagiological kerygma” for use in further hagiological research aimed at „theology for innovation.”

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Мировая и отечественная культура. Памятники истории и культуры. Сравнительный анализ национальных законодательных актов России и Италии в сфере сохранения недвижимого культурного наследия

Author(s): Alexander F. Martynov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2022

In 1989 the Soviet Union became a party to the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, adopted in Paris on November 16, 1972 at the 17th session of the UN General Conference on Education, Science and Culture. Accession to this international treaty has opened new opportunities for Russia to present to the world its outstanding and unique historical monuments and natural reserves, to get additional guarantees of their preservation and access to the world experience in their management. Today 193 states are participants of the UNESCO Convention, and the List of World Cultural and Natural Heritage numbers 1121 sites located in 167 countries. Russia occupies the ninth place with 11 natural and 19 cultural sites, which reflects a relatively small part of Russian potential, though very significant — including the first “Historic Center of St. Petersburg”, “Kizhi Pogost”, “Moscow Kremlin and Red Square” inscribed in 1990, as well as the opening natural part of our nominations “The Virgin Komi Forests” (1995), “Volcanoes of Kamchatka” and “Lake Baikal” (1996). However, Russia’s accession to the international convention, in my opinion, has not contributed to a significant improvement in the area of cultural heritage preservation. The current legal mechanisms of state protection of objects of cultural heritage in Russia do not bring the expected effect: there is no properly formed system of state registration; the system of professional training of restorers and the objective system of confirmation of their qualification are lost; scientific approaches and restoration tools are distorted, being replaced in practice by repair works without scientific substantiation and contrary to the authenticity of materials and forms; there are no mechanisms of real financial support for the restoration of cultural heritage. I justify my assertion by the results of the analysis of the norms of Russian law in terms of the attitude of the state to the topic of identification and registration of immovable heritage, subsidies and preferences for owners, federal target programs. The analysis is based on a comparison of the current Russian legislation and one of the fundamental legislative acts of Italy — the Code of Cultural and Landscape Heritage. The choice of the country is based on the fact that Italy is one of the leading member countries of the International Convention, a country with an ideal form of heritage management.

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Podnoszenie miasta z ruin (zestaw fotografii centrum Nysy z lat 40. i 50. XX w.). Krytyczne opracowanie materiału ikonograficznego. Część druga (Odbudowa, rozbiórka i nowa zabudowa)

Author(s): Ewa Dawidejt-Drobek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2019

In this study (parts I and II), 81 photographs, mainly from the collections of Poviat (district) Museum in Nysa (68 pictures) and St. Jacob’s parish in Nysa (12 pictures), are published and critically analyzed. The photographs depict the state of buildings in the city center of Nysa from May 1945, when Polish state administration took over the town, until the turn of 1950s and 1960s, when – despite opposition from the Historic Preservation Officer’s Office – a conception of reconstruction of the historical city center in a “modern”way was implemented. The photographs are presented in two parts: I. Survived in the midst of ruins and rubble (34 pictures); II. Reconstruction, demolition and new buildings (47 pictures). During several decades after the war, the destruction of the historical buildings in the city center of Nysa was described en bloc as “war damage”. Such narration was strengthened by captions under illustrations in publications from the period of Polish People’s Republic (PRL). A critical analysis of photographs from 1940s and 1950s sheds a new light on this issue. Referring to documents of different types and urbanistic and architectural context of the time allowed for establishing exact location where and date when each photograph was taken. On that basis, the author formulates a conclusion that in a landscape mutilated by war, actions both resulting in further destruction as well asaimed at preserving or rebuilding damaged buildings took place; however, the decision on demolition or reconstruction of individual objects was based not only on the state of their preservation.

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Podnoszenie miasta z ruin (zestaw fotografii centrum Nysy z lat 40. i 50. XX w.). Krytyczne opracowanie materiału ikonograficznego. Wprowadzenie i część pierwsza (Ocalałe wśród ruin i zgliszcz)

Author(s): Ewa Dawidejt-Drobek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2019

In this study (parts I and II), 81 photographs, mainly from the collections of Poviat (district) Museum in Nysa (68 pictures) and St. Jacob’s parish in Nysa (12 pictures), are published and critically analyzed. The photographs depict the state of buildings in the city center of Nysa from May 1945, when Polish state administration took over the town, until the turn of 1950s and 1960s, when – despite opposition from the Historic Preservation Officer’s Office – a conception of reconstruction of the historical city center in a “modern” way was implemented. The photographs are presented in two parts: I. Survived in the midst of ruins and rubble (34 pictures); II. Reconstruction, demolition and new buildings (47 pictures). During several decades after the war, the destruction of the historical buildings in the city center of Nysa was described en bloc as “war damage”. Such narration was strengthened by captions under illustrations in publications from the period of Polish People’s Republic (PRL). A critical analysis of photographs from 1940s and 1950s sheds a new light on this issue. Referring to documents of different types and urbanistic and architectural context of the time allowed for establishing exact location where and date when each photograph was taken. On that basis, the author formulates a conclusion that in a landscape mutilated by war, actions both resulting in further destruction as well as aimed at preserving or rebuilding damaged buildings took place; however, the decision on demolition or reconstruction of individual objects was based not only on the state of their preservation.

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ВІДНОВЛЕННЯ КИЄВО-ПОДІЛЬСЬКОЇ ПОКРОВСЬКОЇ ЦЕРКВИ В 1950-Х РОКАХ: МОНУМЕНТАЛЬНИЙ ЖИВОПИС ЛІДІЇ СПАСЬКОЇ

Author(s): Labzin Vyacheslav / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 3/2022

The purpose of the article is to find out the history of Lidia Spaska's painting during the restoration of the Kyiv- Podil Pokrovska Church in the 1950s, and its iconographic and stylistic features. The research methodology is based on the application of archival and bibliographic searches, which enabled finding and highlighting the unknown facts; iconographic and iconological methods, which made it possible to analyse the development of plots, and the method of comparative evaluation allows to clarify the peculiarities of the artist's approach to their interpretation. The scientific novelty consists in the introduction into scientific circulation of previously unknown materials about L. Spaska's participation in the restoration of the Kyiv-Podil Pokrovska Church in the 1950s; in the first attempt at an iconographic and iconological analysis of her monumental paintings in this restoration process. Conclusions. It has been established that Lidia Spaska was the author of the monumental painting of the Kyiv-Podil Pokrovska Church. The following works belonged to her brush: two compositions “The Entombment” and “The Resurrection” in half-domes; two wall paintings in the northern and southern arms – “Ascension of Virgin” and “Apparition of Virgin on Mount Pochaiv”; paintings of the drum of the central dome and elastic arches. These works have not survived in their original form to our time. The iconography of the images gives reason to believe that L. Spaska did not use fixed subjects, but on the basis of her knowledge and experience tried to interpret or adapt them to the wishes of the customer, as evidenced by their iconographic analysis. The compositions of all works are subordinated to the architectural space and are organically perceived in the general interior of the temple. In her painting, L. Spaska focused on the fine modeling of the face, giving it increased attention, while the clothes and the background were painted more generally; the figures are characterised by expressive silhouette and movement. Losses and later renewals of paintings do not allow us to draw general conclusions about the color and its features.

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Limite și legitimitate în restaurarea patrimoniului distrus Biserica „Adormirea Maicii Domnului” din Ocnele Mari

Author(s): Laura Hangiu,Ioana Olteanu,Maria Dumbrăvician / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 11/2022

After more than half a century since the first accounts concerning its advanced state of decay, the Church of the Dormition of the Holy Mother of God in Ocnele Mari was recently subjected to a complex restoration process which included its consolidation and volumetric restoration, but also the conservation-restoration of its artistic components. These measures had as purpose the recovery of the destroyed cultural heritage and the church’s return to cultural tourism. Having been affected structurally by the earthquakes of 1940 and 1977 and having been exposed for a long time to various external factors of degradation, the church became a ruin on the point of collapse. Initiated in 2017 and accomplished in 2020, the consolidation-restoration project had as objective not only the restoration and conservation of the original materials and paintings, but also a larger intervention of recovering the church’s architectural form. However, as any reconstruction of a ruined monument, this intervention can be regarded either as the sole means to rescue the church or, from the perspective of conservation, as the impairing of a monument’s authenticity which – through a careful consolidation and conservation – could very well exist in a ruined form. Despite all this, when the restoration becomes excessive and has as purpose to bring the ruins to their previous form (that is, the one preceding its decay), one is faced with the increasing danger of losing the monument’s authentic character.

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Deteriorări ale pigmenților din cadrul ansamblurilor murale de la Mănăstirea Hurezi, județul Vâlcea

Author(s): Oana Cristina Gorea,Dumitru Gorea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 11/2022

This paper surveys the causes of alteration of those mineral pigments used in the fresco mural painting of the architectural ensemble of Hurezi Monastery. The conservation-restoration works undertaken throughout the last 30 years and the physical-chemical analyses made during their implementing revealed that the level of pigment alteration depended greatly on the area’s microclimate specificity. The results at Hurezi Monastery allowed thus to establish a direct analogy with similar research on pigment alteration conditions undertaken by authors of various countries.

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Drzwi kościelne jako brama wiary

Author(s): Ryszard Knapiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2015

Church doors are one of many symbolic elements of the church body. In the Old Testament it developed eschatological significance that have taken the gate, understood as the gates of hell. In this sense the church gate appear in the iconography of the Court of God. This symbolism was taken over by Christianity. Allegorical and symbolic significance of the church doors was lined in the writings of the apologists of the faith and the Church Fathers.

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Charakterystyka pisanych źródeł do badań nad małą architekturą sakralną Warmii

Author(s): Stanisław Kuprjaniuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2014

The presented description of the available sources for the research on the small sacral architecture focuses on three types of them: archives, cartographic data and memoirs. Each of them provided important information and prompted to undergo a further field research. The latter not only confirmed data already found in the sources under examination, but led to a discovery of some new valuable material sources. The analysed example can serve as a support for the thesis that employing a combination of different cognitive, empirical methods in research is justifiable.

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Slunjske crkve na grafičkim prikazima 17. i 18. stoljeća

Author(s): Zorislav Horvat / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2022

Slunj, the burg and the settlement, emerged during the second half of the 14th century. According to M. Bogović, there were two settlements, each with its own parish church. The main settlement, which is probably the oldest, was the one around the Church of St Mary Magdalene, in the position of today’s cemetery, and the other around the Church of All Saints, also called Trg. A Franciscan monastery with the Church of St Bernardine was built outside the settlement during the 15th century. Due to the Ottoman threat, both Slunj settlements were relocated to the area around the Franciscan monastery, and both parish churches were abandoned. At the same time, the Franciscan church was apparently remodelled as part of the fortifications around the new settlement. Today’s parish church was set on fire during the Homeland War, so the sanctuary of the old Franciscan church, built in the 16th century, appeared under the fallen plaster of the walls. It was a structure of modest design. The church was destroyed during an Ottoman raid in 1582 but was rebuilt at the beginning of the 18th century when it was expanded and given a baroque design. There are no preserved traces of the Churches of St Mary Magdalene and All Saints, only their approximate positions are known. At the end of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th century, frontier (Austrian and Italian) engineers drew the situation of Slunj, with floor plans and vedutas, on which the old churches of Slunj are shown. This documentation was drawn for the purposes of strengthening the border and defence against the Ottomans. The old parish Churches of St Mary Magdalene and All Saints are only indicated, whilst the centre of attention was the former Franciscan church, but only as part of the fortifications around Slunj. For both parish churches, it can be said that they were most likely constructed in the usual manner of parish churches in this part of Croatia: with a vaulted sanctuary, a flat-roofed nave and a bell tower on the western façade.

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Kościół pw. Matki Bożej Królowej Świata w Kisielicach i jego odbudowa (1945 – 1992)

Author(s): Andrzej Starczewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2022

The Gothic church in Kisielice has a medieval origin. It was built between 1331 and 1340 by the Stang family, on the southern edge of the town. It originally bore the title of St John the Evangelist and belonged to the Pomezanian diocese. At the time of the Reformation, in 1576, the church was taken over by the Evangelical community, which administered it until 1945. During the warfare of the Soviet Army, in early 1945, the entire roof structurewith its ceramic covering collapsed, damaging the interior of the church. On 25 June 1946, the first post-war parish priest in Kisielice, Fr Jan Przybylski, was appointed. His task was to create a Roman Catholic church community and rebuild the destroyed temple. His activities in this office, which he held until 21 June 1957, had mixed results. The Bishop of Warmia, Tomasz Wilczyński, handed over the post to the Pallottine Fathers on 22 September 1957. From that moment the work of reconstruction of the church began, crowned by the rite of consecration on 28 August 1960 (Bishop Wilczyński). Over the following years, this Gothic temple was successively furnished with new elements of interior decoration, in compliance with the liturgical norms contained in the documents of the Second Vatican Council. Since 1992, the church and the Roman Catholic parish in Kisielice have belonged to the Diocese of Elbląg.

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Muğla İdadi Mektebi Binasının İnşaatı

Author(s): Mehmet TEMEL / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2022

One of the high schools, which were established with the 1869 Maarif-i Umumiye Regulation, was opened in Muğla in 1892 in order to provide education at secondary education level with a modern understanding and to prepare students for civil vocational schools of higher education. Due to the physical conditions of the high school, which started education in an old building, the student capacity was low and there was a security risk, leading to the construction of a new building. The construction of the school, the foundation of which was laid in 1902 with a neo-classical plan and project inspired by the norms of French schools and adapted to local conditions, was completed in 1909 with the cost of 109725 kuruş, including additional allowances. For the construction, the estimation book and the negotiation note were prepared. Since no one showed interest in the tender announcement, the building was built with the trust method. The two-storey and masonry building whose construction materials were provided from local sources consisted of 5 classrooms, a cafeteria, staff rooms and other units.

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Zionism's Plans and Attempts against the al-Aqsa Mosque before and after the War of 1967

Author(s): Esra Kalkan Özhelvacı / Language(s): English Issue: 11/2022

Bayt al-Maqdis (Jerusalem) has been the place of struggle throughout history due to its status a holy city for thousands of years in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Hence, the religious perspective is an effective factor in the loyalty of the Jews to Jerusalem. On the one side the al-Aqsa Mosque was an indispensable place for Muslims and Palestinians. On the other hand, Zionism had different plans for the holy place. Born against anti-Semitism, Zionism has strived to protect Jews from persecution in many parts of the world. After Israel was established as a Jewish state in the Holy Land under the leadership of the Zionist movement, the Israelis developed occupation areas in Bayt al-Maqdis to realize the promise of Abraham in which they believed. The al-Aqsa Mosque/Temple Mount became a focal point for the Zionists with the annexation of the old city. Accordingly, they made plans and actions regarding the al-Aqsa Mosque. Even though there were different brands of Zionism, all of them were influenced by the religious perspective toward the al-Aqsa Mosque/Temple Mount. This study discusses the plans and initiatives of the adherents of various kinds of Zionism regarding the al-Aqsa Mosque in Bayt al-Maqdis before and after the War of 1967 and subsequent invasions, and analyzes how the Zionist ideology impacted on the al-Aqsa Mosque.

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The art of disobedience

Author(s): Luca Bertoldi / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

The following text intends to reflect on the existence of a paradigm of conflict or disobedience in artistic research practices that confront formal or informal education. The aim is to trace one of the possible directions of what artistic research today can represent for the scientific and social world. The study does not intend to propose a specific didactic method or disciplinary paradigm but rather to open up different artistic methodological possibilities that favour the contradictory moment of solid emancipatory value. In this respect, today's artistic practices engaged in dialogue with scientific research can be bearers of instances of doubt and the production of critical, collective and contextualised knowledge. I will approach historical experiences of the relationship between artistic research and education from an emancipatory and contingent point of view through the texts of their activators, namely Augusto Boal, Asger Jorn and Joseph Beuys. In the second part of the study, two recent curatorial research projects convey dissident knowledge, such as the Disobedience Archive by Marco Scotini and Radical Pedagogies by Beatriz Colomina. In both of these, the focus will be on how this knowledge is constructed and transmitted.

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Tanzimat Sonrası Gayrimüslimlerin Mimari Faaliyetleri: Samsun Kasabası Kiliseleri (1866-1990)

Author(s): Vedia Derda Taşar / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 15/2022

After the Tanzimat Reform (1839) in the Ottoman Empire, the decisions that facilitated the construction of public buildings such as places of worship and schools for non-Muslims also increased their architectural activities in the cities. Non-Muslims have prepared architectural projects and applied for the construction of many buildings, primarily places of worship. These applications were recorded by the Ottoman Empire and building permit documents were prepared. In this context, Samsun is an important settlement where there are many records about the construction of places of worship and schools by non-Muslims. From the Tanzimat to the War of Independence (1914), five churches and schools and guesthouses affiliated to the churches were allowed to be built in Samsun Town. Both in terms of location choices and architectural features, these churches are important in terms of showing the prominent places of non-Muslims in the urban structuring. Afterwards, most of these places of worship were first transformed functionally, underwent formal changes and then demolished. In the transformation process of the churches, where only one structure can reach today, the place they have acquired in the memory of the city has been special and different.This study deals with the churches built in Samsun Town after the Tanzimat, with their construction decisions, their roles in the city structure and their architectural qualities. The study aimed to determine the position of non-Muslims in the social and political context of the city through churches. In this context, primary sources were accessed from the State Archives and archive documents were directly analyzed. The study offers a holistic perspective by examining church structures in the context of city scale. First; Starting from 1866, when the first church was built after the Tanzimat, churches and other structures that were allowed to be built together with them were examined with Ottoman archive documents and existing photographs. After 1914, the functional and formal transformations of the churches and their new usage in the city organization were determined by documents, newspaper reports and other written documents and transferred in the second part. The findings of both periods were analyzed in the evaluation section and the building permits of non-Muslims, the choice of location in the city and their socio-cultural interactions were compared. As a result, the study reveals the lost cultural heritage of non-Muslims in Samsun Town, while also discussing the value transformation of this heritage in the process.

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