We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.

Download

О градитељима православних цркава у Босни и Херцеговини у вријеме аустро-угарске управе

Author(s): Ljiljana Ševo / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2016

Even though between 1878 and 1914 more than two hundred Orthodox churches were constructed or rebuilt in Bosnia and Herzegovina, today we know only around twenty names of their architects. As opposed to the Catholic churches, whose projects were entrusted to prominent architects of the Provincial government, usually to Josip Vancaš, for the construction of Orthodox temples they were employed only occasionally – Johan Kellner and Josef Czerny for the building of the Seminary in Reljevo1883-1884, Josef Czerny for the church in Reljevo 1886, August Butsch for the church in Blažuj 1897, and Rudolf Tönnies for the facade of the Metropolitan headquarters in 1898.Some churches were built according to the prototype projects of anonymous engineers of the Austro-Hungarian administration. Even when they were recorded, the names of the architects of Orthodox churches in Bosnia and Herzegovina which were built during this period, offer scarce information to the modern researcher, since they are not found elsewhere in other sources. It is probable that these were capable local builders, and only in two cases it is recorded that they were Serb engineers. It is considered that the church in Pale was built according to the project of the famous painter Lazar Drljača, and the similarity of this church with those in Maglaj, Gornji Dragaljevac and Gornje Zabrđe lead to the conclusion that they were also built according to Drljača’s plan.

More...

4.50 €

Preview

Стефан Стамболов и Васил Радославов в борба за политическата власт в периода на регентството (1886–1887 г.)

Author(s): Radoslav Popov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/1991

After the voluntary abdication of Prince Alexander Battenberg the Regency and the cabinet were formed by politicians and public figures whose views were similar to those of the first regent Stefan Stambolov and of the prime minister Vassil Radoslavov. The only exception were Petko Karavelov, member of the Regency, and Ivan Ev. Geshov, the minister of finance, who resigned from their posts at the end of October and the beginning of November 1886. Georgi Zhivkov became the third member of the Regency and Radoslavov was entrusted with the Ministry of Finance. The rallying point in the policy followed by the regents and the government was their firm position as to the pressure of Russian diplomacy and the activity of the Russophile opposition in the Principality. The first differences between the regents, on the one hand, and the ministers Radoslavov and Colonel Danail Nikolaev, on the other, arose at the end of 1886 and in March-June 1887 they gradually turned into a strenuous struggle for political power. A formal pretext for the conflict was the delayed election of a new Prince. The great powers did not look favourably on Battenberg’s re-election and the regents were trying to find a candidate who was ready to accept the election and to come to Bulgaria without the preliminary approval of the countries which had signed the Berlin Treaty. Radoslavov and Colonel Nikolaev considered that the regents followed this policy of deliberately protracting the election of a new Prince to stay longer in power. On its turn the Regency accused the two ministers of striving to declare martial law in the country. The sharp clash between the two opposing groups in the country’s administration ended by the regent’s winning a victory. Gradually they secured for themselves the support of the most important military units and with the active assistance of the ministers Grigor Nachovich and Konstantin Stoilov forced the prime minister Radoslavov to give in his resignation. On June 28, 1887 a cabinet headed by Konstantin Stoilov was formed.

More...

4.50 €

Preview

Етносоциален състав на избирателите в София през 1882 г.

Author(s): Georgi Kotzev,Georgi Tsarev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/1991

The article marks the ethnosocial structure of the male population in Sofia during the first years after the Liberation. It is based on some data, contained in an original list of 2775 electors from Sofia for the years 1882–1883. The main facts in the list are systematized in five tables, giving an information for the continuance of life, the ethnical belonging, place of living, number and kinds professions of the male inhabitants, the number of Sofia’s quarters and their ethnical and professional structure, the location of the polling stations etc.Some comparisons are made between the consisted in the electoral list information and the already known data for the stated years and for some earlier periods of Sofia’s history.

More...

4.50 €

Preview

Първият конгрес на Народно-либералната (стамболовистката) партия

Author(s): Vassilka Tankova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/1991

In May 1899, the People’s Liberal (Stambolovist) Party holds its first congress. The congress longs three days and in it take place representatives of the local organizations, the elected in the 10th Common People’s Assembly representatives — Stambolovists and the Central Bureau. The representative forum considers questions of extraordinary importance for the party. The carried out discussions and the taken decisions show typical tendencies in the organizational construction within the party relationships and politics. Because of the unprincipled position of the congress, imposed by the main leadership and confirming the junction with the Liberal Party (practically nullified only two months after), this important fact from the history of the party is quite consciously and purposefully concealed by its members. Because of this, the problem is not enough discussed in the literature, which provokes the writing of the present article.

More...

4.50 €

Preview

За преговорите на Борис Сарафов с австро-унгарската дипломация през 1901 г.

Author(s): Radoslav Mishev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 7/1991

The announcement follows the negotiations of Boris Sarafov and a representative of the Austro-Hungarian diplomacy in Vienna in 1901. Evidence is given for the disappointed from the Russian policy leaders of the national liberation movement in Macedonia and Eastern Thrace, who seek cooperation from other Great powers. B. Sarafov even offers to Austria-Hungary to promote a candidature of a prince who will be for autonomous Macedonia. But the Austro-Hungarian diplomacy promises only personal financial support of Sarafov by the system of secret services, which he naturally accepts. Finally, the Austro-Hungarian diplomacy refuses to get involved with the patronage of the national-liberation movement and continues its conservative strategic line on the Balkans.

More...

4.50 €

Preview

Социалнополитическа характеристика на избирателите и депутатите в V велико народно събрание (1911 г.)

Author(s): Yordanka Gesheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 8/1991

The Fifth Grand national assembly is summoned almost three years after the proclamation of the independence of Bulgaria and its main aim is to legalize this act. The questions scrutinized by the assembly are important and that’s why the proportion of the political forces in the country is of a great significance, who votes and who goes into parliament. From the one side the sociological examination of the voters and the deputies in the 5th Grand national assembly gives possibility to show the political activity of the population in the given period, the influence of each party and its abilities and energy to organize and lead the pre-election campaign. From the other side, it is clearly settled who represents the people in the solution of such a question as the change of the main statute and law of the country. And as the majority of the assembly is from the ruling block, the taken decisions cover the main concepts of the two parties sharing the power (the People’s party and the Progressive-Liberal party). The opposition carries heavy discussions for the change of the constitution, but being minority, it cannot impose any of its concepts and does not reach success in the debates and in the voting. However the number of the votes given for the opposition is so big that if the electoral system was more precise (for example a proportional one), they could have much more representatives in the parliament and the results form the debates could have been different.

More...

4.50 €

Preview

Дружинките „България за себе си“ (1886–1887)

Author(s): Radoslav Popov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 11/1991

The companies “Bulgaria for itself” are created by the ruling circles to secure an effective support of the established after the victory of the contra coup d’état in August 1886 political regime in the Principality of Bulgaria. Together with the army and the police, the companies are to realize the material support of the regime and that’s why their members are armed. The network of the companies covers the whole country, and membership is not limited. Their members are the representatives of different political movements united because of the anti-Russian politics of the regency and the government. They are ruled by the Central Committee, practically representing the company from the capital. The relations of the local committees with the members of the regency or of the government are closer than with the Central Committee and this illustrates best of all their place. The real usage of the companies is expressed in two directions: active support to the ruling organs and against the opposition; and respect and fear of the population.

More...

4.50 €

Preview

Под жестким контролем премьер-министра Болгарии: взаимоотношения князя Фердинанда и главы правительства Стефана Стамболова в оценках историографии Российской империи

Author(s): Dmytro Mykolenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2022

The aim of the study is to identify the peculiarities in the disclosure of the relationship between the head of the Principality of Bulgaria Ferdinand I Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and the Prime Minister Stefan Stambolov in Russian scholarly discourse. The main task is to identify the circumstances which influenced the interpretation of this problem by researchers. The novelty here consists in revealing the trends that characterised Russian historical studies on Bulgaria, by using the examination of the relationship between Ferdinand and Stefan Stambolov as an example, as well as the circumstances of the formation of certain evaluative approaches of the authors within the framework of this topic. Russian scholars recognised the fact that the Bulgarian monarch was entirely dependent on the will of the Prime Minister until he gained control of the state’s armed forces. Practically all researchers who studied the political history of Bulgaria in the second half of the 1880s and early 1890s agreed that the removal of Stambolov had a positive influence on relations between St Petersburg and Sofia. They regarded the Prime Minister as a major barrier to the restoration of bilateral diplomatic relations between the states.

More...

4.50 €

Preview

Кайзер срещу канцлер. Сблъсъкът Вилхелм II – Бюлов по въпроса за независимостта на България 1908 г.

Author(s): Valentin Spiridonov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2022

The main focus of the study is on the disagreement between Kaiser Wilhelm II and Chancellor Bernhard von Bülow on Germany’s position on the problem of Bulgaria’s eventual independence in the summer of 1908. In historiography, based on the undisguised Turkophile sentiments of Wilhelm II, the opinion about the negative attitude of Germany towards the possible sovereignty of the Principality of Bulgaria dominates. For his part, Chancellor Bülow, aware of Austria-Hungary’s intentions to declare annexation of the Bosnia and Herzegovina provinces, did not notify the Kaiser in advance of the Danube monarchy’s plans, but declared Germany’s loyalty to his Viennese counterpart Alois von Aehrenthal. Given the whole complex of foreign policy problems of the Reich, the Chancellor imposed the pro-Austrian over the pro-Turkish orientation of German foreign policy. Bülow was aware that the annexation planned by Austria-Hungary could naturally become a signal for Bulgaria’s declaration of independence, and calculated the risk for Germany when he agreed to the implementation of Aehrenthal’s plan and gave his promise to support Austria-Hungary. Linking in this way the forthcoming actions of Vienna and Sofia, the Chancellor was forced to support the Bulgarian independence as well.

More...

Download

AUSTRIJSKA OBAVJEŠTAJNA DJELATNOST NA BOSANSKOJ GRANICI 1832. GODINE

Author(s): Đenan Galešić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 20/2021

After the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the principle of Austrian foreign policy towards the Ottoman Empire can be read most blatantly from Prince Metternich’s statement: the survival and maintenance of the Ottoman throne, however much it may be an anomaly in many relations to Christian culture, is a common good for Europe, especially political a necessity for Austria. Austrian policy, namely, at the time in question, kept the intelligence focus on monitoring events, conditions and opportunities in Bosnia. The instructions that Prince Metternich gave to his envoys, whom he sent to Bosnia on various missions, mainly before and during the movement for Bosnia’s autonomy, and later, were as follows: to observe the existing situation and conditions secretly and inconspicuously in the province of Bosnia. The development and intensification of intelligence work towards Bosnia is in accordance with the function of the goals of Austrian foreign policy, and Gradaščević and the movement he led in 1831 and 1832 strongly directed the Austrian intelligence focus towards this most advanced province of the Ottoman Empire in Europe.

More...

Download

Trauma w procesie –o podlaskiej recepcji bieżeństwa

Author(s): Katarzyna Sawicka-Mierzyńska / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2021

The article discusses the reception of bieżeństwo– the exodus of about three million inhabitants of the western borderlands of the Russian empire deep into Russia in 1915. It was part of the “scorched earth” tacticsconducted by the tsarist authorities, which were supposed to hinder the German army’s march eastward. Using the category of “cultural trauma” formulated by J.C. Alexander, the author seeks to discover why biezenstwo did not become a part of the collective memory of Poles and how it now functions in the collective memory of Podlasie residents.The research was based primarily on Aneta Prymaka-Oniszk’s reportage Bieżeństwo 1915. Zapomniani uchodźcy[Biezhenstvo 1915. Forgotten refugees]and the anthology Jestem, bo wrócili[I am because they came back].

More...

4.50 €

Preview

Bulgaria in the War Plans of the Kingdom of Serbia (1903 – 1912)

Author(s): Aleksandar Životić / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The paper analyzes the geopolitical and military circumstances of the emergence of Serbian war plans created in the event of a Serbian-Bulgarian military conflict, based on unpublished archival sources kept in the Military Archives and relevant historiographical and memoir literature. The evolutionary stages of the Serbian war plan and their dependence on international circumstances in the Balkans, the interest of the great powers in inter-Balkan problems and the current conjuncture of Serbian-Bulgarian relations are indicated. The beginnings of professional military planning in Serbia, mobilization and concentration plans, as well as initial operational plans are especially presented. The measures undertaken by the Serbian General Staff regarding the organization of traffic and supplies in the event of a war with Bulgaria were also presented.

More...

Download

THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE NUNS FROM THE VĂRATEC MONASTERY DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR

Author(s): Elena-Diana Spiridon / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 26/2021

This article is presenting the perspectives regarding the contribution of the Orthodox Church ministers, priests and monks from de county of Neamț to the Great Union in 1918. We note the contribution Văratec monastery where there was military hospital and orphanage for war orphans. Dozens of nuns from this monastery functioned as nurses in hospitals in Moldova. The contribution of nuns from the monastery who have worked in the front or in military hospitals should also not be forgotten. The Romanian Orthodox Church was an active participant, within its competences, in the War of National Unification.

More...

Download

OCCUPATION OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Author(s): Sanja Savić / Language(s): English Issue: 42/2020

The extensive diplomatic action with which the Austro-Hungarian monarchy began in 1875 ultimately resulted in the Berlin Congress and the acquisition of a mandate to occupy Bosnia and Herzegovina. This act led to a series of changes, both in terms of the international legal position of the occupied territory, and in internal issues. The author deals with the circumstances that preceded the occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the way in which it was carried out, as well as the internal changes that it led to, placing special emphasis on the organization of government and the legal system.

More...

Download

THE CONTRIBUTION OF BISHOP TEODOSIE ATANASIU, A PROMINENT FIGURE OF THE ROMAN BISHOPRIC, DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR IN ROMAN COUNTY

Author(s): Elena-Diana Spiridon / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 28/2022

This article is presenting the perspectives regarding the contribution of the Romanian Orthodox Church was an active participant, within its competences, in the War of National Unification. Bishop Teodosie Atanasiu pastored the Roman Episcopate for 11 years, making an important contribution to the events related to the First World War and the Great Union of 1918, given that the great battles of Mărăști, Mărășești and Oituz took place in the jurisdiction of the bishop. A significant contribution of Bishop Teodosie Atanasiu during the First World War remains the training of monks and nuns in monasteries as nurses in field hospitals. He was always with our soldiers, at the same time urging priests and believers in the diocese to collect clothing and war supplies. Collections of money and food were organized for the Romanian army, for war orphans and widows, many collections were organized from 1913 until the end of the First World War. All these collections were promptly answered by the archdiocese of the Roman Episcopate, who, with the help of priests, either from villages or towns, with the help of the faithful, succeeded and raised sums of money and products. He took care of the hospitals in the area where many were injured.

More...

Download

A DOCUMENT FROM THE OLTENIA MUSEUM COLLECTIONS RELATED TO THE FIRST WORLD WAR

Author(s): Cristian-Iulian Ceacîru / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 32/2023

In the collections of the History-Archaeology Section of the Oltenia Museum, Craiova, there is a typewritten document called "Autobiography". In it, the officer Gheorghe Dragu gives details of his career up to the First World War and his activity during the conflagration. This document is a valuable source of information on the battles fought by the 55th Infantry Regiment in 1916-1917.

More...

Download

CRAIOVA AND THE CHOICE OF THE COFFIN OF THE UNKNOWN HERO

Author(s): Florin Nacu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 33/2023

Romania decided after the First World War in 1921 to create a tomb as a monument of an Unknown Hero as a symbol of the Romanian soldiers who had sacrificed their lives for the unity, for the freedom, for the independence of Romania during the war. For the election of the coffin of the Unknown Hero, was elected Amilcar Săndulescu, student of a Military Higschool of Craiova, son of an officer dead in the World War I. He had chosen the coffin no.4 from 10 coffins which had the bodies of 10 heroes dead on the battle fields of the World War I on the Romanian soil. The article offers some information and details about the ceremonies of 14-17 May 1923 and about the tragic life of the young Amilcar Săndulescu which had 12 years in 1923. Born in Vâlcea County on February 20, 1911, he died on July 28, 1923 at Techirgiol, Constanța County, drowned in the Black Sea. He was buried on July 30 1923 in Sineasca Cemetery of Craiova. A street which lies former building of the Military Highschool on Brâncusi Street with the Military Unit on Amaradia-Doljului Streets junction has the name of Amilcar C Săndulescu.

More...

Download

Прилагане и спазване на международното право в Балканските войни (1912–1913)

Author(s): Kostadin Ivanov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The article analyzes the application and observance of international law in the two Balkan wars. In the context of the issues under consideration, attention is drawn to the nature and importance of international arbitration, to the observance of the Second Hague Convention (1899) by belligerent states, and to some neglected geopolitical issues. Documentary sources from Bulgarian archives, published documents and current historical and legal research were used to write the article.

More...

4.50 €

Preview

THE GREEK CONSULAR NETWORK IN BULGARIA BEFORE THE BALKAN WARS

Author(s): Yura Konstantinova / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

The aim of the study is to trace the creation and the development of the Greek consular network in Bulgaria from the second half of the 19th century until the Balkan Wars. The topic has not been the subject of scientific research so far, but is important for understanding the unequal positions with which the Balkan states enter the period of their independent existence. The study of the Greek consular network on the Balkans also makes it possible to outline the priorities in Athens‘ foreign policy, as well as to trace the importance it assigns to its compatriots left outside the borders of the free Greek state. Last but not least, it is of interest to Greece to fight to preserve the privileged status it enjoys under the regime of capitulations. However, this effort creates serious problems in Greece’s bilateral relations with the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria.

More...

Download

THE ENGLISH ABOUT BELGRADE IN THE 19TH AND THE BEGINNING OF 20TH CENTURY

Author(s): Aleksandar P. Rastović / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2010

Attitudes of the British travellers about Belgrade during the nineteenth and early twentieth century, both the scant and the large ones, represent important evidence about the appearance of the city, its development, modernization and urbanization, the customs that existed, fashion, cultural events, social life led on both its streets and in its various urban institutions. The data presented by the respected Englishmen show in the best possible way how a town of the early nineteenth century with a lot of oriental features was gradually transformed into a town with European elements. Prejudices that they had about Serbia and Belgrade disappeared soon after their arrival, as they could be personally convinced that reality was something quite different from what they believed.

More...