2.00 €
Preview
We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
Russia has always been making efforts to define itself, since the rule of Peter I, and even earlier, by comparing itself to Kievan Rus and the Grand Duchy of Moscow. Russia has always managed to revive itself as a country, though always different, but the question remained – was Russia the East or the West, or was it something else, no matter how old it was? In all respects, Russia is Europe and its place is in Europe but the way it is governed always pushes the country toward the East.
More...
The figure of Count N.P. Ignatiev as well as his impressive diplomatic career are well known to the specialists. The Russian scholar and legislator A.A. Bashmakov, however, needs a presentation primarily because as a close acquaintance of N.P. Ignatiev he published in 1916 the Notes of the Russian diplomat San-Stefano and After San-Stefanо together with his own, Bashmakov’s Addenda closely tied with the main text of the books. These Addenda are an interesting source about the history of the Eastern Crisis and about the diplomatic activity of Count N.P. Ignatiev. The author analyses in detail the question of ‘the diplomatic school of Ignatiev’, which is mentioned in the fundamental work of the American scholar McKenzie, but still requires further elucidation.
More...
General Mihailo Živković was one of the outstanding Serbian military commanders of the Balkan wars and World War I. He made his first officer steps during one of the 19th century wars, and finished his military service at the time of the largest military conflict in the history of Serbia and the world. Being one of the most talented infantry officers of his generation, Živković built a brilliant officer career and took the high post of military minister during the Annexation crisis. During the Balkan wars, he commanded the Ibar Army, and during World War I headed the defense of Belgrade and the Serbian Volunteer Corps in Russia. His views on military science were very close to the Russian military theory and military practice. He trained in Russia, diligently followed the changes in the Russian army, and kept close ties with Russian officers. On the other hand, the Russian military representatives highly appreciated Mihailo Živković and regarded him as the bearer of Russian influence in the Serbian military circles.
More...
The desire of the Balkan Peninsula countries to finally free themselves from the Ottoman yoke receives a warm response in Russia. This is why during the First Balkan war the Russian society starts a broad movement for solidarity with the brotherly in blood and faith nations. The article describes the aid, which is provided by the Russian charitable societies to Bulgaria and other Balkan States. The Russian Red Cross plays a major role by providing medical care not only to the soldiers of the Bulgarian army, but also to civilians. The war in the Balkans receives a huge reaction in the Russian press. The article describes the work of the war correspondents, who are side by side with the Bulgarian army the whole way. Among them are not only journalists and military soldiers, but also famous writers such as V. I. Nemirovich-Danchenko and M. A. Osorgin. Most of them leave vivid and emotional memories showing strong friendship bonds between the Bulgarian and Russian nations. The article uses a lot of press materials and documents from the Russian archives.
More...
Питање одговорности за Светски Рат створило је литературу која из дана у дан расте, и прети да баци у засенак — у погледу обима — сваки други историјски догађај. Немци имају нарочитог ингереса да се оно не скида са дневног реда, па га потрзају и код куће и на међународним састанцима, и негују помно у домаћој и интернацијоналној публицистици. Недавно је у Берлину пуштена у промет опет једна нова књига о томе, под насловом „Нови путеви за расветљавање ратне одговорности”, од мајора у пензији А. Хајровског, коју је опширно приказао, у београдској „Политици” од 30. јуна до 5. јула, г. Јован М. Јовановић. Држимо да је ово погодна прилика, да објавимо следећи чланак нашег сталног сарадника г, Чед. А. Поповића, пуковника у пензији и некадашњег тајника организације „Уједињење или Смрт”, чији ранији чланци у „Новој Европи” спадају свакако, од наше стране, међу најдокументованија и најнепосреднија сведочанства о догађајима у Србији који су претходили Балканским Ратовима и Светскоме Рату.
More...
Ignorance towards world history can lead to severe distortions in the national psyche. Even today, Bulgarians either rejoice as the greatest nation, surrounded by enemies, for some reason, or as a hopelessly lagging nation. The book offers the most fateful events and processes from the history of mankind in the twentieth century. During this century, people entered space, found the computer but at the same time faced the threat of nuclear self-destruction and were struck by a new type of plague known as AIDS. The planet became narrow. Clothing, life-style and food are uniform. The globalization, symbolized by both McDonald's fast food and Chinese restaurants, has its furious opponents, but also enthusiastic followers. Current Handbook aims to acquaint students with those historical events and processes in the history of Europe and the world in the twentieth century that directly impact human civilization, and the beginning of the 21st century. Therefore, the approach is not typical for historical science - events and processes are not chronologically but problem-based considered.
More...
This article presents the development of the family and households structure of the population inhabiting Bulgarian Black Sea coast in the 19th century. The analysis of the source material allows to identify the characteristics of this demographic structure in the contact zone of the Black Sea. At the end of the studied period there are features of marital status structure that began to be imposed in Bulgaria in the early 20th century. The region is characterized by a gradual upward trend in nuclear families.
More...
The article is devoted to the role of life stories in the study of the family of theBessarabian Bulgarians. The eyewitnesses’ stories (or the stories of their loved ones)contain various appreciations, experiences, feelings, values, and meanings whichallow the reconstruction of their world. The study is based on the life stories collectedduring field ethnographic expeditions conducted in 2009-2010 in villages witha predominant or significant Bulgarian population in the Republic of Moldova andUkraine.The life stories are an invaluable source for the study of the Bessarabian familyin traditional and contemporary perspective. Sharing them requires a climate of trustbetween the respondents and the researcher. The life stories represent a collection ofselected facts and episodes, in which many hidden, suppressed and forgotten thingsremain beyond the narrative. Because of their subjective character, the family is representedin an estimative and emotional way enabling the identification of the trendsin its development and the judgement of its values and morals.
More...
The article aims to show some unknown historical facts about the death of King Edward VII of England. In this context the political relations between the British Empire and the Kingdom of Bulgaria are developing. In view of the polarization of Europe between the Triple Alliance and the Entente, Sofia seeks to secure the support of London and to establish good connections and feelings. Bulgaria’s foreign policy is still with loose hands, but considering the pursuit of national unification, it looks for allies and friendly countries. Naturally, King Ferdinand I and his family ties to the royal family of England are naturally counting, given the English-Russian idea circulating in the diplomacy of 1908-1909 to create a Balkan Union.
More...
The years after the Ilinden Uprising put to the test the overall work of the Exarchate in Macedonia. One of the levers by which the Ottoman authority tried to sabotage the process of consolidation of the Bulgarian element in the provinces was the principle of preserving the ecclesiastical status quo. After the uprising many villages started leaving the Patriarchate and passing under the jurisdiction of the Exarchate. That was an increasing trend which pushed to the fore the question of the ownership of churches and schools. For many years the problem remained unsolved by the government, whose policy was to maintain the idea on confrontation between patriarchists and exarchists. And after the Young Turk revolution of July 1908 the issue remained on the agenda and the government continued to apply the familiar tactic of delay and transfer of responsibility in this case to the parliament. The decision was taken as late as the summer of 1910 with the adoption of the Law of contentious churches and schools. Although its provisions did not fully meet the legitimate expectations of Bulgarians, they regulated a solution to a problem which albeit artificially created and maintained by the government was quite pressing for the population in the provinces.
More...
Две револуције на тлу Русије, фебруара и октобра 1917. Годи не имале су далекосежне последице на цео турбулентни 20. век. Русија неће бити творац и гарант мировних уговора после Првог светског рата, чиме ће нехотично охрабривати ревизионизме поражених или држава незадовољних новим поретком. Револуција и грађански рат унели су у европску свакодневицу појам „бољшевизам“, који постаје синоним за свако зло против кога се ваља борити свим средствима, па и у савезу са „црним ђаволом“. За Србију, то је била далекосежна промена тектонског карактера. Може се само нагађати да ли је била тежа неизвесност у току јулске кризе 1914. или губитак ослонца 1917. године. Прошло је сто година од тада. Руска револуција је као тема историчара крајем 20. века постепено маргинализована. Поистовећивана је са идеологизованим клишеом и постепено је подвргавана ништа мање идеологизованој ревизији или друштвеном забораву. [...]
More...
С иредговором Милована Ђиласа
More...
During the period 1881 to 1915, the Ottomans wrote and printed about 21 studies of the Army of the Principality/Kingdom of Serbia. Many of them can be found in libraries in Istanbul, with one in the Central Library of the Atatürk University in Erzurum. This kind of source contains the information and views of the Ottoman officers about Serbian military tactics, military reform movement and organization, dislocation of the units, and all similar military information which helped provide understanding of the development of a potential enemy. One of the sources was written by the Ottomans military attaché who was posted in Belgrade, while some of the sources were simply a translation from French or German. This paper endeavors to identify these sources’ location, their authors, and most importantly, which kind of source was used for writing a book or an article about the military capability of the Serbia. Many of these printed and manuscript sources seem to be little-known to writers, including Turkish historians, of Serbian military history.
More...
Stojan Novaković adhered to his interpretations of the Congress of Berlin and the future of Serbia and Serbian people, until the beginning of the First World War. In some speeches in the Assembly, on the eve of the Balkan wars, as well as in some of his articles, he, daringly looking ahead and full of youthful zeal, explained his visions and defended his convictions about the future of Serbia and the Serbian people. It could be concluded all he wanted was to free Serbia from the damnation of the Congress of Berlin. He was turned to the future, but constantly looking in the past decades. He was still aware of the Golgotha of Serbia and the Serbian people from 1875, but he considered it an unavoidable experience and, at the first place, a serious warning. Liberation and unification of the Serbian people seemed to be finished, but it came out in a different way. Congress primarily fulfilled aspirations of the great powers, while Serbia had the worst possible times. Although Serbs thought only of revision of the Congress of Berlin, to correct the injustice, it came out that in 1908, they were the farthest from it than ever. The Great Powers solved the Bosnian question on the account of the Serbs. Annexation refuted all hopes that the powers could change. Novaković wrote these words on one occasion in 1908: ìIf anyone knew what awaited Serbs after the war for liberation 1876- 1878, they would never have started the uprisings in Bosnia in 1875, and a war with Turkey in 1876. Such a feeling only strengthened their conviction that another forms of solution of Serbian question should be sought. It was supported by more and more frequent voices saying that Austria-Hungary was to hold strongly spheres of the interest in the Western part of the Balkans and that the powers would not allow Serbia, nor any other Balkan state to widen its territories on the account of a possible dissolution of Turkey. Moreover, ItalianTurkish war of 1911 showed that the division of Turkey was to be completed excluding the Balkan states. It was on that very occasion when he addressed the National Assembly and spoke in favor of the Balkan Union, and thus solving of the Eastern question, and include a considerable part of the Serbian people into the Serbian state. On the eve of the Balkan war, in October 1912, Novaković would from the Assemblyís speakersí platform show the belief that the new alliance will take Serbia and the Serbian people to the ìbetter futureì. He was deeply convinced that it would correct a great injustice made by the Congress of Berlin to Serbia and the Serbian people.
More...
Born March 14, 1859 in Elena, Teodor Todorov received his primary and secondary education in Elena and Gabrovo and then continued his studies in Russia. In 1893 he graduated from the Faculty of Novorossiysk University (Odessa). This determined his enduring feelings for Slavophilism and Russia. After returning to Bulgaria in the middle of 1886, he began his career as a lawyer in Ruse. His involvement with politics coincided with his professional development. Teodorov did not belong to the generation of politicians who took part in the national liberation movement, or the struggle for an independent church and education. From the beginning of his political career after the dethronement of Prince Alexander I he was defined as a Russophile. He strongly supported the dethronement of the Prince and endorsed the interim government of Metropolitan Kliment (Vasil Drumev) and was one of his defenders. During the time Teodorov served as Chairman of the National Assembly (1894-1896) he proved himself an extremely clever politician and a gifted orator. He asserted himself as the third major political factor in the country after the Prince and the Prime Minister. He was an irreconcilable enemy of liberals and Stambolov in particular. He was an undisputed authority among conservatives and hard-line Narodnyak Russophiles, and he advanced on the political arena at a time when the country had plunged into both social and political turmoil.
More...
The article, based on documents from Bulgarian Exarchate’s archive and other sources, analyses the trends of temporary labour migration of Bulgarians from the region of Kastoria and the adjacent areas of Florina, Bitola, Prespa and Ohrid. While the traditional patterns involved destinations within the Ottoman empire or newly established states Romania, Bulgaria or Greece, at the turn of the century the flow was gradually directed also towards North America. For example, in 1911 38% of migration from Kastoria area was to the New World, 34% – to other regions of the Ottoman empire, including its capital Constantinople, and 22% – to the Kingdom of Bulgaria. The local village or micro-regional factors greatly influenced the migrants’ choice. However, the labour migration to both traditional and new destinations until the Balkan wars of 1912–1913 was temporary (up to several years), and involved only working-age men, between 50% and 80% of them in most of South West Macedonia.
More...