Lazarus’ Map of Hungary

Author(s): Mlađen Jovanović,Tivadar Gaudenyi / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2012

Lazarus' map, Tabula Hungariae, is considered the oldest survived map of Hungary. The original was made around 1515, while a printed version appeared in 1528 in Ingolstadt. The technology used was stereotypical - printed in wood carving after which it was hand-painted. The map included the areas of present day Hungary, Slovakia, parts of Austria, the Czech Republic, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Poland, and Ukraine. It was a much more detailed depiction, than anything produced up to that point, illustrating fortifications, settlements, and some historical events. It is an authentic and very valuable document with respect, also, to the situation in the northern part of present day Serbia, just before the Battle of Mohács and the Ottoman expansion after the battle. After its "re-discovery" in 1906, it represents a subject of study for a large number of researchers. It also represents a segment of planetary cultural heritage and, as of 2007, has found its place on UNESCO's Memory of the World Register. The original is kept in the Map Collection Hungarica, at the National Széchényi Library in Budapest.

SIDŽIL MOSTARSKOG KADIJE IZ 1787-88. GODINE

Author(s): Šaban Zahirović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 44-45/1996

The contribution presents in brief outline the sigil-qadi's protocol, as an important source for studying the life in the past of the region where it was created. In the tabular survey given are the data on 12 books of the Mostar sigils kept in the Oriental Collection of Herzegovina Archives in Mostar, including call numbers, sheet numbers and the years they had been kept for. Short registers present the contents of the oldest sigil from this Collection from 1787-88. The data contained in this and in the other preserved sigils are an unavoidable source for studying the past of Mostar.

A temesvári vilajet (1552–1716). Emberek, intézmények, épületek

Author(s): Ferenc Csortán / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 12/2020

Present-day Banat, in the Middle Age Temesköz (between the Maros, Tisza, Danube rivers and the Carpathians), an area which had always several different ethnic, linguistic and relegious communities, belonged till 1552 to the Hungarian Kingdom, then to the Habsburg Empire. It is shared after 1918 between Romania, Serbia and Hungary. Between 1552-1716 it was part of the Ottoman Empire. The paper presents the society of this area in those years, soldiers and civilians, Muslims, Jews and Christians of different denominations, the Ottoman administration, the economic and cultural life, with a special focus on its main settlement, Timişoara.

GEÇMİŞTEN GÜNÜMÜZE SOSYAL GİRİŞİMCİLİK ALANINDA BİR ÇALIŞMA

Author(s): Yunus TAŞ,Mahmut Küçükoğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 48/2020

The primary goal of many of today's businesses is to survive by making a profit and want to continue on their way by further improving their current situation. However, over time, companies ignoring their many responsibilities to achieve these goals, harming both the environment, people and the world. More importantly, it becomes harmful to our future, which is the children of all of us. Due to these and similar situations, there was a need for businesses that could be an alternative to existing conditions. One of the most important issues expected from businesses that are suitable for the new situation is to produce products and services in a better and cleaner way without harming the environment, the quality of life of people and the structure of society. Enterprises and enterprises that determine their production and service purpose in this way are called environmentally friendly Eco Businesses and enterprises. Social Entrepreneurs take note of the problems or problems they can see in the environment they are in, the sector they work in and the market, and work on the solutions of these problems when they find the opportunity. In addition, they are defined as the type of entrepreneur who attempts to solve the problems that concern a certain segment of the society or all segments of the society, and who can establish a business or business when they have the opportunity to do so.

Activities of the Consular Missions in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the First Years of the Austro-Hungarian Occupation 1878 – 1881

Author(s): Amila Kasumović / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

The system of capitulations was dominant from the 16th century in economic and political relations of the Ottoman Empire and the European countries. Capitulations had always emphasized the right of foreign consuls to execute consular jurisdiction in the territory of the Ottoman Empire. Since the Eyalet of Bosnia was an integral part of the Ottoman Empire, the consular jurisdiction of foreign consuls included that area, which had especially become significant in the 19th century when the leading European powers increasingly started to open their consulates in this part of the Empire. However, after Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia in 1878, it aimed at terminating everything the capitulations contained regarding this area. The paper analyses the dynamics of termination of the consular jurisdiction of foreign consuls, the termination of the Austro-Hungarian consulates and the establishment of the new practice of appointment of foreign consuls in Bosnia and Herzegovina after 1878.The system of capitulations was dominant from the 16th century in economic and political relations of the Ottoman Empire and the European countries. Capitulations had always emphasized the right of foreign consuls to execute consular jurisdiction in the territory of the Ottoman Empire. Since the Eyalet of Bosnia was an integral part of the Ottoman Empire, the consular jurisdiction of foreign consuls included that area, which had especially become significant in the 19th century when the leading European powers increasingly started to open their consulates in this part of the Empire. However, after Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia in 1878, it aimed at terminating everything the capitulations contained regarding this area. The paper analyses the dynamics of termination of the consular jurisdiction of foreign consuls, the termination of the Austro-Hungarian consulates and the establishment of the new practice of appointment of foreign consuls in Bosnia and Herzegovina after 1878.

THE MUSLIM CENSUS BOOK FOUND WITH A SOLDIER REGISTERED IN TAŞLICA (PLJEVLJA) DISTRICT

Author(s): Hasan Babacan,Abidin Temmizer / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2019

This study on Taşlıca (Pljevlja) district Muslim military population register The book is registered in the Turkish Presidency State Archives of the Republic of Turkey Ottoman Archives (BOA) population registers,under the number Nfs.d 5780. The population book was prepared April 22, 1868. The book includes the household number, names and birth dates of 192 household heads in 5 neighborhood and 21 villages of Taşlıca. At the beginning of the book, it is stated that there is also another book prepared since these household heads were in the military.

TESKERE KAO ISTORIJSKI IZVORI OSMANSKE PROVENIJENCIJE U ARHIVU ISTORIJSKOG INSTITUTA CRNE GORE

Author(s): Aiša Kurbardović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 3-4/2019

This work is motivated by the desire and need to present to the academic public and the wider readership an illustration of lesser-known tadhkirah (Ottoman tezkire) that have been neglected in our historiography. Teskere of Ottoman provenance stored in the Archives of the Historical Institute of Montenegro are an important source of knowledge when it comes to studying the history of Montenegro. These dated documents from the second half of the 18th century, which we publish here, testify to the manner of appointing the village prince and the collection of taxes during the Ottoman rule. In fact, they are important for the local history of Crmnička nahiyah, because they provide us with reliable information on the manner of official communication between the local population and the competent Ottoman authorities.

POLOŽAJ I NADLEŽNOSTI KADIJE U OSMANSKOM PRAVNOM SISTEMU

Author(s): Sead Bandžović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 4/2020

Qadis were representatives of judicial branch in Ottoman Empire. The origin of this legal institute comes from the early development phase of islamic state – Omeyyad dinasty when the first rulers and later caliphs apointed qadis for solving disputes. For their appointment in Ottoman Empire qadiasker (military judges) were competent. Each of these judges appointed qadis and religious scolars (muderis) in their area of administration: Rumelian or Anatolian. As members of ulema (religious scolars) qadis enjoyed huge reputation in Ottoman Empire with high degree of independence and integrity in their work. The area under qadis jurisdiction was called kadiluk (or kaza). One sanjak (bigger administrative unit in Ottoman Empire) could be divided in more kadiluks depending on density of muslim population. Qadis were engaged in solving marriage, family and other disputes, regulating prices on the market, securing the public order, control over mosques, religious schools, public bathrooms, orphanages, roads and other legal duties. Together with muhtesibs they controlled the procurement in cities where they served and also in giving the waqf land into lease (mukat). Qadis were educated in medresas (seymaniye schools) and depending on their competence and knowledge they could go further on higher positions in Ottoman legal and administrative system. Beside the implementation of Sharia Law, functions of Qadi was also specific due to the judicial procedure. Ottoman criminal law made a difference between criminal offences against the rights of individuals (murder, theft) and the one against God – so called Hadd offences (consumation of alcohol, apostasy, slander, illicit sexual intercourses, robbery, rebellion). According to the type of offence the procedure could be started by the impaired person, his relatives or any member of the community since the Ottoman law did not know the institute of public prosecutor. When it comes to the inaction of punishments, the principle of legality was important as also the minimum degree of doubt that the person perpetrated the crime for which he was charged so in cases of incompatibility between offence and sharia law no other legal actions were taken. During the procedure qadis used the principle of justice and fairness (arabic: hukm, adl, mizan, insaf) where every Muslim had to follow and achieve it in his life. On the other side there was injustice (Zulm). Connected with the justice there was istihsan as a subsidiary source of law. The judging on basis of fairness was inspired by reasons of conciousness which allowed to divert from the current law if it led towards unfair solution. Istihsan was not superior over Sharia law but it represented its constitutive part. Its impelementation allowed Sharia Law to be flexible and to adjust itself to current needs. Qadis who used istihsan could in concrete case retreat from the legal norm, which according to their legal opinion was legally either too narrow or wide, in order to find fair solution. In order to protect other involved parties in procedure different procedural principles (principle of legality, right to defence, prohibition of retroactive application of law) were created where a lot of them are part of todays modern legal systems

O NEKIM OSMANSKIM NATPISIMA KOD STAROG BARA

Author(s): Burhan Čelebić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1-2/2020

In this article, we will interpret and present Old Turkish (Ottoman) inscriptions from the Bar region, which date from the historical range from the 17th to the 20th century, with a transcription from Old Turkish to the Ottoman language, with a translation in our languageas well.Namely, the basic research intention of these recent researches in Bar is directed towards presenting to the scientific, professional and general reading public the inscriptions from the stone surfaces and their meaning with nišan tombstones, fountains and chronograms, while at the same time unusual ornamentation, shapes and various decorative motifs that adorn them and essentially determine them. In addition to translations of these specific archaeological-historical testimonies about people and the spirit of the time from which these artifacts date, we also provide photographs that speak not only about the significance and values of this material heritage but also about the condition in which they are.

Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’e Göynük Müftüsü İbrahim Hakkı Efendi

Author(s): Talip Ayar / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2020

In this article, the life of Göynüklü Ibrāhīm Ḥaḳḳī Efendi will be analyzed. Ibrāhīm Ḥaḳḳī Efendi was born in Göynük in the middle of 1294/1878 according to the Rūmī calendar. Since his father was a mudarris, he has become familiar with ʿulamāʾ circles since his childhood. He spent the first years of his education life in Göynük, where he was born. He completed the later stages of the education process in Istanbul. He returned to Göynük after completing his madasa education and obtaining his ijāzāt and he undertook various official duties in his hometown until 1946, the date of his death. He served as the Muftī of Göynük for the longest time among the duties he has undertaken. It is known that he had continued this duty in the last period of the Ottoman Empire and the first years of the Turkish Republic. Therefore, Ibrāhīm Ḥaḳḳī Efendi is the last muftī of the Ottoman period and the first muftī of the Republic period in Göynük. Ibrāhīm Ḥaḳḳī Efendi is the subject of this article because we think that his position is important. According to our findings, there has not been any study on Ibrāhīm Ḥaḳḳī Efendi yet. In this respect, the article will enable Ibrāhīm Ḥaḳḳī Efendi to known in the light of archive sources and other available information/documents. The article includes informations about his life, family, education, hodjas, scientific background and the duties he undertook. In order to obtain this information, we first applied to the Istanbul Muftī’s Mashīkhat Archive and to the Religious Affairs Presidency Archive. From the aforementioned archives, the registry files of Ibrāhīm Ḥaḳḳī Efendi were obtained. In addition, other sources that will contribute to the article have been carefully scanned. Ibrāhīm Ḥaḳḳī Efendi took the exam of the lectern sheikhdom and was found successful after his madrasah education. But, since the appointment to the lectern sheikhdom was made ac-cording to a certain hierarchy, his turn did not come. Upon this, Ibrāhīm Ḥaḳḳī Efendi returned from Istanbul to his hometown, Göynük and undertook a number of official duties from this date until his death. Court membership, mudarrisship and muftīship are among his official duties that he undertook. His name was chosen and determined by the local units for the duty of muftī and he was appointed to the post with the approval of Shaykh al-Islām. Ibrāhīm Ḥaḳḳī Efendi had served as the muftī of Göynük between 1912-1946 without any interruption. His long service as a muftī is enoug to reach a positive opinion about his education, scientific knowledge, personal characteristics, and his position in the eyes of administrators and society. Because the fact that a person has held the same post for thirty-four years is at least a sign of trust in him. However, when he was first appointed as muftī, some objections were raised against him. It is possible to list these objections under the headings such as taking sides in favor of Ibrāhīm Ḥaḳḳī Efendi when he was elected as the mufti, ignoring the applications of other candidates and his lack of scientific knowledge. These objections that submitted to the officials were not ignored by the local authorities, on the contrary, they were addressed. Even, these objections were investigated by more than one governmental institution. As a result of the investigations, it was determined that the allegations made against Ibrāhīm Ḥaḳḳī Efendi were unfounded. As a result, this amount of information has been identified for Ibrāhīm Ḥaḳḳī Efendi at least for now. It would be appropriate to state that the contents of the article is open to improvement with the information and documents that are likely to be obtained later.

Sultan II. Abdülhamid'in Eşleri ve Nikâh Meselesi

Author(s): Mustafa Ateş,Abdullah Erdem Taş / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 3/2020

The concubines, with whom the sultans lived a family life, were classified according to a certain hierarchy in the Harem. The first wives of the sultan and those who gave birth were called Kadınefendi. The other wives with a lower status than the Kadınefendi wives were called Ikbal Hanımefendi. According to Islamic law, marriage with a concubine is not like a marriage with a free woman. If a marriage is desired, the concubine must be freed. Until the 19th century, sultans did not marry their concubines for a few exceptions. In the 19th century, the legal status of concubines in the Ottoman Empire became controversial. The countries of origine changed when the Ottoman Empire was unable to conquer new territory. Consequently, the enslavement procedure of prisoners of war disappeared. Instead, Caucasian immigrants, who had to leave their homeland mainly due to the Russian attacks, gave their daughters to the Ottoman palace so that they would not suffer misery and could reach important positions in the future. Among these were orphans from poor families as well as those from noble Caucasian dynasties. Even though the young women in the palace were called concubines, at least some of them were free/Muslim persons. This meant, that they could not be enslaved according to Islamic law. Although there was no problem for those who served in the palace, a remarkable situation emerged for the would-be spouses of the sultan. Could a woman from a free and Muslim family be the sultan's wife without a marriage bond? Was the limitation of the Kadınefendi numbers to four (in times of Sultan Abdülaziz) due to the Islamic law principle, that a man could marry maximum four wives? Was there a marriage ceremony (nikāh) for Kadınefendi wives? What was the situation of the Ikbal? Satisfactory answers to these questions have not been given yet. However, there are no official records it was claimed that lately sultans married especially their concubines who were Abkhaz descendants and included them among their wives in this way, because they were free and Muslims. Thus, the matter whether Sultan Abdülhamid II's wives were concubines or wedded became the subject of some research today. Memoires claim that almost all of Sultan Abdülhamid's wives were free and of Muslim origin. According to this, it was said that the wives of Sultan Abdülhamid could not have the status of the concubine and that their relationship should have been by marriage. On the other hand, considering that a maximum of four women can be married according to Islamic law, the marriage of the Sultan, who had thirteen wives, raised juristic questions. This problem was most clearly seen in the inheritance case filed by his heirs after the death of Sultan Abdülhamid. In this case, where it was claimed that Sultan Abdülhamid was married to nine wives, no objection was made to that claim. In this study, information about the wives of Sultan Abdülhamid and their legal status was tried to be determined through the documents related to their salaries during the 2nd Constitutional Era. Besides, the issue of nine wedded women, which emerged in the case of Sultan Abdülhamid's inheritance, was evaluated in terms of fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence). Sultan Abdülhamid was never accused of marriages contrary to Islamic law by his opponents during and after his reign. From this point of view, it can be said that there was no situation contrary to Islamic law regarding the Sultan's harem at that time. This might be due to three possibilities: Firstly, some wives have concealed the truth in the court, which is the weakest possibility according to the data obtained. Secondly, the talaq (divorcement) was hidden by Sultan Abdülhamid and his wives were not aware of it. This possibility has been found to be problematic when evaluated in terms of Hanafi fiqh. Thirdly, the practice of al-nikāh al-tanazzuhī (marriage performed in order to avoid from fornication). Considering the correspondence between the state departments in the period starting with the 2nd Constitutional Monarchy and until the Republic, it is clear that the Kadınefendis were regarded as married wives (their number was limited to four), while the Ikbals were regarded as concubines. From this point of view, it is thought that the most plausible possibility is that the Ikbals were regarded as concubines and their marriages were al-nikāh al-tanazzuhī.

Prostor današnje Bosne i Hercegovine u osmanskom periodu na stranicama časopisa Bosna franciscana

Author(s): Lamija Hatibović,Amer Maslo / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 53/2020

RUS KAYNAKLARI IŞIĞINDA BULGARİSTAN’IN BAĞIMSIZLIK İLANI

Author(s): Şahin DOĞAN / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2020

After the Treaty of 1878 Berlin, important changes took place in the international platform for the Ottoman State. Accordingly, one of the region that experienced the most important developments was the Balkan lands of the Empire. Unlike other states that emerged as independent states within the Empire's territory,Bulgaria was transformed into a Principality under the Ottoman rule, and its borders determined in Treaty of San Stefano were narrowed. Thus, the issue of independence of Bulgaria was postponed regarding international circles, especially for the Bulgarians. The developments in Ottoman domestic politics between 1908-1909 created favorable conditions for Bulgaria to declare independence and Bulgaria declared its independence in this process. With this article, this process is discussed in the light of some Russian sources. In addition, these sources are intended to contribute to the explanation of the Bulgarian independence process and the international developments at this stage.

OSMANLI - SIRP DİPLOMATİK İLİŞKİLERİ VE BELGRAD SEFİRİ YUSUF ZİYA PAŞA

Author(s): Abidin Temizer,İbrahim Serbestoğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2020

The diplomatic relations between Serbia, which gained its independence with the Treaty of Berlin 1878, and the Ottoman Empire constituted the subject of this study. The relations between the two countries were discussed in the case of the Ottoman Empire’s Ambassador to Belgrade Yusuf Ziya Pasha. In the study, after discussing the process of starting the Ottoman-Serbian diplomatic relations, the problems experienced, and the appointed ambassadors and consuls, the biography of the Ottoman Empire's Ambassador to Belgrade Yusuf Ziya Pasha and his activities in Belgrade were discussed. The Ottoman Archival documents were used in the study.

УЗГАЈАЊЕ СИТНЕ СТОКЕ У КАДИЛУКУ УЖИЦЕ 1596. ГОДИНЕ

Author(s): Dejan Bulić,Dragana Amedoski / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 41/2020

The paper presents a list of villages whose inhabitants bred sheep and goats in the territory of the kazâ of Užice, in the Smederevo Sanjak, in the late 16th century. The defter compiled in 1596 shows that small livestock breeding was predominant in the livestock economy of this area. In addition to offering concrete data on the number of small livestock by village, the defter also allows us to create a broader picture about the borders of the kazâ of Užice in the given period.

ЖАЛБА ХЕРЦЕГОВАЧКО-ЗАХУМСКОГ МИТРОПОЛИТА АНАНИЈА ПРОТИВ БОСАНСКОГ ВАЛИЈЕ 1791.

Author(s): Mirjana Marinković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 41/2020

The paper presents the complaint of Herzegovian-Zahumlje Metropolitan Ananias against the Bosnian vali, made in 1791, together with the accompanying documents: the transcript of the ferman on the prohibition of violence against metropolitans and the rayah from 1780, and the relating reports of court offices. The main information about Metropolitan Ananias and the circumstances in which the documents were created is presented, and their critical analysis is carried out. The main paleographic, diplomatic and sigillographic features of the documents are highlighted. They have been translated, their transcription in the Ottoman Turkish language has been given, and their photographs attached.

KOTARSKI ŠERIJATSKI SUD SARAJEVO - NEKI PODACI OD 1878. GODINE DO KRAJA 19. STOLJEĆA

Author(s): Fuad Ohranović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 41/2020

This paper contains general information about the archival material stock of the Kotar Sharia Court of Sarajevo, the state of this archival material stock which is kept at the Historical Archives of Sarajevo, and also about the first steps in data processing and collation. This text collects together the data from the scope of the activities of the Kotar Sharia Court of Sarajevo and some curiosities from the archival material stock from 1878 until the end of the 19th century, such as the destruction of the archival material collected before 1878, the cases involving non-Muslims at the Sharia Court, the data on the inhabitans of Sarajevo going on a hajj pilgrimage or going elsewhere abroad, and so forth.

EUROPEAN REVOLUTIONS AND THE OTTOMAN BALKANS. Nationalism, Violence and Empire in the long Ninetheen Century, Edited by: Dimitris Stamatopoulos

Author(s): Jovana Šaljić Ratković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 69/2020

EUROPEAN REVOLUTIONS AND THE OTTOMAN BALKANS. Nationalism, Violence and Empire in the long Ninetheen Century, Edited by: Dimitris Stamatopoulos London 2019, 269 pp.

ENES PELIDIJA, OSMANISTI BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE DO KRAJA 20. STOLJEĆA – BIOGRAFSKI I BIBLIOGRAFSKI PODACI

Author(s): Sedad Bešlija / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 19/2020

Review of: Sedad Bešlija - Enes Pelidija, Osmanisti Bosne i Hercegovine do kraja 20. stoljeća – biografski i bibliografski podaci, knj. 1, Mostar: Federalno ministarstvo obrazovanja i nauke, 2019, 237 str.

Vratkovići i drugi Morlaci u trogirskome distriktu u 16. stoljeću

Author(s): Kristijan Juran / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 58/2020

Recent historiography has produced a number of notable works on the Venetian-Ottoman relations at the border of Trogir in the 16th century and the role of the newly settled Ottoman Morlachs therein. This paper is a contribution to the understanding of these relations, its research sensors focusing primarily on the previously unpublished archival data about the presence of the Morlach tribes (Katuns) in individual villages of the Trogir district in the period from 1530 to 1600. It has been noted that the majority of the newly arrived Morlachs belonged to the tribal groups of Vratković, Popović, and Vasarović. The Vratković tribe, which came from Herzegovina, was the most numerous. They inhabited six villages – Ljubitovica, Bristivica, Prapatnica, Dašini Doci, Vraca, and Blizna. The village of their elder (Katunar) was in Ljubitovica. The Popović tribe is mentioned in 1530 in Zbičje (the north-eastern part of present-day Prgomet) and later recorded in Suhi Dol and Kosmači (present-day Primorski Dolac). The Vasarović tribe was located in Trolokve and most probably owes its tribal name to Vasav, the father of Jacob, who in 1550 was the village’s elder. Thus, the three Morlach communities demographically covered two-thirds of the settlements in the hinterland of Trogir, the area “behind the hills,” and the Trogir district. Perhaps future research will identify them also in the remaining third, for instance in Labin, Opor, Prgomet, and Radošić.