el-Fıkhü’l-Ekber Şerhleri Üzerine Mukayeseli Bir Analiz

Author(s): Yunus Öztürk / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2020

The main assumption of the article is that sharh is a type of copyright that transcends the text rather than repeats the text. In order to base this assumption, a comparison was made between the sharhs of Abū Ḥanīfah’s Al-Fiqh al-Akbar. Abū Ḥanīfa is an important scholar who is one of the representatives of Sunnī thought. The works attributed to him have been received with interest as the bearer texts of this influence in Islamic thought. al-Fiqh al-Akbar is at the beginning of these treatises. For this reason, his treatise al-Fiqh al-Akbar was sharhed by many authors, especially during the Ottoman period. In this article, we have made a comparison between the sharhs of Abū Ḥanīfah’s al-Fiqh al-Akbar. This comparison of the Ottoman period commentators Ilyas b. Ibrāhīm as-Sīnobī, Ali al-Qārī, Abu’l-Munteha al-Magnisawī and Bahāeddinzāde were restricted. Since the analysis of four sharhs on all subjects would exceed the size of the article.

BİR OSMANLI ŞEHRİ OLARAK FİLİBE’NİN KÜLTÜREL VE SOSYAL YAPISI

Author(s): Reyhan Rafet Can / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 7/2020

The diplomatic capital of Bulgarian Republic is Sophia, the cultural capital of Bulgarian Republic is Plovdiv. Besides this, Plovdiv is the second largest city of Bulgaria. The position of Plovdiv has been an important center in the Balkans since the earliest times due to factors such as hosting various empires in its history and having an impressive geography. Located on the fertile soil of the Plovdiv-Thracian Plain in the southern part of the Republic of Bulgaria, it is surrounded by the Rhodope Mountains, Sredna Gora and Stara Planina, the most important mountains of Bulgaria and the Balkan peninsula. Bulgaria, Maritsa River forms the border between Greece and Turkey (Maritza) through the city of Plovdiv, in the historical process contributes to the development of the city. Artifacts from different civilizations made Plovdiv the richest city in the Balkans' oldest and cultural mosaic. It is located on fertile soils rich in raw material resources, high labor force participation rate, developed industry and trade are some of the main characteristics of the city. In this study, the social and cultural structure of Plovdiv and its environs are discussed together with human and economic geography features..

Damla Sakızının Türk Mutfağındaki Yeri, Önemi ve Kullanım Alanları

Author(s): Cansu Ağan,Çağla Özer / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 3/2020

Turkish cuisine, which has a rooted cultural value from the past to the present, has rich in the variety of materials used and attracts attention with its traditional and regional dishes. Gum mastic is a natural resin obtained by drawing the stems and branches of the Mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus L.), which belongs to the Anacardiaceae family, which is 2-3 meters tall in the Mediterranean and Aegean islands. Mastic gum which is a clear and aromatic product, is also included in dishes and drinks in Turkish cuisine as a spice and main ingredient due to its fragrance, taste and aroma characteristics. In this study, the studies (research articles, reviews, postgraduate thesis, congress proceedings, books) which published between 1984-2020 on the general characteristics, history, effect of human health and usage areas in Turkish cuisine of gum mastic were scanned and the data obtained were compiled into titles. It is observed that production enhancement studies of gum mastic are carried out and there are activities and festivals related to the subject. Additionally, it has been determined that some recipes which contain gum mastic and have been transferred from the Ottoman period to the present, are traditionally used today

The Oxford Anonymous Chronicle (Bodleian Library, Ms Marsh 313). O cronică anonimă otomană din vremea lui Bayezid al II-lea mai puțin cunoscută

Author(s): Andrei Mirea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2019

The author signals the existence of an anonymous Ottoman chronicle from the time of Bayezid II, recently edited and translated into English, which details the history of the Ottoman dynasty from approx. 1300 till 1484. The last fact recorded in this chronicle was the Ottoman conquest of Kilia and Moncastro. The interest for this chronicle, who’s manuscript is preserved at the Bodleian Library, MS. Marsh 313, lies in the information it provides for the medieval history of the Romanians. Also, for more than a century, the Bodleian manuscript was erroneously attributed to Ruhi of Edirne, who died after 1511, despite the observations made by British turcologist Victor Louis Ménage in the 1960s.

ТЕМАТ: ИСЛАМ, ПОЈЕДИНАЦ И ДЕЛАТНЕ ЗАЈЕДНИЦЕ У БЕОГРАДУ НЕКАД И САД

Author(s): Marija Mandić,Jadranka Đorđević-Crnobrnja / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2019

МУСЛИМАНСКО СТАНОВНИШТВО БЕОГРАДА У 18. ВЕКУ

Author(s): Miroslav Pavlović,Ognjen Ž. Krešić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2019

The Age of ayans, a name often given to the 18th century period of the history of the European part of the Ottoman Empire, is a period of decentralization and deterioration of the military system inherited from the classical period. Development of Belgrade in this age was marked by the Austrian rule between 1718 and 1739, when the oriental outlook of the city was lost. After the reincorporation of the Sancak of Semendire into the Ottoman Empire, the orientalization of Belgrade became one of the prerequisites for the functioning of the city life. The rebuilding of the city took up most of the second half of the century, and it encompassed the reconstruction both of military fortifications, and of the religious endowments, communal buildings and private houses. The political and social changes left their mark on the population of Belgrade. Organization of local administration attracted various jobless and landless adventures to become part of the city garrison in the fortress and to enter the service of Belgrade’s viziers. An important source of new population were sipahis and janissaries, members of military orders that lost much of their military function, who came to the city seeking opportunities for additional income. Some of them opened taverns or worked as artisans, and others got involved into tax farming (iltizam system). Representatives of powerful merchant families of Rumeli and Istanbul moved there in order to enmesh themselves into the profitable mercantile network of Balkan merchants (Greeks, Armenians, Serbs, Jews, etc.) on the main route from Thessaloniki to Belgrade and further to the Habsburg Monarchy. The basic official sources from the 18th century – tax registers (defter-i hakani, tapu tahrir defteri), attest that more than 2000 adult Muslim men lived in the city in 1741. It is supposed that the population steadily increased until the end of the century. This period also saw the ever greater divisions between different social groups and a start of proto-political conflicts and organized opposition to the ruling structures. The 18th-century Belgrade was by the dynamics of its development a place of contact between two empires. It was an oriental town that was undergoing quick and substantial changes and at the same time it acquired foundations for the future modernization. Belgrade remained a predominantly Muslim town until the incursion of the troops of Osman Pazvanoğlu that gave an impetus to the organization of an uprising by the local Serbian population. These events started a fundamental change of the character of the city in the 19th century.

GOSPODARI I ŽRTVE GRADA: PUTOPISNE REPREZENTACIJE TURAKA U BEOGRADU 1833-1935

Author(s): Sanja Lazarević Radak / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2019

From the mid-nineteenth century to the end of Ottoman rule in Belgrade, British travelers rarely had direct contact with Turks (italics signifies that the term in this discourse is used metaphorically as oriental and imaginary Other). By the end of nineteenth century architectural objects, scenes like garbage empty streets, old and ruind houses, abandoned neighborhoods, smell of rotting on bazaars, „dry and wicker” fruits and flowers reveals the history of the city and the population that settles it. Instead of the usual analysis of discourse on Turks, the images of the city are regarded mediators and filters in the perception of Turks. The city with its spatial characteristics is discovering their absence, instead of their presence on the streets of Belgrade. While the city speaks with its own language, the rule of the Ottoman Empire is slowly losing its former power. Travelers are influenced by a political liberal power advocating the Right to self– determination of the people and the cration of the National States in the Balkans. Belgrade is becoming a witness to this important political problem. Its „neglect”, „silence”, on its streets, poorly built, steep and curvy streets, the presence of htonian beeings such as wolf, raven, and magpie, suggest that the end of the Ottoman rule is near. The Semlin quarantines became border areas where the spread of the „infectious disease” of the metaphorically understood domination of „Orient” should be stopped. So quarantines for patients infected with plague become hospitals where „The Bosphorous patient” must stay until new political circumstances arise. However, when the Ottoman rule in the Balkans was over, the images of Belgrade were more or less the same. Once again, Belgrade was represented as unregulated, chaotic and dirty place ruled by the South Slavs. Its materialization becomes a witness of the impossibility of the consistent implementation of the rights of the peoples to self determination

КАКО ЈЕ ОЖИВЕЛА БАРЈАК-ЏАМИЈА

Author(s): Jovana Šaljić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2019

There are several theories about the exact time of construction of the Belgrade Bayrakli Mosque. According to one, it was built in 1690, or few years later, as the endowment of Sultan Suleiman II, after he reclaimed the city from the Austrians for the second time. According to another theory, it was built between 1660 and 1688, while there are also some opinions that it was built in the 16th century by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, which is the least likely. In any case, since the second half of the 19th century, when the last Turkish squads left the country, after which the Principality of Serbia grew increasingly independent, it became the only active Muslim place of worship in the capital city, until this very day. Its first reconstruction, undertaken by the Serbian state, was made in 1868, and the second in 1897, after which it never stopped working, although it was restored several times more during the 20th century. Both reconstructions in the 19th century were primarily driven by higher national and political goals that focused mostly on the Muslim population, especially those of Slavic descent and language, who continued to live in those parts of the Ottoman Empire that Serbia historically and traditionally regarded as its lands and wanted to reclaim it.

Fra Grgo Martić kao posrednik između Katoličke Crkve i osmanlijske vlasti u neobjavljenim ljetopisima Franjevačkoga samostana Kreševo

Author(s): Milo Jukić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 6/2020

Almost entire 19th century in Bosnia and Herzegovina, up to the establishment of Austro-Hungarian rule, abounds in turbulence caused by weakening of the Ottoman Empire and aspirations of the European forces of that time to solve the problems caused by such state and events. The Ottoman Government tried to solve problems in different ways, firstly by legal regulations (Edict of Gülhane in 1839, Hatti Humayun of 1856), but the will and strength for their implementation were missing, so the results were almost negligible and position of Catholics and Catholic Church increasingly unenviable. Fra Grgo Martic, as the agent of Franciscan Province of Bosna Srebrena in Sarajevo, was the intermediary between Ottoman authorities and Franciscan monastery Kresevo. Working on that plan intensively, as a member of Sarajevo Medzlis (Council), but also privately, within possible and allowed limits, he communicated with representatives of authorities and contacted diplomatic representatives of other countries for help in solving certain disputes and in the situations where they could have certain influence. Such cases were in details described in the unpublished monastery chronicles written between 1864 and 1878.

CRNI GRUJA IDE U BEOGRAD: DEOSMANIZACIJA SRBIJE U TV-SITKOMU

Author(s): Irena Šentevska / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2019

This paper adopts a slightly different perspective on the imperial legacies of the Ottomans in Belgrade from the dominant one. It focuses upon collective memory and oblivion of many processes which shaped the modern history of this city. This is a retrospective view on the processes of nation-building in a late-Ottoman periphery from the perspective of media and popular culture studies. I have analyzed the comedy series Crni Gruja in order to grasp its particular language of representation and communication of the Serbian national, late-Ottoman, history. Although at first Crni Gruja appears as an attempt at re-writing the Serbian national history in the popular post-socialist, and more, importantly post-Yugoslav, imaginary, I argue that it communicates in a fresh and interesting way the contemporary readings of the effects of the nation-building process in the late Ottoman empire, the position of Belgrade in that process and some overlooked segments of the urban history of this city.

ERKEN CUMHURİYET DÖNEMİ TÜRK KARİKATÜR SANATININ YENİ ÇİZGİLERİ: RAMİZ GÖKÇE

Author(s): Cem Güzeloğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 47/2020

The humor press, which had gained acceleration in the last periods of the Ottoman Empire with the Tanzimat (Reorganization, the period of reform in the Ottoman Empire) in particular, exhibited more expansion after the declaration of The Second Constitutional Era. During this period, many humorous newspapers and cartoon magazines were published, and especially with the proclamation of the Republic, it is seen that also liberation in this area increased. Although many cartoonists produced several works during these periods, Ramiz Gökçe (1900-1953) appears to be the cartoonist who produced the most works. Having made important contributions to Turkish cartoon art, Ramiz Gökçe, with his bold drawings, also undertakes a task of an important memory that tells about social change and conveys periodic events in the transition period from the Ottoman Empire to the Republic of Turkey. In addition to these, he popularized and imposed the cartoon to the Turkish people. In this study, a descriptive analysis was made on the art life of Ramiz Gökçe, one of the period masters who influenced the early period of the Republic of Turkey with his drawings, with the method of systematic organization of data.

TURKEY, ASIA ANEW AND SOUTH ASIA: A COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT ON BILATERAL RELATIONS and SOFT POWER POLICY WITH BANGLADESH, INDIA, and PAKISTAN

Author(s): Nazmul Islam / Language(s): English Issue: 47/2020

Historically, South Asian Muslims, such as Bangladeshi, Indian, and Pakistani Muslims, have relations with the Turkish ancient, as it can be traced back to the first century B.C. As it is well known that Turkısh people from Central Asia and Altaic regions started migrating in phases from their original homelands towards western and southern directions and settled in various regions. In the 16th century the Mughal Empire on Indian Sub-Continent ruled during the next few centuries. Extensive relations between the Anatolian region and the Indian Sub-Continent (Sultanate, Mughal, and British periods) have existed since the medieval period through modern times. The interactions and cultural exchanges throughout history, particularly between both people of Ottoman Empire and the South Asian nations, have resulted in substantial influence on different aspects of cooperation. The main objective of this paper is to clarify and to underline various facets of Turkey and the South Asia (India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh) relation since the Ottoman Empire to the Turkey’s current Asia Anew (Yeniden Asya) initiative. In this case, this paper shows and identifies the comprehensive analysis of Turkish soft power policy and bilateral relations with India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh from the perspectives of social, cultural, economic, trade, business, political, diplomatic, and commercial aspects.

SUBORDINIRANI POLOŽAJ ŽENE KAO SUPRUGE U PRIČI „HARAÇ“ (POREZ) TURSKE SPISATELJICE FÜRUZAN

Author(s): Melina Korlatović,Anela Mulahmetović Ibrišimović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 5/2019

As there are differences between male and female understandings and perceptions of the world, their experiences are not identical either. The authority of the father / husband or pater familias (as existed in ancient Rome) is the ultimate given in patriarchy, and as such - is inviolable. The primary goal of this paper is to show how the traditional family treats a woman, and how learned patterns of behavior determine a woman’s destiny. In the light of this, the traditionally and socially given practices by which,in the “ sacred “ institution of marriage, a woman is treated, and by which, as a total opposite, a man is percieved, have led to unequal power relations, which we tried to prove in this paper.

CRNOGORSKI MANASTIRI U PROŠLOSTI

Author(s): Olga Zirojević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 85-86/2020

Kako je u istorijskoj nauci već odavno utvrđeno, crkva je, bar u prva dva veka turske vladavine, uspela da zadrži svoja imanja, koja je imala u vreme Skender-bega Crnojevića, a ukoliko ih je povremeno gubila, uspevala je da ih povrati, većinom kupovinom, tako da je čak dolazilo i do povećanja poseda nekih manastira. Cetinjski manastir je, tako, kupio, u doba vladika Save i Vasilija, 95 baština (među kojima su bila i dobra drugih, propalih manastira). Uz to, manastirski posedi uvećavali su se i zaveštanjima vernika, jer, primenjujući načela šerijatskog prava, “svaki hrišćanin može treći deo svoga imanja zaveštati crkvi, manastiru, patrijarhu i episkopu, a kao svedoci priznaju mu se i nemuslimani”. Turske vlasti priznavale su takva duhovna zaveštanja i pružale im zaštitu.

Dukja estetike e një dokumenti të vjetër osman

Author(s): Hatixhe Ahmedi / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 1-2/2019

Our historical past has been preserved in various records, especially in the Ottoman documents, which sums up a very important five-century history. Once you see these records, you will be inspired and amazed by the fact that, in addition of the side of argument and historical testimony, they also represent another field that is accessible to the eye, permeable to the heart and extremely important for their artistic - aesthetic side. Each of these records, if you look at them and analyze them with serenity and critical-artistic view, you will discover the harmony, arrangement of rows, and precise and accurate connection of letters, one after the other, just like pearl beads, that will make you have the impression that you will never forget them. It is worth mentioning here that the records written in the form of a bouquets of flowers, known in Ottoman paleography as dîvânî and celâlî dîvânî writting, were usually used to write the berat’s for medallions or decorations with which the meritorious people have been promoted in various fields.

BÜYÜK SAVAŞIN ARİFESİNDE RUSYA’NIN ERMENİ POLİTİKASI

Author(s): Ahmet Toksoy / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2020

After the Ottoman Empire lost the Balkan Wars that its situation changed drastically. The living of some part of Armenians undertook insurrection, rebellion and espionage activifies belong to foreign states from the ending of the 19th century. But, after this hald of the century had emerged artificial international issue under the name of the Armenian crises and The Tsarist Russia was also a part of this problem. The construction of Armenian committees, disunionist movements was supported between Armenians at Ottoman Empire after at 1890’s. On the other hand, Russia which influenced these separatist movement, sought ways to achieve its ancient southern politics. Therefore, the most important spreading ways of Russia were passing through in the Ottoman lands. Russia was just started its important attempt to realize this policy before World War, I. Fort his reason, the Christian ethnic minorities in the Ottoman Empire had always been the center of attention of Russian Empire. Armenians, whom were affected by separatist ideas at the en of the 19th century in Ottoman, wre at the top of these minorities. What kind of policy did Russia make about the Armenians jusf before the World War, I? Could it be the common policy of Armenians and Russians? What policy did they pursue each other? So, this study was focused on the politics following by both sides.

Perception of Europe Among Ottoman Intellectuals and Politicians Following The Second Constitutional Revolution (1908-1913)

Author(s): Mehmet Fatih Sancaktar / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

The purpose of this study is revealing the perception of the West/Europe among the Ottoman intellectuals and politicians mainly using certain newspapers, memoirs and publications published in Turkey during the Second Constitutional Era. The reason for using these sources is an attempt to directly reveal the perception of the west among the Ottoman intellectuals and administration. However, this perception will not be studied throughout the entire Second Constitutional Era, only between the years 1908-1913. Revealing the extent to which political developments such as the declaration of the constitution, the invasion of Tripoli and the Balkan Wars influenced the perception of Europe particularly in the period mentioned will serve in determining the purpose of this study. At this point, the events that occurred during this historical process will also contribute to explaining the profile, perception these generated in the minds of the Ottoman intellectuals and politicians, the attitude of the Turks in Turkish history and even among some today. Therefore, the current perception of Europe among the Turks emerged within an historical process and carries the hallmarks of history. On the other hand, explaining the Ottoman intellectuals and Europe/Western conception is also important in terms of this study reaching its goal. Indeed, understanding the topic of this study is only possible and directly relevant by explaining these concepts. At this point, what we are implying by the European concept is Western thought and the attitude and policies the major European countries and politicians adopted towards the Ottoman State. In this context, this study takes into account the need to explain the dilemma between the Ottoman/Turk intelligentsia’s dependency on the West and their sense of being betrayed by Europe.

Besim Atalay’ın “Maraş Tarihi ve Coğrafyası” Eserine Yönelik Tahlil ve Tenkit Yazıları

Author(s): Erhan Alpaslan,Mesude Emiroğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2020

Besim Atalay, who grew up in the last period of the Ottoman Empire, is one of the important intellectuals of the Republican era, which is known for his studies in language, history and theology. Besides his intellectual identity, he is an important educator and statesman. He worked as a teacher and manager in different parts of Anatolia as an educator, and served as the Director of Education in Maraş, Niğde and İçel (Silifke). Atalay, one of the most important supporters of the National Struggle, led the establishment of the Defense Societies by organizing the people in Silifke and Sivas. This article focuses on Atalay's life, struggles, civil services, studies and works. The Maras History and Geography book, which is the first work of Atalay, has a special place in terms of our cultural history compared to other works. In addition to being the first work of Atalay, this work examined the city of Maraş as multi-disciplinary. It is important to be one of the first works that illuminate the history of Maras and Anatolia by giving information about the history, geography, and socio-cultural characteristics of the region. The book attracted great attention immediately after its publication, and different editions were made on different dates. Although Besim Atalay was highly appreciated with this work, at the same time, some criticisms were written on both the author and the work. Mehmed Halid Bayri and Huseyin Namik Orkun were the leading intellectuals who wrote these writings. Our article includes criticisms made by them and evaluations are made for these criticisms.

VAKUFNAMA HADŽI ISMAILA, SINA HUSEJNA HALIFE IZ SARAJEVA - DRUGA DEKADA REDŽEBA 1050 (1640.)

Author(s): Behija Zlatar / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 47-48/1999

Vakufnamas (Endowment Charters) are the first class sources for studying the history of cities during the Ottoman period. They contain a whole range of important data on the urban development of cities, construction of different buildings, religious, educational and humanitarian facilities, as well as the population structure, development of different trades, etc. The original Vakufnama of Hadži İsmail, son of Husein Halifa from Sarajevo (second decade of the month of Rejeb, 1050 (1640), that is published here for the first time is kept at the Gazi-Husrev-bey’s Library, in the register of endowment charters, nr. 60, page 319. It is written in Turkish, quite readable, but contains a considerable number of mistakes. At the beginning, this Vakufnama contains the verification of its transcript done by contemporary Sarajevo kadi, Muhammed, son of Abdurahman.

O JANIČARSKOM ZAKONU سدأ نارن يكي ١٠ رى ا و ص تاريخى

Author(s): Adem Handžić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 46/1997

The contribution presented gives a survey both of an Ottoman source edition and a summary of an important legal code from the early seventeenth century. It is an extensive janissary corps law of 1606. The name of the code author is unknown, but it is understood that it was a retired janissary, mentioned as a korucu (a guardian), who says about himself that for twenty-one years he had been serving as a janissary notary, and that his grandfather had been the agha of Istanbul for fourteen years. This fact by itself ensures authenticity of the presented data on the structure and set-up of that corps. The source edition has been preserved in the part of the original Ottoman text from the mentioned code with a translation into Bosnian as presented here. Our purpose is to present in extenso a text about an important episode which has been often quoted, but has never been published as a whole. It is about an unusual and historic encounter of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror with the Bosnian population gathered near Jajce, in May 1463, after the fail of the Kingdom of Bosnia. This is the main purpose of this paper.