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OSMANLI İMPARATORLUĞU’NDAN TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ’NE KALAN BİR MESELE: KADINLARIN KONUMU

Author(s): Betül KARAGÖZ / Language(s): English Issue: 29/2016

This study analyses the specific set of gender relationships that the modernization processes commenced under the Ottoman Empire, which passed on to the Turkish Republic, with particular attention to elements of citizenship and power sharing. The Women’s Movement dating from the beginning of the 19th century under the Ottoman Empire was an aspect of a national process of modernization. This period, often referred to as the “First Wave” of the struggle for women’s rights in Turkey, can be regarded as a manifestation of the need for reform in the structure of Ottoman society and state. The founders of the Republic aimed to follow through the reformist enterprise initiated in the Ottoman world, which was comprised of a quite clearly defined bundle of demands. However, despite the promises of the Republican vanguard, the process of turning women’s demands into authentically experienced rights was a much more difficult and much longer process than might have been expected. This article provides an evaluation of this process and re-focuses on the status of women and the inequality between women and men in Turkey.

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KONSTANTİN BAZİLİ’NİN GÖZÜYLE OSMANLI KADINI

Author(s): Rami İlsever / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 29/2016

XIXth century is a period of great importance for Turkey - Russia relations. It is the period when a number of works of Russian authors appeared about Turkey and nations living in Turkey as result of their travels to Ottoman Empire. A close interest in Turkey, driven by wars between two countries, resulted in many works devoted to Istanbul andTurkey. The goal of this article is to analyze the observations on Ottoman women and their place in social life, expressed in "Constantinople Essays" – the travel-writing work, writtenin the first half of XIXth century by Konstantin Bazili (1809-1886), a famous Russian orientalist and diplomat.

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OSMANLI’NIN XIX. YÜZYIL ORTADOĞU POLİTİKASI EKSENİNDE IRAK YÖNETİMDE ROL ALAN HAŞİMİ SOYUNDAN BÜROKRATLAR

Author(s): Levent Küçük / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 29/2016

After the Ottoman Empire took the control of Iraq, Ottoman regime prevailed in this region. Hashemite held the high ground since Abbasids and kept their leading position during the sovereignty of Ottomans as well. Especially, some revolts occurred in the domain of Ottomans under the leadership of Mecca sheriff Huseyin Hashemite as a result of English people’s increasing interest in the region earlier before the First World War. As a consequence, the domination of Ottomans came to an end at the end of the First World War. Ottomans tended to build their administration in Iraq via the important tribes of the region.

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MODERN SIRP EDEBİYATINDA OLUMLU TÜRK İMAJI

Author(s): Mirjana Marinković / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 24/2018

This study examins some works that reflect the elements of Turkish language, culture and lifestyle in modern Serbian literature in a positive way. Modern Serbian literature ıncludes period between the end of the 19th century and the end of the First World War. In 19th century big changes were experienced in Serbia, which was part of the Ottoman Empire for centuries. In the period beginning with the First Serbian Uprising (1804-1813) and ending with the Berlin Congress (1878), Serbia gradually recovered from Ottoman domination and achieved full political independence. In the process, the Turkish image began to change among Serbian intellectuals and writers. In the beginning of the century, when hostility and hatred towards the Turks prevailed, this point of view turned in the opposite direction at the end of the century. Turks and their customs were seen as symbols of old good order, family tradition and superior human virtues.The writers, such as brothers Jovan and Dragutin Ilić, Branislav Nušić, Aleksa Šantić and Jelena Dimitrijević, who created positive Turkish image in their literature, showed how deeply they understood Turkish language, Turkish traditions, Turkish spirit and sorrows. With their sentimental lines in their poetry and prose wattled with nostalgia and sympathy, these writers make an astonishing impression even on readers of our time.

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MODERNLEŞME EKSENİNDE TÜRK ROMANINDA KADIN MERKEZLİ DEĞİŞİM VE FEMİNİST EDEBİYAT KURAMIYLA AHMET MİTHAT EFENDİ’NİN “VAH” İSİMLİ ROMANININ İNCELENMESİ

Author(s): Esra SOY / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 01/2019

There have been major changes in the Ottoman Empire’s social life due to the effect of Westernization/modernization attempts that started with Tanzimat and the influence of newspapers and magazines supporting this initiative. The topic of woman, the role of woman and the perception of woman in society that have gained a different dimension with the Republic started to change for the first time in this period. In parallel with the Westernization/modernization attempts, ever-increasing freedom in female-male relations, the change in family life and house layout have become the topics of Turkish narrative (story and novel) beginning from Tanzimat. Ahmet Mithat Efendi, who has a significant role in the settlement of novel in Turkish literature as a genre, often included in his novels the negativities of superficial modernization in social life (conflicts and absurdity, artificial and parvenu characters etc.) and their everyday reflections. His novel Vah, published in 1882, deals with moral degeneration that emerged as a result of false Westernization in the context of male-female relations by focusing on a female protagonist.

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TANZİMAT MİZAHININ “ŞARİVARİ”LERİ: ŞARİVARİ YA DA İBRETNÜMA-YI ÂLEM (1871) VE ŞARİVARİ MEDENİYET (1874) MİZAH DERGİLERİ

Author(s): Gökhan Demirkol / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 01/2019

“Charivari”, in its most general form, is an act to punish those who violate social norms. This term became a name for a humor magazine in France after the 1830 Revolution. Beside being an important humour magazine in France Le Charivari magazine, published from 1832 to 1937, had a significant influence on humour magazines published in Europe. Turkish humour magazines, which began to be published in 1870, were also influenced by Le Charivari. The word “charivari” entered Turkish in the form “şarivari”, as a result of the tradition of writing foreign words as they are read in Ottoman Turkish. Şarivari was used as a term by the Turkish humor magazines as the term describing the phenomena of “humour” and “humour magazine”. As a result of this usage, Turkish humour magazines have been published with the name of şarivari. In the literature related to the history of Turkish Press, between 1870 and 1877, there are reports that two magazines were published with the names of Şarivari and Şarivari Medeniyet. This study examines Şarivari and Şarivari Medeniyet journals, which are mentioned in the literature on Turkish Press History.

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OSMANLI SARAYI KADIN GİYSİLERİ VE GÜNÜMÜZ GİYSİ TASARIMINA BİR UYARLAMA

Author(s): Nuran Ocakoğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 30/2018

Clothing, which is an important indicator of the culture, used to have a very important place in the Ottoman culture. The clothes worn in the Ottoman palace used to reflect the power and wealth of the Ottoman Empire. The women in the Ottoman palace used to care their clothing very much and they used to wear dresses sewed from precious and various kinds of fabrik in accordance with their social status. In the clothes of the palace women, different kinds of fabrik were used such as , brocade fabrik, velvet, cracked fabrik, seraser fabrik, deadwood fabric, satin fabrik, canfes, taffeta, vala, balze, and sof fabrik. The clothes used to be emrodiered with golden wires and decorated with precious jewellery. The women clothes worn in the Ottoman palace have inspired many fashion designers from time to time. In this study it is aimed to search the model, pattern, mold, fabrik and decorative features of the women clothing of the Ottoman palaces, and reflect them in today’s world in accordance with today’s technical possibilities without ruining the form and characteristic of those clothes. For this purpose, a modernised and up to date dress, which reflect the general features of the Ottoman women clothing, has been designed.

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BİRİNCİ DÜNYA SAVAŞI’NDA ATAŞE MİLİTER ÖMER FEVZİ BEY’İN İRAN’DAKİ FAALİYETLERİ

Author(s): Çağdaş Yüksel / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 30/2018

In this study, activities of the Ottoman State's Attaché militia Ömer Fevzi Bey during the First World War will be examined. During the First World War, Iran was of great importance both in the Entente States and in the Alliance States in terms of its geographical position. Germany and the Ottoman State wanted to spread through Iran to the Caucasus and Afghanistan. Thus, it was aimed to squeeze Russia in the Caucasus and disturb England in Afghanistan. There have been many initiatives on Iran to achieve that. Ömer Fevzi Bey was interested in the military ones of these initiatives. The communication with the headquarters of the agents, detachments and gangs sent to Iran was provided via Ömer Fevzi Bey. He spent intensive work in Iran for these initiatives to be successful. Besides, Ömer Fevzi Bey made suggestions to Istanbul by making plans about the region.

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TEŞKİLAT-I MAHSUSA VE ÇETE SAVAŞI

Author(s): Çağdaş Yüksel / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 31/2018

The Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa was established after the signing of the Treaty of Alliance of the Ottoman Empire with Germany. The Committee of Union and Progress held a meeting to evaluate the situation after the treaty. It was decided that mobilization should be declared at this meeting. In addition to this, the establishment of an Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa to engage in guerrilla warfare is also decided. The Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa was established with the proposal of Enver Pasha and it was dependent on him. Throughout the First World War, it was directed various activities in Morocco, Tripoli, the Middle East, Iran, the Caucasus and the Balkans. In this study, the activities carried out by the Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa in various geographical areas were analyzed.

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NAMIK KEMAL’S ECONOMIC THOUGHTS

Author(s): Kenan Demir / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2018

The state’s economy policies were discussed on press organs and journalists wrote about them. One of those journalists was Namık Kemal. Being the most known of Ottoman intellectuals in 19th century and the most effective journalist of the period Namık Kemal wrote many articles about the state’s economy policies on press of the period even though he wasn’t an economist. Kemal showed the government of the state as the reason of nondevelopment. He wanted that the agriculture being in the first place, industry and trade sectors should also be considered important and improved for the state’s development. Even though Kemal wanted the state would be governed in the direction of free trade thinking, he also spoke of the free trade’s damages to country. Expressing that the 1838 trade agreement was early and his criticisms such as the fact that the state could not produce effective policies in the development of industry and trade showed that Kemal wasn’t a huge fan of free trade. In this study, Namık Kemal’s economic thoughts are expressed considering his articles about economics on Tasvir-i Efkâr, Hürryet, İbret, Cüzdan and Diyojen newspapers.

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Osmanlı Kaynaklarına Göre Yunanistan’ın I. Dünya Savaşı’na Girişi

Author(s): İsmigül Çetin / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 59/2018

As a result of the Goudi Coup and the coming of Eleftherios Venizelos in power, a great change began in Greece. Greece's great victory in the Balkan Wars strengthened the thought that Megali Idea could be realized, and this thought affected both statesmen and society. Venizelos, one of the most important advocates of this thought, saw the World War I as an opportunity to realize Megali Idea and wanted to enter into the war with the Entente Powers, which was firmly believed would wining the war by him. On the other hand all Greek statesmen didn’t share the same view, Venizelos faced pro-German statesmen, especially King Constantine. Initially Venizelos departed from power, but came back to power after winning the elections held in June 1915. However, he resigned due to differences of opinion with King Constantine and remained out of politics by not participating in elections. This caused to begin the process called the National Schism. In this time interval, the Entente States put Greece under both economic and military constrains and occupied many parts of the country. The Ottoman ambassador in Athens Galip Kemalî Bey made an effort to quit Greece from the Entente States and to maintain its neutrality and even make an alliance with the Ottoman State. However, Venizelos who founded a separate government in Thessaloniki was the founder of the National Schism, and deposed King Constantine and included Greece in the war along side the Entente Powers.

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İlk Vilayet Salnamesi Olan 1283 (1866-1867) Tarihli Salnameye Göre Bosna’nın İdarî Yapısı

Author(s): Zemzem Yücetürk / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 59/2018

The words ‘salname’ (or ‘nevsal’), which in Turkish means annual or yearbook, derives from the in Persian ‘sal’ and ‘name’, meaning ‘year’ and ‘letter’. Annuals are usually divided into two categories, public and private. Public annual usually pertain to the state, province, and ministry. The first Ottoman State annual was published in 1847, and continued to be published until 1922. The first Ottoman provincial annual was published in Bosnia in 1283 (1866-67 CE), followed by those in Aleppo (1284 AH), Konya (1285 AH), Syria (1285 AH), and Danube (1285 AH). The last annual to be published within the Ottoman state appeared in Beirut between 1333 and 1335 AH (1915- 1917 CE), and Bolu between 1337 and 1338 AH (1921 - 1922 CE). Ministry or official annuls were published between 1282 and 1326 AH (1865 - 1908 CE). Those published by a number of private institutions and individuals in the Ottoman State also fall into a group of special yearbooks. The first of these was titled “Turkey”, and published by Ali Suavi in Paris 1288 AH (1871 CE). Those featuring the dates of specific events furthermore offer researchers a wide range of knowledge about the economic, political, military, and administrative structure of the Ottoman State generally, provincially, and privately. This paper focuses on the administrative structures of Bosnia according to one Bosnian-Ottoman annual written in 1283 AH (1866-67 CE).

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Sicil-i Ahval Kayıtlarına Göre Osmanlı Bürokrasisinde İstihdam Edilen Kayseri Doğumlu Gayrimüslim Devlet Adamları (1839-1883)

Author(s): Hüseyin Saraç / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 59/2018

The Sicill-i Ahvâl record books are an important archival source that provide information about officers within the Ottoman State. These notebooks started to be kept in the era second of Abdülhamit in 1879 when the Ottoman bureaucracy was formed after the modernization period, and thus beginning with the Tanzimat declaration. A total of eighty-eight (88) biographies of non-Muslim civil servants born in the province of Kayseri registered in the registry have been examined in this study, including information about where the officers were born, their nationality, their father’s name, their father’s profession and title(s), and the languages they were versed in/spoke, and level of education, as well as information pertaining to include their salaries, outstanding efforts, ranks, engagements, medals, and whether or not they have been punished for any given reason.

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TÜRK HARP TARİHİ YAZICILIĞINA VE ASKERİ TARİH-HARP TARİHİ KONULARINA İLİŞKİN DEĞERLENDİRME

Author(s): Levent ÜNAL / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 40/2018

The World history substantially is made of wars. For this reason, knowing the history of the war is important to understand and evaluate the history better. Thus, war history constitutes one of the most important subdivisions of science history. Examining the past, investigating the causes that affected their results, evaluating the applied principles and learning from them are all the work of war history. It is obvious that Turkey is insufficient in writing war history. This inadequacy has several causes. Uncovering military archive documents and deficiencies in submitting to research are at the top of the list. Furthermore, just like in other work areas of history, Trying to write the war history by putting them in chronological order or by translating the existing sources into today's Turkish are another inadequacies. However, in order for the war history to shed light on the day and the future, As many sources as possible need to be transformed into work after being analyzed and synthesized with a fluent, and an understandable style. This study was carried out to clarify military history and war history.

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CEMEL ALİ DEDE TÜRBESİ VE ÇİNİLERİ

Author(s): Mine Erdem / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 14/2019

Many architectural works have been made in Konya Seljuks, beylik and Ottoman period. From different periods to today; mosques, masjid, shrine, baths, bridges have reached such structures. Within these structures, Cemel Ali Dede Tomb is one of our important architectural works that will be inherited from the Anatolian Seljuk State. The tomb, which is one of our tiled works in Konya province, has undergone many repairs over time. Cemel Ali Dede Tomb started with a general information about our work continues with detailed explanations about the tiles. Information was obtained from the source data about the current situation and originality of the tiles; places, techniques, sizes and colors of which are applied are given priority. In our study, detailed information about the tiles was provided. The research topic we have determined is; Cemel Ali Dede Tomb is designed to emphasize the importance and value of the tiles. Thus, it is foreseen that this kind of architectural structures enriching Turkish tile art will be revealed and contribution will be made to our art.

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AKSARAY YÖRESİ HALI VE DÜZ DOKUMA ÖRNEKLERİ

Author(s): Semra Kiliç Karatay / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 14/2019

Aksaray is a famous carpet center since the Seljuk period. This tradition continued during the Ottoman period. The main material of the carpet is wool, and the wool obtained by shearing from the sheep once a year is used as raw material in the weeds because they live in mountain and plain villages of Aksaray and they are dealing with sheep breeding. Aksaray has been known as one of the weaving centers since centuries. As for Aksaray carpets, Taşpınar weaves are the first to come to mind. However, it seems that this is not the case in field research. In Aksaray there are weaving zones, weaving names and motifs whose name is not known or even never heard. These ; morphological samples of Guzelyurt, Ihlara and Belisırma. It is seen that the weavings are generally made of sole, double, half, pillow, cushion, saddle and rug weaving, which will touch the examples of carpets and plain weaving woven in the order of Aksaray. With the research done, weaving samples in Aksaray region were examined in the region, data about weirs were collected, information about Aksaray weavings' current situation was collected, and information aimed at sharing the constructed information was acquired.

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SULTAN GENÇ OSMAN’A AİT KAFTANLARDAN ESİNLENEREK OLUŞTURULAN GİYSİ TASARIMLARI

Author(s): Serap Mutlu,Zeliha Sarıkaya Hünerel / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 13/2018

Among the innovations that Young Osman was planning to do in many areas was to make changes in the clothes and to make the wearing of more plain clothes instead of the old flashy shades and caftans. It is known that due to the death of the previous sultan who was announced just before the ceremonies of the Ottoman sultans, he showed his sorrow by dressing in mourning clothes at his predecessors' funeral. It is known that while wearing ceremonial ceremonies such as the ceremonies of sovereignty, they prefer more plain clothes to emphasize their personal presence and religious seriousness; The Ottoman Empire, which is a symbol of power and status, is a masterpiece with its fabric and ornaments despite its simple form. The Kaftans are an open front garment with long lengths and long or short sleeves. In the study; Topkapi Palace Museum in the II. Osman's caftans were examined and modernized jacket designs were inspired by the caftans' cutting, pattern, fabric and adornment features.

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TÜRK ÇİNİ VE SERAMİKLERİNDE KULLANILAN HAYVAN FİGÜRLERİ VE GİYSİ TASARIMINA YANSITILMASI

Author(s): Nuran Ocakoğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 13/2018

It is known that the origin of Turkish tile and ceramic art, which has a very important place in traditional Turkish arts, dates back to Central Asia. Turkish tile and ceramic art, which showed its greatest development in Anatolia, started with the Anatolian Seljuks. Developing over the centuries, this art experienced its golden age in Ottoman times with its unique aesthetic values. The source of the motifs used in the Turkish tile art dates back to the Turkish tribes living in Asia. Animal figures have always been an important decoration element in Turks who are originally from the steppe culture. Although the animal figure which was seen in Seljuk period tiles and ceramics decreased due to the influence of Islam in the Ottoman period, it has been artfully painted within this branch of art from past to present. In this study, animal figures used in Turkish tile and ceramic art from past to present have been studied and these motifs are intended to be reflected in contemporary women's clothing. It is important to give different usage characteristics to these patterns within modern life for the preservation of Turkish tile and ceramic patterns which is one of our important cultural heritage.

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OSMANLI DÖNEMİ ÖNCÜ KADIN RESSAMLARIMIZDAN MÜFİDE KADRİ

Author(s): Pinar Yazkaç,Hilal Gürensoy Şener / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 12/2018

Westernization movements and training process:19 century there have been developments in many areas of our country with the westernization movements that started in Turkey. Important steps have been taken on education and social rights of women on the road to the Republic. In parallel with this, women who have increased education level have started to be interested in art. Most of our female artists come from a highly trained family of senior duties. Some took special lessons from the artists, some later opened in the industry-I Nefise School of Education and studied painting. Naturalist, Impressionist, cubist and expressionist artists who work on landscape, natürmort, nude, portrait, and self-portrait have produced works of art. In this study, one of the first woman artists of Ottoman State, Mufide Kadri was examined.

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XIX. Yüzyılın İlk Yarısında Habsburg Monarşisi’nin Şark Siyasetine Dair Perde Arkası Tartışmalar

Author(s): Tuğba İsmailoğlu Kacır / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2019

The Greek Revolt (1821-29) and the Rebellion of Mehmet Ali Pasha (1831- 41), which broke out in the Ottoman Empire, suddenly had been an agenda topic of Europe. And after Napoleon, the European order that Metternich (1773-1859) tried to reestablish with great efforts, turned upside down. Due to the consensus in the 1815 Congress System, to preserve the existing European order, the Ottoman Empire, which was a monarchy, had to be supported by the European monarchies. In this period Metternich's state policy in favor of Ottoman Empire was an important variable in Oriental politics and this issue has attracted the attention of historians as one of the important topics of political history. But the questions, how Metternich's views on the Ottoman Empire formed and from which sources originated, remained in the background. In Metternich’s decisions, his adviser, Friedrich von Gentz (1764-1832) had a great influence. But who does inform Gentz, who has no personal interaction with the Ottoman Empire and no education on this subject? On the other hand, is the Oriental politics of the Habsburg Empire adopted or criticized by the orientalists of the time? For all these questions, it is necessary to look at the perspectives of the orientalists of the period, their disagreements and even their debates. In this study we will try to understand the backroom discussions about the Oriental politics of the Habsburg Monarchy in the first half of the nineteenth century, especially with the help of Gentz’s, Anton Prokesch von Osten’s (1795-1876), Franz von Ottenfels-Gschwind’s (1778-1851) and Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall’s (1774-1856) works, memoirs and letters.

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