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O karakteristikama nacionalnih ideologija kao činitelja u političkom i društvenom razvitku Bosne i Hercegovine

Author(s): Antonio Pehar / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 50/2021

The article presents the emergence and development of national ideologies in Bosnia and Herzegovina in historical course from the fall under the Ottoman Empire to the acquisition of state independence as a formative factor of social and political relations. Being a space of contact and influence of two religions and three confessions, Bosnia and Herzegovina had been a crossroads of national interests and the interests of the great powers in the past. Such a political context influenced the formation of national ideologies. With comparison of goals, the constant opposition of Serbian and Croatian national ideology as well as national concepts of Muslims/Bosniaks was obvious. Through analytical insight in national ideologies the characteristics of these ideologies - the appropriative Serbian, resentimental Croatian with expansionistic elements and the defensive nature of Bosniak ideology was determined. These findings of characters and goals of three national ideologies explained the continuity of national conflicts and divisions in Bosnian society. The opposition of national ideas and goals both in the past and today (long-lasting structure) had a decisive impact on social and political relations in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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Mari-Žanin Čalić, Jugoistočna Evropa: globalna historija

Author(s): Omer Merzić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 50/2021

Review of: Omer Merzić - Mari-Žanin Čalić, Jugoistočna Evropa: globalna historija. Sarajevo: Udruženje za modernu historiju, 2020, 619.

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Elvira Šarić Kostić, Mletački kaštel u Splitu

Author(s): Lovorka Čoralić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 61/2021

Review of: Lovorka Čoralić - Elvira Šarić Kostić, Mletački kaštel u Splitu, Split: Muzej grada Splita, 2021, 238 stranica

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Hrvatski prinosi protestantizmu i katoličkoj duhovnoj obnovi s osobitim osvrtom na djelatnost kardinala Jurja Draškovića

Author(s): Đuro Franković / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2016

Cardinal Juraj II. Drašković was among the first to play a key part in the Catholic renewal of Croatia and Ugarska that began with the Primate Antun Vrančić and the Archbishop and royal vicar Miklos Telegdij. It took an astounding amount of wisdom and tact for the Croatian son, the Bishop of Pecs, Zagreb and Đur and the Archbishop of Kalač and Cardinal Drašković to strengthen the Catholic Church in the Kingdom of Ugarska and Croatian lands. It was the proper moment for preventing the advancement of Protestantism. Drašković was among the first to enforce Church reform in the spirit of the Council of Trident and took measures, as the Bishop of Pecs (but also as the Bishop of Zagreb and the Ban of Croatia and the later Bishop of Đur), to stop further advancement of the Reformation by simultaneously founding school institutions and starting up and strengthening the education of ministers in Upper Ugarska i.e. Slovakia today. On the emigration of the Vlach population from Western Papuk, Ravna gora and Psunj as well as neighboring areas by the end of the 16th and the start of the 17th century. The process of emigration from the area in question at the end of the 16th and the start of the 17th century (with the immigration that followed) created ethnic, language, socio-economic and cultural relations that were the basis of the following spatial organization and structuring of the populace which is still relevant today. The defeats of Ottoman troops at the border of the Ottoman and Habsburg imperial systems and the lands between the rivers Sava and Drava had more and more effect on the Christians in the Ottoman bordering sanjaks. The Vlach population of the Pakrac and Cerna sanjak, especially, started to organize themselves and cross over to the Habsburg side in a greater number at the end of the 16th century. That should be specially observed in the context of the „long war” (circa 1591 – 1606). This article only provides some basic information which illustrates the emigration of Vlach Serbian Orthodox populace from Western Papuk, Ravna gora and Psunj, as well as the neighboring areas, at the end of the 16th and the beginning of 17th century to the lands of Croatia-Slavonia Vojna Krajina.

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Dimitri Kitsikis, Osmanlijsko carstvo

Author(s): Željko Karaula / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2016

Review of: Željko Karaula - Dimitri KITSIKIS: Osmanlijsko carstvo, Plato – Biblioteka XX vek, Beograd/Zemun, 1999. (drugo izdanje 2013.)

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Srpski diskurs o Andriću

Author(s): Nenad Veličković / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 6/2022

The aim of the paper is to ascertain whether there is a Serbian discourse on Andrić, according to the same criteria Zoran Milutinović uses in his book Bitka za prošlost to ascertain the existence of the Bosniak discourse. Approaching Andrić’s opus through the notion of collective trauma related primarily to the Ottoman and Austro‑Hungarian period in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the author presents in the analysis of books and articles by Nikola Koljević, Vuk Milatović, Rade Lalović, Predrag Palavestra, Vladimir Dedijer, Zoran Konstantinović, Milan Bogdanović and Isidora Sekulić that the Serbian criticism read Andrić in a manner similar to that of the Bosniaks.

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From an Empire to a Nation State: Land Property and its Guarantee in the Balkans. The Case of Bulgaria

Author(s): Pencho D. Penchev,Hristiyan Atanasov / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2022

The article makes a comparative analysis of the status of land property in the Ottoman Empire (within the period from 1839 to 1878) and Bulgaria after the Liberation (1879–1912). The findings indicate significant discrepancies. While in the Ottoman Empire land property (rakaba) ideally belongs to the state, in practice the immediate agricultural producer feels a full-right owner and landlord, according to the traditional understanding of private property law. The owners’ rights are protected by a high-class procedure on issuing land ownership documents, cadaster starts to be kept (in the 1860s) and practically there is no data of social tension concerning the land status and property ownership – the state manages to cover and protect it. Contrary to this, in the Principality of Bulgaria, the newly introduced Constitution guarantees private land ownership but in practice the state administration cannot provide for it. Due to this fact, there is a lot of information on infringement and insecurity in land ownership.

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Болгаро-турецкие отношениях в конце 1913 – первой половине 1914 гг. по донесениям русской военной разведки на Балканах.

Author(s): Dmitriy Labauri,Ilya Gradoboyev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1-2/2022

The publication is a collection of previously unpublished reports from Russian military agents in the Balkans, dedicated to the problem of Bulgarian-Turkish cooperation between the Balkan wars and the First World War. In the published array of sources, two main storylines can be distinguished. The first concerns information about the political rapprochement between Bulgaria and Turkey and the negotiations between them on the conclusion of a secret military convention directed against Greece and Serbia. The second block of questions concerns cooperation between the Internal Revolutionary Macedonian-Adrianople Organization (IMARO) and the Young Turks’ leadership in organizing sabotage and chetnik attacks on the Greek and Serbian territory of Macedonia. The cited material demonstrates, on the whole, the high efficiency of Russian intelligence, which managed to catch the vector of Bulgarian-Turkish interaction and supply the Foreign Policy Department in St. Petersburg with valuable information obtained through intelligence. The Russian authorities were informed about the main stages of the Bulgarian- Turkish negotiation process, as well as about the eventual plans of Bulgaria and Turkey regarding the revision of the Bucharest Treaty. The published documents allow us to conclude that, despite the presence of tangible contradictions between Sofia and Constantinople, the negotiations between them in 1913-1914 paved the way that led to the signing in August 1914 of the Bulgarian-Turkish Union Treaty, which hastened Turkey’s entry into the World War and securely fastened Bulgaria to the camp of the Triple Alliance powers.

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Rusçuk Çiftlikleri ve Çiftlik Piyasasında Eski Aktörler, Yeni Figürler

Author(s): Ahmet İlker Baş / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 30/2022

Çiftlik is the one of the most important debate topics in Ottoman agricultural history. While they are generally evaluated under the topics of landownership and legal status of peasants in the context of centrifugal forces, as a commodity, the exchange of çiftliks in the real estate market does not attract scholars’ attention enough. Data extracted from sale contracts in the kadı records enable researchers to track changes in the profiles of çiftlik sellers and buyers in a period of commercialization of agriculture. Learning what kind of socio-economic and political capital owners are more interested in çiftliks ownership through honorific titles and elkâbs helps to comprehend at least one dimension of transformation of Ottoman provinces in 17th and 18th centuries. This article aims to describe the structure of çiftliks and their productive activities on the one hand, and on the other, to determine the motivations effective in çiftlik sales by using sale contracts along with inheritance records. Thus, the reflection of the relationship correlated between proliferation of çiftliks and rise of the local notables to the çiftlik market can be traced. Therefore, çiftlik sale contracts have the potential to add a new perspective to çiftlik debates.

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PROTESTANT MISSIONARIES IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY ESKI ZAĞRA (STARA ZAGORA)

Author(s): Elmira Vasileva / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Protestant religious mission in nineteenth-century Eski Zağra was carried out by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, whose station in the town functioned between 1859 and 1877. The mission objective was spiritual reformation of the Bulgarians and the means used by the missionaries in the town included, together with preaching, educational and publication activities. Very important initiative was the organization of a girls’ school, which generated some interest among town people. But most of the missionaries’ efforts met opposition or at least indifference. Although the Americans did not achieve any considerable religious success, they had some wider cultural influence in nineteenth-century Eski Zağra.

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Един български глас от Болград. Програми за политически суверенитет на нацията на страниците на вестник „Български глас“ (1876–1877)

Author(s): Vera Boneva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3-4/2000

The article presents the programmes for national sovereignty of the Bulgarians launched on the pages of one of the most outstanding political newspapers published in Bulgaria in the period April 17, 1876 – August 27, 1877, the newspaper “Bulgarski Glas”, edited by the public figure Kiro Touleshkov. One of the great experts in the press of the Bulgarian National Revival, B. Andreev, characterizes the publication in question as “a purely political paper with a strong revolutionary orientation”. This qualification is true and well-grounded. The idea of an abrupt and categorical break with the structures of the Ottoman State sounds in the text or context of most publicistic material included in the pages of the “Bulgarski Glas” newspaper. Nevertheless, Kiro Touleshkov’s publication presents also the three possible alternatives for Bulgaria’s future state organization in the correlation dependence/ independence from the Turkish Sultan’s Government – administrative autonomy, political autonomy, full independence. The article interprets this phenomenon within the context of a more abstract notion of the Balkan ethnopolitical realities in the 19th century. The editor demonstrates in a convincing way that no Balkan nation has received its state sovereignty all at once and to a full degree. In a direct text or with the help of historical examples he persistently insists that the strength of the “Little” factor in “big politics” is expressed in their skill to discover the optimal prospects for solving their problems to link their plans (initiatives) and commitments with the shortest and most painless road to the mentioned optimum. Assuming also the possibility for Bulgaria not to obtain at once and in full her State independence, the publication expresses a well-measured political flexibility. And that without letting out of sight the nation’s ultimate goal: attaining full State sovereignty in the natural ethnic boundaries. By their attitude the circles standing behind the publication gave clear signals of their skill to work in a mature and responsible fashion in the field of the National Revival press.

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Европа, Балканите и българите (XV–XVII в.) Някои историографски проблеми

Author(s): Ekaterina Vecheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5-6/2000

The theme of Europe, the Balkans and the Bulgarians has different aspects and considerable literature has accumulated on it in West European, Balkan and Bulgarian historiography. The most general survey made shows that for European historical thought of considerably greater interest as from the first centuries of the New Age were the questions connected with the political might and social structure of the Ottoman Empire. The studies on the Balkan peoples and their relations with the Catholic states as an independent subject of research are considerably less numerous. Bulgaria and the Bulgarians most often are included in the works of Slavicists, philologists and that chiefly with their political and cultural activities in the period prior to the Ottoman settlement in Europe. The achievements of Bulgarian and Balkan historiography prove that in the difficult conditions of the Ottoman feudal state, although at a considerably slower tempo economic processes similar to the European developed in the Balkans. Special room is devoted in the article to certain problems in historiography to the relations between East and West in the cultural sphere and between Catholicism and Orthodoxy. The need emerges for a thorough and detailed study of a number of questions the answers to which will contribute to the fuller elucidation of the structure and character of the Bulgarian and all-Balkan, and of the all-European culture.

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България, „балканизацията“ и Европа

Author(s): Georgi Markov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5-6/2000

The peoples of SE Europe have gone through hard tests and great sufferings of the extremely painful condition, called “Balkanization” in the world encyclopaedias. The causes for the sorrowful1 glory are as much of a regional character as they rest in the egoistic geopolitical schemes of the Great Powers. As a matter of fact no more wrongs were done in the southeastern part of the Old Continent than in the other “civilized” countries. Globalization in the economy does not mean that the Europeans will be standardized to the extent of not knowing what sort of people they are. Difference leads to unity in variety and is no obstacle to joining the achievements of the others. The inhabitants of the Balkans are not “second class” Europeans. The Balkans can be not only the end but also the beginning of Europe depending on the point of view. Today the Balkan peoples return not to Europe but to the forgotten economic and political values. They may cure themselves of the “Balkanization” and prove that the Balkans are an inseparable part of Europe.

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Пътища на индустриализацията: протоиндустриите в Европа и в българските земи (XVIII–XIX в.)

Author(s): Svetla Ianeva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5-6/2000

Two circles of problems are considered, in the article. In the first part is set forth the theory of protoindustrialization (in its development) and its importance for the investigation of some of the most important economic and demographic processes or modern times. Then an attempt is made to back with arguments the interest in studying the development of protoindustrial forms of production in the Bulgarian lands during the National Revival. In a concise manner is described the present state of the studies of the mass regionally specialized, productions in this country, designed for regular export to distant markets in which emerge different forms and degrees of dependence or the producers on the intermediary merchants. Some initial prospects for the study of the development of protoindustries in these lands both at a macro-level (their degree of distribution and concrete forms in an urban and a rural environment, models of co-existence of the different protoindustrial productions, etc.), and at the micro-level of the household are outlined.

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Аверкий Петрович – един светъл образ от Българското възраждане

Author(s): Konstantin Hamamdjiev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/1999

Averkii Petrovich was one of the figures who distinguished themselves in the field of education during the mature period of the Bulgarian national Revival. From his youth to his death he devoted himself with consistency and zeal to the modernization of the Bulgarian society that had lagged behind owing to the centuries long isolation from the development of Europe. A. Petrovich was born about 1829 in Sopot at the foot of the Stara Planina Mountains. Very young he became a monk at the Sopot monastery, and in 1845 entered the Belgrade seminary. During his studies in Belgrade which he successfully ended in 1848 he translated two Serbian books. After his return to Sopot, without leaving the monastery, for a few years he worked as teacher in the school there and continued to translate books. In 1858 A. Petrovich left for Kiev and joined the Kiev Theological Academy. Four years later his thirst for knowledge led him to Dresden where he studied German and French and continued to occupy himself with literature. In 1865 Petrovich went again to Belgrade and afterwards to other Serbian towns where he worked as a school master and continued to translate. At that time he did not dare to return to his motherland, fearing persecution by the Patriarchate of Constantinople. In 1872, after a prolonged struggle, the newly established Bulgarian Exarchate began to function and A. Petrovich was elected Metropolitan of the Vratsa diocese. Unfortunately, he soon clashed with the contradictory interests of the Turkish administration and the Bulgarian church community. Although highly educated, he lacked the practical skill to overcome complicated political situations. This compelled him after one year to hand in his resignation and to return to Constantinople. There for another few years he engaged in ecclesiastical and literary work, and died in early 1878, only months before the establishment of the new Bulgarian State.

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Васил Н. Рашеев и търговските връзки на Габрово с Одеса през ХІХ в.

Author(s): Daniela Tsoneva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/1999

In the late 18th and during the 19th century in Gabrovo existed a considerably big merchant class that with its activity not only met the requirements of the time but also contributed to the emergence of Gabrovo as an important commercial centre. The commercial relations of the town with Odessa were an expression of its economic capacity and prospects. The History Museum – Gabrovo keeps commercial accounts, statements and letters of Vassil Rasheev, addressed to the Gabrovo merchants Totyu Antipov, Roussi Stoyanov and Radoslav Iliev. These papers cover the period from July 1866 to July 1887 and make possible certain inferences and conclusions to be made concerning the ties of the Gabrovo merchants with Odessa. Through Vassil Rasheev they imported hides and wool. The data from the documents offer abundant material about the purchase of these items. Owing to their fragmentariness it is not possible to make a quantitative analysis. When compared, however, they give an idea of the kind of the articles exchanged between Gabrovo and Odessa, the way in which trade was conducted and the routes of transporting the goods, the movement of prices and the relations between the merchants. Important information about the commerce with Odessa is obtained also from the letters of the Svishtov merchant Aleko h.Konstantinov and the inhabitant of Gabrovo Nanyu Trifonov, a merchant in Constantinople, to the Gabrovo merchants mentioned above. The Gabrovo merchants imported from Odessa also fish, caviar and butter. The participation of the Gabrovo merchants in Russian-Bulgarian trade contributed to the development of the local market, to the expansion of artisan production in Gabrovo, to the accumulation of funds and the consolidation of commercial capital. These trade relations contributed to the favourable development of the commodity-financial relations and also to the gradual integration of the Bulgarian lands in the European economy.

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Първото завладяване на Буда от османците през 1526 г. и историята на една еврейска фамилия

Author(s): Evgeniy Radoushev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/1998

The article acquaints one with newly discovered Ottoman documents concerning the first capture of Buda by Sultan Suleiman I in 1526. The documents shed light on the events connected with handing over the keys of the fortress to the Ottoman ruler; this was done by Solomon, the son of Yasef, representative of the Jewish community in the city. Sultan Suleiman I granted privileges to this family which were confirmed by every following ruler up to the second half of the 19th c. In the course of time Solomon’s offspring scattered over the territory of the Balkan possessions of the Ottomans, and a branch of the family came to the town of Rousse. The official Ottoman documents presented in the article provide interesting details about the relations of these persons with the authorities and about their position in the Islamic Empire. This source material is of interest for the students of the early Ottoman conquests in Central Europe and for those who are interested in the history of the Jews in the Balkan lands.

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Новооткрити приписки от Котел

Author(s): Ivan Roussev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/1998

In this article are published for the first time newly discovered marginal notes in ten liturgical books form Kotel, kept at present in the churches of the town, in the Sliven State Art Gallery and in private family archives. These texts contain information about various events: the Kotel revolt of 1809, the population in 1830, the Crimean War (1853–1856), the April Uprising (1876), the Russo-Turkish War of Liberation (1877–1878), the Reunification (1885), about names and events connected with local history, and local Kotel families. Particularly impressive are the scholia in the menologion dated form the end of the 18th and the very beginning of the 19th century and the interesting chronicle of Randyu Stanchev Randev (1833–1919). The newly found marginal notes should be regarded as part of the rich literary heritage of the Kotel area owing to which the interest of the researchers in them would be fully justified.

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Берлинский мир перед русским общественным мнением

Author(s): Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin,Sergey Leonidovich Chernov / Language(s): Bulgarian,Russian Issue: 3-4/1998

The text of B.N. Chicherin’s memorandum “The Peace of Berlin before Russian Public Opinion” is accompanied by an explanatory text of Associate Professor Sergey Leonidovich Chernov of “M.L. Lomonosov” Moscow State University, a researcher of Russia’s foreign policy problems during the second half of the 19th c. The article acquaints the readers with the principal view that existed in Russian society in 1878 on the decisions of San Stefano and Berlin, and with the specific opinion of B.N. Chicherin of the role of the state and particularly of Russia in the dynamically changing process in the European Southeast. B.N. Chicherin developed in detail this position in the document published where also he sought a behaviour of the Russian Empire adequate to the established situation and advantageous for the interest of the state.

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Развитие на първоначалните училища в Разлог и Разложко (1885–1912)

Author(s): Georgi Trenchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5-6/1998

After the Russo-Turkish War of Liberation in 1877–1878 and the Congress of Berlin, the Razlog areas remained within the boundaries of the Ottoman Empire. The Turkish authorities with the assistance of the Patriarchate of Constantinople tried to destroy the established school structure and to stop the development of education in the region. It was only after 1885 when at the Bulgarian Exarchate was set up a “School Department”, that it took over the management and control of the entire network of schools and introduced uniform plans and programmes for the primary schools in Macedonia and Thrace. The rapid development of the primary school in the Razlog are, the inclusion of ever more children in school age and the appointment of teachers were an achievement for the development of education in the area which had remained outside the boundaries of free Bulgaria. Notwithstanding the difficulties, the primary schools in Razlog and the Razlog area performed their function of mass popular schools that provided literacy and good preparation for entering the higher level of education.

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