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Мемоарът на Александър Екзарх до Великите сили от 23.I.1843 г.

Author(s): Vera Boneva / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 2/1997

Although the memoir of Alexander Exarch is known to Bulgarian historians, it has not been printed in full. The authoress interprets the Memoir which in point of fact was a political declaration of the Bulgarian political centre in Paris in the early 1840s. It clearly defined the ways in which the all-Bulgarian movement for spiritual and political development should be realized. The memoir gives also a clear idea of its author, Alexander Exarch, one of the most active champions of the cause of Bulgaria’s liberation in the middle of the past century.

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Европейските провинции на Османската империя през XVI–XVII век в най-новите трудове на унгарски и български историци (1985–1996) (Опит за сравнителен анализ)

Author(s): Elena Grozdanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/1997

The brief parallel survey of the studies during the last decade into the European provinces of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th – 17th c. in historiography permits the drawing of some most general conclusions. The large number of scholarly studies and their indubitable scientific merits continue to uphold the high prestige of Bulgarian and Hungarian science in the field of Ottoman research, built up and consolidated already in the preceding decades, noticeable and fully understandable is the preference of the preference of the researchers for their native history during the Ottoman period, examined within the natural ethnic boundaries of the Hungarian and Bulgarian lands respectively. Problems of the political, economic and cultural history and also of historical demography are dealt with in harmony. Practically without exception the research is carried out on the basis of abundant newly found source material and contains important factual and conceptual contributions. A drawing closer of the stands of Hungarian and Bulgarian Osmanists emerges in the interpretation of historical events. Some romantic and extreme assessments which retain as their perimeter chiefly more popular publications are being abandoned. Studies by Hungarian and Bulgarian Osmanists ever more often are present in thematic collections and other publications brought out in Germany, Great Britain, France, Austria, Russia, Turkey and elsewhere. One should regret, however, that the Bulgarian and Hungarian historians, with very few exceptions, do not know each other as authors. If this historiographic survey stimulates at least to some degree greater mutual scientific interest, it could considered that it has realized, though partially, its intention.

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Унгария в политиката на Османската империя

Author(s): Pál Fodor,Klára Hegyi / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/1996

After the Ottomans had gradually crushed the resistance of the Hungarian Kingdom in a constant wartime of more than one hundred years, from the 1520s on they began to occupy Hungarian territories. Concerning the political aims of Suleyman (1520–1566) two diametrically opposed views have been advanced. One group of scholars maintain that the Ottoman ruler did not want to subjugate Hungary directly, but he wished to compel the Hungarians to accept a vassal status similar to that of the Moldavian and Wallachian principalities. According to others, the Ottoman ruler intended to extend his dominion over Hungary right from the outset, and to this end he used the traditional Ottoman method of gradual conquest. The authors of the article share the latter opinion, and at first they demonstrate how the strategy of gradual conquest was put into practice in Hungary between 1520 and 1541. At the same time they regard the Ottoman occupation of Central Hungary in 1541 as a consequence of the Habsburg aspiration as well. Originally, both the Ottomans and the Habsburgs aimed at dominating the whole of Hungary, but, due to the balance of their military forces, none of them was able to carry out maximum programme. As a result, Hungary became an area of war and conflicts between two world empires for more than 150 years, and the Hungarian Kingdom, which had been exceptionally unified during the Middle Ages, was divided into three spheres of political influence: Ottoman, Habsburg and Transylvanian. Since the military forces of the Habsburg and the Ottoman empires virtually balanced each other in the 16th century, none of them was able to conquer the whole of Hungary. Consequently, they divided the country, establishing a state of permanent wartime for 150 years, which did not totally appease itself even when the two opponents were theoretically at peace. Because of the constant state of war and the country’s being in the front line the Ottomans garrisoned a very considerable regular army (of some 25 000 men in the 1570s) there, which was completed by thousands of unregistered soldiers. Turkish administration in the capital and in the country regarded as its chief task the provision of this military force. The Ottoman rule in Hungary remained before all a military occupation, civil authority only manifesting itself in the field of the administration of landed property and of finances. There was hardly any effort of Islamization in Hungary, the Hungarian laws remained in force, and the municipalities of the Hungarian towns and villages also lived on and even increased their independence. The export of cattle and wine and also the cultural relations linked the territory under Ottoman occupation to the royal part of the country and to Western Europe.

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Унгария и турската опасност по времето на Сигизмунд (1387–1437)

Author(s): Pál Engel / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/1996

The article offers a summary of the Hungarian-Turkish relation from the battle of the Kosovo Plain in 1389 the death of King Sigismund. The author stresses the unique significance of the Ottoman conquest from the point of view of Hungarian foreign policy in the long run. It namely put an end to the Hungarian kingdom as a Great Power on the Balkans, a status enjoyed in the age of the Arpads and the Anjous. From then on, Hungary was reduced to self-defence and the inherent loss of prestige caused problems of orientation among the leading elite of the country. The article attempts to give a novel interpretation to the Balkan policy of the Hungarian kingdom in the 15th century. The author maintains that after the defeat at Nicopolis in 1396 King Sigismund tried to make the neighbouring principalities on the Balkans into a king of cordon sanitaire against the Ottoman threat. This is what explains his grants of estates for the Balkan princes in Hungary and his campaigns against Bosnia in 1405-1410 when the tried to make the country part of his defence system. When his cordon sanitaire broke up in the 1420’s, the king tried to make it up with a new type of defence policy. On the one hand he had a system of border castles built, and on the other he took Belgrade and built out a unified military administration in the Southern Province under the leadership of the brothers Talloci in the 1430’s.

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Н. Данова. Константин Г. Фотинов в културното и идейно-политическото развитие на Балканите през XIX век. София, Академично издателство „М. Дринов“, 1994. 466 с.

Author(s): Rumyana Radkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/1995

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Никополският санджак през XV–XVI век. Административно-териториално деление

Author(s): Rumen Kovachev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/1995

The occupation of the Bulgarian lands in the late 14th c. by the Ottomans had important consequences for a number of aspects of the life of the local population. The concrete military-strategic situation and tasks facing the conquerors determined also the directions of the military-administrative structure of these territories. The sancak of Nikopol was formed on the basis of a considerable part of the territory of the Kingdom of Turnovo. In an administrative respect it was divided into nahiyes, and from the end of the 15th c. some of them formed kazas. The system of roads, fortresses and strong points along the Danube existing before the invasion were retained. The task of the rapid military and administrative consolidation of these parts of the Peninsula became a fundamental goal of the local and central authorities from the middle of the 15th century on. With the change of the general military-strategical situation in the lower reaches of the Danube and in the direction of the Crimean Peninsula and Southern Russia was changed also the motivation in forming the administrative structure of the sancak.

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Из историята на заема за българската черква във Фенер –Цариград

Author(s): Evgenia Davidova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/1995

The subject of this communication is a less known fact – the granting in 1859 a loan of one million kurus for the construction of the “St. Trinity” church planned by the Bulgarians living in Constantinople. The creditors were the Tupchileshtov brothers and the Geshov brothers, members of a specially elected board for carrying out the project. For a number of reasons the plan was not realized. Later the lenders began to demand their money back from the Bulgarian municipality in Constantinople, from the Bulgarian Exarchate and from the Bulgarian State. In the ultimate analysis the National Assembly decided to return part of the sum to them. In succession are examined the standpoint of the creditors, the position of the Exarchate, the comments in the press, the letters and memoirs of some eyewitnesses. What makes the subject attractive is the possibility to put it in the context of the events of the 70s of the 19th century and the first two decades after the Liberation. This “minor” theme has so far not been the object of special research interest but it may be included in the “major” rubric “History of Mentality”. The information provided introduces nuances in the notion of the attitude of the representatives of the big Bulgarian bourgeoisie to the different forms of the liberation movement, in this case to its legal manifestations.

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PRIKAZI

Author(s): Enes Pelidija,Boris Nilević,Milka Zdraveva,Vera Ilić,Nusret Šehić,Ilijas Hadžibegović,Budimir Miličić,Slobodan Branković,Drago Borovčanin,Behija Zlatar,Miralem Arslanagić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 14-15/1978

Reviews of: Radovan Samardžić, “Sulejman i Rokselana”, Srpska književna zadruga, kolo LXIX, knjiga 463, Beograd 1976, str. 691; Zdravko Kajmaković, Georgije Mitrojanović, »Veselin Masleša«, Biblioteka: »Kulturno nasljeđe«, Sarajevo 1977, str. 406; Aleksandar Matkovski, “Kreposništvoto vo Makedonija vo vreme na turskoto vladeenje. – Le servage en Macédoine pendant la domination turque”. Izd. Institut za nacionalna istorija, Skopje 1978, str. 411; Galib Šljivo, “Klek i Sutorina u međunarodnim odnosima 1815-1878”, Filozofski fakultet u Beogradu, Beograd 1977. godine; Mitar Papić, “Istorija srpskih škola u Bosni i Hercegovini”, IP »Veselin Masleša«, Bilblioteka »Kulturno nasljeđe«, Sarajevo 1978, str. 191; Enver Redžić, “Austromarksizam i jugoslavensko pitanje”, Institut za savremenu istoriju, IP »Narodna knjiga«, Beograd 1977, str. 497; Ahmed Hadžirović, “Sindikalni pokret u Bosni i Hercegovini 1918 – 1941.” Izdanje Instituta za istoriju u Sarajevu i Izdavačke organizacije »Rad« u Beogradu, Beograd 1978, str. 501; Zbornik dokumenata i podataka o narodnooslobodilačkom ratu naroda Jugoslavije, tom 12, knjiga, 3, Vojnoistorijski institut, Beograd 1978; Branko Petranović i dr Čedomir Štrbac, “Istorija socijalističke Jugoslavije”, »Radnička štampa«, Beograd 1977, knjiga, I, II, III,; Prilozi za orijentalnu filologiju XXV/1975, Orijentalni Institut, Sarajevo 1977; VI Jugoslovenski simpozijum o nastavi istorije, Banjaluka 1. 2. i 3. septembra, 1978. godine.

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Задължения и статут на рударите в българските земи през XV–XIX в.

Author(s): Elena Grozdanova,Stefan Andreev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 8/1991

The research is made on the basis of Ottoman-Turkish sources from the oriental section of the People’s library “Sv. Sv. Cyril and Methodius” in Sofia, the History Archive of Macedonia, seated in Thessalonika, some Turkish archives in Instanbul, the collection of microfilms of the State Archive in Budapest etc., and includes the main ore-mining centres in the Central and the East part of the Balkan peninsula with an accent on the Bulgarian lands. The chronological frames coincide with the period of the Ottoman rule. The obligations of the different categories people, directly involved in the ore-mining and metallurgy and in the service sphere (madehci, küreci, kömurcü) are traced. It is found out that regardless of some local differences the statute of the directly involved in the ore-mining and metallurgy “privilidged” raja is characterized mainly with the following peculiarities: 1) because of their obligations they are free from taxes and duties, and mostly from the category of the extraordinary ones (avariz-i divaniye ve tekâlif-i örfiye) and exceptionally rare from the pay-tax djzizie (cizye); 2) some of the taxes are payed on a small scale; 3) in the first centuries they are free from blood tax (devsirme); 4) minimal payment of their labour at places; 5) they are free from obligations of other sources of economic activity, regulated analogically from the Ottoman state (for example they do not participate in the obtaining of salt, which is entrusted to the so-called solari (tuzcu)). Some violations in the statute officially provided for the. Ore-miners as compensation for their labour are also pointed out.

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Džamije u Gornjem i Srednjem Polimlju podignute u vrijeme osmanske vlasti

Author(s): Nada Tomović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 7/2022

The aim of this paper is to show how and why the Ottoman Empire built so many mosques in a geographically small area of Upper and Middle Polimlje (today 's Montenegro). In this area, mosques where built since the Ottoman occupation in the middle of 15th century to the end of Ottoman rule. This area was of exceptional strategic importance for the Ottomans, especially in the 17th and 18th century. Thus, a large number of mosques were built during this period and new urban settlements arose around them. Although those were mostly smaller mosques, some of them were built by the sultans. The Ottomans ruled this area from 1455 to 1912. We have data on the construction of the first mosques shortly after the area fell under the Ottomans. In the beginning, the mosques were built in fortifications for the needs of the army. With the establishment of new towns, the mosques were built for the needs of the rest of the population. We can follow the construction of mosques in this area through the change of the ethnic structure of the population. The establishment of Ottoman rule changed the ethnic and religious structure of the population. This is common for all towns in the Balkans under the Ottoman rule, including those in today's Montenegro. There are huge differences in the structure of the population at the beginning and end of the Ottoman rule. The ethnic structure of squares and towns at the time of the establishment of Ottoman rule corresponded to the structure of the population of the surrounding villages and even wider regions. Today 's area of Middle and Upper Polimlje was inhabited by the Orthodox population before the arrival of Ottomans, which is confirmed by domestic and foreign sources. With the arrival of Ottoman Empire, Muslims appeared more and more often in squares and towns and in time they grew into the mafority of the population in the area of Upper and Middle Polimlje. In the beginning, they were soldiers, officials, clergy, craftsmen, merchants and others, and later, increasingly, the local the spread of Islam element. The spread of Islam of the Christian population began with the establishment of Ottoman rule. It was more intensive since the 1530s and especially in the second half of the 16th century. Mass the spread of Islam in Montenegrin towns was completed by the middle of the 17th century. Change of the religious structure of the population of Upper and Middle Polimlje did not take place with the same intensity and at the same time. That depended on a number of factors, so the results were different. Bihor received an Islamic garrison at the time of its conquest in 1455, so it developed as a Muslim settlement from the beginning of Ottoman rule. The local population in and around the town was also affected by the spread of Islam. The construction of Gusinje and Plav as military strongholds and the seat of the Ottoman administration led to major changes in the structure of local population. Muslims came to these places and then Muslim cultural and religious institutions were built. The spread of Islam of the local population began as well, which was Orthodox in the Plav nahiye until the end of the 16th century. This process, as well as the emigration of part of Christians, completely changed the religious structure of the population during the 17th century, not only in those two places but also in the surrounding villages. The increase of the Muslim population in the whole area of Polimlje came especially after the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699), when a large Muslim population came to these areas from the territories which were no longer under the Ottoman rule. In the J 680s, the Ottoman government managed to quell many uprisings in this area, which influenced many Christians to leave the area. By the middle of the 18th century, the Muslim population became dominant in Upper and Middle Polimlje. The increase of Muslim population imposed the construction of religious buildings, ie. mosques. The construction of mosques intensified and followed the growth of the population of the Islamic religion. Since these areas were located on the edges of the Empire, the architecture there was under special and specific influences. The largest number of mosques built during the Ottoman rule in this area were mosques with a hipped roof, built of wood or a combination of wood and brick. This type of construction must be connected with the geographical specifics of the area. Mosques with domes were also built, but not often. They were made of stone or less often of stone and brick. This paper attempts to give an overview of the construction of mosques during the Ottoman rule in Upper and Middle Polimlje, their architectural characteristics and who were their founders, but also to give a critical observation at how religious intolerance, political circumstances and social negligence contributed to the devastation or complete destruction of many of these cultural treasures.

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Od Wielkiej Serbii do Królestwa SHS. Historyka ustroju uwag kilka

Author(s): Adam Lityński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

In the 19th century, the Balkan problem was a major political issue in Europe. The Balkans were under the rule of the Ottoman Empire for hundreds of years. Other great empires became increasingly involved in Balkan affairs: the Russian Empire and the Habsburg Empire of Austria (after 1867 Austria-Hungary). They divided the Balkans into their spheres of influence. The nations of the Balkans were culturally diverse. The process of forming the consciousness of nations was complicated; nationalisms and conflicts were growing. Religions were of great importance – Catholicism, Orthodoxy, Islam. Apart from tiny Montenegro, only the Serbs have fought heroically for independence since the early 19th century, making great sacrifices. Gradually they gained it: first, autonomy within the Ottoman Empire, then they became an independent principality, and finally an independent kingdom. From the mid-19th century until the end of World War I, they passed a total of five constitutions: 1835, 1869, 1888/9, 1901, 1903. They were based partly on the French (1814, 1830) and Belgian (1831) Basic Laws. All constitutions were relatively modern and liberal, at a high European level. In the article the author analyses and presents the most important contents of these constitutions. Over the years, a conviction was developed that it was Serbia that would unite and liberate the Balkan nations under its leadership. The author shows how the end of the First Great War brought a clash between the idea of a Greater Serbia and the ambitions of the Balkan nations living under Austro-Hungarian rule. The Kingdom of Serbs-Croats-Slovenes (Kingdom SHS) was established-full of internal troubles from the beginning.

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THE URBAN NETWORK OF RÜŞDIYYES IN THE BALKANS AND IN ANATOLIA IN THE 1840S – 1870S

Author(s): Margarita Dobreva / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

Following the establishment of the first rüşdiyyes in Istanbul in 1847, the Council of Education launched an active policy of spreading their network in the entire territory of the Ottoman Empire. Exploring the process, the article pays attention to the edifices that housed them and the attempts to coeducate Muslims and Non-Muslims. Although its initial endeavors failed, the Council of Education did not hesitate and took every opportunity to promote the rüşdiyyes. The growth of the network was influenced by positive and negative factors, natural disasters and political events. The most important problem that slowed down its development was the difficulty to provide quickly an adequate building. Nevertheless, by January 1876 there was a rüşdiyye in almost two-thirds of all Ottoman administrative centres. Nowadays many of the rüşdiyye edifices have been demolished while modernizing the urban environment. The article is based on documents and newspapers kept in the Sts Cyril and Methodius National Library of Bulgaria, the Istanbul Ottoman Archive, the Library of the Turkish Historical Society, the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Taksim Atatürk Library, and the Library of the Turkiye Diyanet Foundation Centre for Islamic Studies.

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ZIMMIS (NON-MUSLIMS) OF RUSÇUK AND THEIR NEIGHBOURHOODS IN THE RIDDLE OF A MID-18th-CENTURY. DETAILED AVARIZ TAX REGISTER AND BEYOND

Author(s): Mariya Shusharova / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

The aim of this paper is to cast more light on the spatial and demographic development of the mid-18th century town of Rusçuk (mod. Ruse) – a center of an Ottoman district (kaza) on the Lower Danube. The basic source for the study is a rare mid-18th century detailed avariz register. However, this “ready overall account” of the local population posed two general problems: 1) the acute confessional disproportions, with the extremely low numbers of the local non-Muslim communities (comprising about 10 % of the town’s population); 2) the ‘flexibility’ of the Christian neighbourhoods. This predetermined the particular focus on the zimmis (non-Muslims) as the first part of the study elaborates the demographic dynamics, town neighbourhoods network formation, religious institutions, local parish and monasteries networks in a long term perspective (16th – 18th centuries) examining different types of state tax-registers (tapu tahrir, avariz, detailed post-1690’ cizye registrations). Beside the registers, the collection of the kadı court records (sicils) of the local sharia judges of Rusçuk are particularly valuable source approached here for a more thorough interpretation of the level of inclusiveness of the mid-18th-century macro-framework and of outlining some of its major “demographic” gaps. The sicils spotlight the relevant processes and contextualize the application of the taxation policy in situ, tracing both continuity and serious transformations of the town tissue. The shifts were more tangible in the mahalles of the non-Muslim as well as in the process of the town askeri çiftliks’ proliferation. The latter in particular spotted one of the major demographic “gaps” of the mid-18th-century register as it generally surveyed the dwellers of the town neighbourhoods omitting the reaya of the town askeri çiftliks (mostly Christians). Thus, this study points at the robust functioning of the local Christian institutions within the framework of much more optimistic demographic parameters of the community than those attested in the mid-18th century avariz register proper.Another micro-focus of the study is the family story of the only priest registered in the town in this mid-18th-century avariz defter – here corroborating the information from the marginal notes left by his ancestors, and thus presenting a more vivid image of those who guided the parishioners in the 18th-century Rusçuk.

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DONATION AND PERSONALITY: THE SAROGLU CASE

Author(s): Yura Konstantinova / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

The present article seeks to analyze, via the act of donation, the relationship between donor and donee on the basis of the particular case of the will of the merchant Zafir Saroglu (1795 – 1887). Zafir Saroglu’s bequest portrays him both as a responsible family man, an exemplary Greek subject and a Bulgarian patriot who cared for Bulgaria’s prosperity. His bequest also contains the donor’s understanding of the problems facing the young Bulgarian state. In his opinion, they were focused on the need to modernize Bulgarian agriculture and raise the literacy level of the population. However, none of his plans came to fruition – his money was used for anti-Bulgarian causes and military purposes, and his name sank into oblivion.

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OCJENE I PRIKAZI

Author(s): Sabaheta Gačanin,Emrah Seljaci,Fuad Ohranović,Merisa Đido,Esad Duraković,Sabina Bakšić,Vedad Hurić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 71/2022

Review of: Esad Duraković - Amra Mulović, DISKURSNA ANALIZA GOVORA PREDSJEDNIKA SVRGNUTIH TOKOM ARAPSKOG PROLJEĆA, Centar za napredne studije, Sarajevo, 2020, 245 str. Vedad Hurić - Amira Trnka-Uzunović, ARAPSKI VEZNICI I NJIHOVA SEMANTIKA U KURʼANU, Fakultet islamskih nauka i El-Kalem, Biblioteka monografije 20, Sarajevo, 2020, 227 str. Sabina Bakšić - Ekrem Čaušević, Barbara Kerovec, TURSKI I HRVATSKI U USPOREDBI I KONTRASTIRANJU: SINTAGMA I JEDNOSTAVNA REČENICA, Ibis grafika, Zagreb, 2021, 319 str. Esad Duraković - Madžida Mašić, POETIKA GAZELA U DIVANU AHMEDA TALIBA BOŠNJAKA, Univerzitet u Sarajevu – Orijentalni institut, Posebna izdanja LXIV, Sarajevo, 2021, 234 str. Merisa Đido - Munir Drkić, OSNOVE PERZIJSKOG JEZIKA – GRAMATIKA SA VJEŽBAMA, Univerzitet u Sarajevu – Filozofski fakultet, Kulturni centar Ambasade IR Iran u BiH, Sarajevo, 2021, 185 str. Fuad Ohranović - Vjeran Kursar, Nenad Moačanin, Kornelija Jurin Starčević (eds.), EVLIYA ÇELEBI IN THE BORDERLANDS: NEW INSIGHTS AND NOVEL APPROACHES TO THE SEYAHATNAME (WESTERN BALKANS AND IRAN SECTIONS), Srednja Evropa, Zagreb 2021, 230 str. Emrah Seljaci - Alma Omanović-Veladžić, HRONIKA MUHAMEDA ENVERIJA KADIĆA KAO IZVOR ZA IZUČAVANJE KULTURNE HISTORIJE BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE, Univerzitet u Sarajevu - Orijentalni institut, Posebna izdanja LXV, Sarajevo 2021, 755 str. Sabaheta Gačanin - Mubera Bavčić i Lamija Hatibović, BIBLIOGRAFIJA IZDANJA ORIJENTALNOG INSTITUTA 1950. – 2020. / BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE INSTITUTE FOR ORIENTAL STUDIES 1950 - 2020, Posebna izdanja LXVI, UNSA OIS, Sarajevo 2021, 400 str.

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TEKST KAO MJESTO SUSRETA UČENJAKA: PRAGMALINGVISTIČKA ANALIZA IDŽAZETNAMA IZ OSMANSKOG PERIODA

Author(s): Amra Mulović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 71/2022

This paper deals with a pragmalinguistic analysis of five ʼiğāza manuscripts written in Arabic during the Ottoman period in the 18th century and one written at the beginning of the 20th century which were issued mostly to Bosnian scholars. ʼIğāza is a specific type of document and textual form common in the Islamic world. It confers upon a recipient the right to transmit a text, a specific knowledge he acquired, or to teach. This article investigates the performance of the speech acts in the corpus from the perspective of historical pragmatics within the framework of the speech act theory and the politeness theory. Since ʼiğāzas are extremely conventionalized texts, different types of speech acts, expressives, directives and declarations, the explicit and implicit form of their realization, as well as the principles of politeness, are viewed with regard to socio-historical contextual factors.

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SARAJEVSKI MULA ŠEJHZADE ES-SEJJID MUHAMED SEID-EFENDIJA I NJEGOVA ULOGA U BOSANSKOM EJALETU (1795-1814)

Author(s): Behçet Loklar / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 71/2022

Šejhzade es-sejjid Muhamed Seid-efendi held the office of the mullah of Sarajevo on four separate occasions, which was unprecedented until his time. He held this duty for about five years and, in a political sense, his term in office represented one of the most difficult periods of the Empire and the eyelet of Bosnia. During the career of Šejhzade at the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth century in Belgrade and Sarajevo, the political and social events were at a high level and this undoubtedly enabled him to play an important role in political decisions made in those cities. This paper mainly focuses on the period of Šejhzade’s jurisdiction in Sarajevo, to the extent permitted by the available sources. The process of his appointment in Sarajevo, his experiences with the central administration during the extension of his period in the office, his desire to remain permanently in Sarajevo, the family relationships which he established in the city, and his relationships with other representatives of the ulema in Sarajevo are the main subjects of this paper. This work tries to contribute to the study of political factions and problems among the social strata of Sarajevo and the eyalet of Bosnia in the mentioned time frame.

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Търговското предприемачество в научното творчество на проф. Виржиния Паскалева: достижения и насоки за бъдещи изследователски дирения

Author(s): Ivaylo Naydenov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2022

The article sheds light on the socio-economic development of the Bulgarian lands during the 18th and 19th century on the basis of the publications written by the prominent Bulgarian historian Prof. Virjinia Paskaleva (1925–2012). In the second part of the article a possible research approach has been proposed, through which the achievements of Prof. Paskaleva can be elaborated further. The proposed approach is based on economic theory and economic sociology. Based on various primary sources, Prof. V. Paskaleva traced the economic ties of the Bulgarian lands with Austria/Austro- Hungary, England, France and Russia. She highlighted the role of the Bulgarian entrepreneurs who carried out commercial relations with the mentioned states. She managed to find and present valuable information regarding numerous entrepreneurs and their business activities. She shed light on the intermediation role of some powerful Bulgarian trade houses (“Pulievi-Georgievi”, “Tapchileshtovi”, etc.) in the Balkan and European trade relations. In several publications, V. Paskaleva focused on the role of the intensive foreign commercial relations for the lively craft production in a number of settlements across Ottoman Bulgaria during the Early National Revival period (second half of the 18th century) and later. Prof. Paskaleva put efforts to investigate and elaborate the problem of the “domestic”/“national” market, which continues to intrigue researchers. She paid attention to the qualities of certain economic actors, the role of immigrant entrepreneurs, the family nature of commercial activity, etc. All this represents a solid foundation for further research. It can be carried out with the help of economic theory (e.g. views on the functions of the entrepreneur) and the new economic sociology. Views on social, family and human capital, on the role of social/ entrepreneurial networks can help to systematize and present in a cogent way the uniform facts extracted from available primary sources (commercial correspondence, notebooks, contracts, etc.). It is necessary to research the available documents in Bulgarian archives and abroad. Such an investigation would help to understand a number of aspects of the Bulgarian economic development in the past.

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ŠLJIVA U PRIVREDI BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE (1861-1918)

Author(s): Salkan Užičanin / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 7/2021

Few products, which today seem so marginal, had capital importance for national well-being and the country's economy like plums. Bosnia and Herzegovina had particularly favorable climatic and pedological features for plum cultivation. These natural benefits and the multiple possibility of exploitation have enabled the plum to take a dominant place among Bosnian fruits. Its economic importance did not go unnoticed by the Ottoman and later Austro-Hungarian authorities, who paid special attention to it. Therefore, it should not be surprising that in the observed period the plum was a kind of national treasure, and plum growing was the most developed branch of fruit growing. The Austro-Hungarian occupation authorities especially improved the method of processing and the sale of plums and contributed to its becoming an important economic branch.

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The Farm and Family of a Well-To-Do Peasant from the Province of Rumeli in the Early Seventeenth Century

Author(s): Stefka Parveva / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2022

The study aims to outline the main characteristics of the farm of a well-to-do peasant from the province of Rumeli in the early seventeenth century and to tell his family story. The first part of the study analyzes the inheritance inventory (tereke defter) of the properties of Tsono, son of Todor from the village of Dobroslavtsi in the kaza of Sofia, left to his heirs after his death. The microeconomics of the farm he created is reconstructed. Its potential for providing surpluses from agriculture and animal husbandry and for the formation of the property status of the family is analyzed. The second part of the study, based on information from documents (hüccets) registered in the kadı court records of Sofia from 1617, examines aspects of family history, focusing on the murder of the said peasant, organized by his wife and carried out by two of his countrymen. The criminal and spiritual aspects of the crime are analyzed, the ways and means that existed during the epoch for its avoidance are outlined.

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