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Brazylijski rejs „Lwowa” na łamach „Świata” i „Tygodnika Ilustrowanego”

Author(s): Monika Gabryś-Sławińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2021

The aim of this article is to compare the modelling of media and memoir coverage of the Brazilian voyage of the “Lviv” in 1923 in two popular illustrated cultural magazines of the interwar period: Świat and Tygodnik Ilustrowany. To reconstruct the forms the message, publications from the years 1922–1925 were traced, i.e., those printed before, during, and shortly after the voyage. Using the comparative method and editorial collation, B. Pawłowicz’s and T. Dębicki’s reports published in the magazines were compared with their first book editions. As a result of this contextual analysis, the author shows how the choice of the information strategy pursued by the periodical influenced the modelling of the travel message. This information strategy also determined the reduction of the components presented and led to the creation of two separate stories, bringing people closer to the reality of life in São Vicente, Portugal, or the Brazilian state.

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„Przemówił dziad do obrazu” – historia pewnej polemiki

Author(s): Magdalena Sadlik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 18/2018

The following paper is a recollection of a series of articles by Tadeusz Kudliński, published in ”Ilustrowany Kurier Codzienny” (1936–37). “Teatralne mielizny” were very popular with readers, especially young playwrights, supported by the critic. The articles written by the Cracow „teatrał” (theatre man) aroused a heated discussion in the press, and the initiative to create Studio 39 can be regarded as its aftermath. Contrary to previous assurances concerning the final conclusion of the ”sandback” dispute, Kudliński took up the topic again nine months after the publication of the last part of the series, and his text “Przemówił dziad do obrazu” provoked the response by Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński. Thus, the whole discussion on the articles, as well as the theatre initiative brought to life by their soul, ends with three polemical texts, published in press, whose main character has, unexpectedly, become the hero of an old Polish proverb.

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Prasa, książka, biblioteka: analiza dorobku publikacyjnego Ewy Wójcik za lata 1990–2020

Author(s): Sabina Kwiecień,Beata Langer / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2022

This article provides an overview of the scientific achievements of Ewa Wójcik. As a researcher of history of the press and history of the Lviv publishing and bookstore movements in the years 1990–2020, she published 74 original scientific publications, including 7 authored and co-authored monographs as well as 59 articles and scientific dissertations. Ewa Wójcik’s research interests were centred around two main problem areas – the history of the press (37.9%), in particular Polish calendars of the interwar period and popular science magazines until 1939, as well as the history of the publishing and bookselling movements (33.8%). In the second area, the author focused her attention on the Lviv publishing market, investigating the lives of publishers, booksellers and antiquarians. Other works (28%) present, e.g., bibliographies of press studies published in Poland in the years 1939–1945.

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Rozwijanie umiejętności czytania i czytelnictwa uczniów szkół powszechnych w Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej, w świetle programów nauczania i wskazań do realizacji nowych programów szkolnych

Author(s): Zofia Frączek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2022

This article is an attempt to present activities related to the development of reading skills and readership of pupils in the Second Polish Republic (1919–1938). This was a difficult period in the history of Poland due to the rebuilding of the country after the partitions. The unification of the Poland’s school system and the popularization of reading were seen as determinants of a successfully developed society. This article outlines the transformations of Polish education and new trends in pedagogy that impacted the development of readership during the Second Republic of Poland. Included in this article is also an analysis of selected curricula for teaching Polish language in public schools and guidelines for how they were implemented with a focus on the development of reading and reading skills.

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Maria Mazankówna-Friedbergowa (1900–1993) – zapomniana specjalistka od bibliografii historii polskiej

Author(s): Alicja Matczuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2022

Maria Eleonora Mazankówna-Friedbergowa (1900–1993) is one of the outstanding bibliographers of the interwar period, and she specialized in the field of Polish history. Together with Kazimierz Tyszkowski, she compiled the Bibliography of History of Poland covering 1926–1928. After she left Lviv for Krakow, she took over the editorial office of the publishing house. She published bibliographic lists for 1929–1934 that were highly appreciated by the scientific community. The outbreak of World War II prevented the publication of the materials collected by Mazankówna-Friedbergowa for 1935–1939. This later appeared in print in 1976, and again in 1981. She rejected the proposal to participate in the work on the republishing of the Bibliography of History of Poland due to numerous errors and shortcomings made by the incumbent editor Karol Maleczyński.

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Political, Cultural, and Social Factors in the Transformations of the Children’s Book Market in Poland on the Example of Nasza Księgarnia Publishing House

Author(s): Bożena Hojka,Elżbieta Jamróz-Stolarska / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2022

Poland’s turbulent history, marked by several changes in the political system, has combined with dynamic economic, social, and cultural factors to profoundly affect the operations of all industries, including the publishing sector. This paper outlines the development of Nasza Księgarnia (literally: Our Bookshop), a publishing house founded in 1921 whose one-century-long history perfectly embodies the profound transformations which the Polish market of children’s and young adults’ books has experienced from the moment Poland regained sovereign statehood in 1918, through the communist period and the political transition of 1989, to the beginning of the new millennium. The argument is theoretically underpinned by the framework proposed by Michael Bhaskar (Bhaskar 2013), and the operations of Nasza Księgarnia are examined in terms of its crucial notions of framing, filtering, and amplification. At the same time, Hans Heino-Ewers’s (Heino-Ewers 2009) model of children’s literary communication is applied to highlight the specific role of Nasza Księgarnia as a publisher for children and young adults. These two theoretical tools offer insight into the ways in which political and social changes affected the evolution of the publishing repertoire and the editorial form of the children’s book in Poland throughout and at the turn of the 20th century

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The Peace of Riga and the Recovery of Polish Literary Heritage

Author(s): Dorota Pietrzkiewicz / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2021

The Peace of Riga is considered by historians as one of the most important documents of the interwar period in Eastern Europe. It established the central belt of the western border of Russia, forced Marshal Józef Piłsudski to abandon plans to establish an Eastern European federation, which had an impact on the character of the recovering Republic, and sanctioned the borders and political system of Belarus and Ukraine. These issues have been considered by researchers, as reflected in the literature on the subject, but only a few papers discuss issues related to the restitution of book collections and archival documents. The purpose of the present article is to highlight the recovery of works of Polish literary heritage carried out under the Peace of Riga. It shows the involvement of the Polish scientific community in receiving manuscripts, prints (including incunabula), engravings, and archives of Polish provenance from Russian institutions. Today, the confiscated Polish manuscripts and prints that could not be recovered under the Peace of Riga are subject to the international cooperation of librarians from Warsaw and St. Petersburg

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Prasa w debacie parlamentarnej w świetle Sprawozdań Stenograficznych z Posiedzeń Sejmu Ustawodawczego (1919–1922) oraz Sprawozdań Stenograficznych z Posiedzeń Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej (1922–1939): projekcja badań, wstępne ustalenia

Author(s): Grażyna Wrona / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2021

The basic research assumption of this article is that the theme of the press, together with its derivative forms, was present in the statements of politicians that were given during the parliamentary debates of the interwar period, and related to the multi-threaded panorama of the most important events constituting the history of this period. These topics appeared in a specific and identifiable context, and through their diversity they presented, from the perspective of the Sejm tribunes, the complexity of the political, social, economic, and cultural problems of interwar Poland. Therefore, when studying these texts, it is first necessary to consider how to decipher them, before moving on to determine the intensity of their occurrence and to establish the relationship between the participants of communication, and finally to identify the direct addressee. In fact, the topic of each speech was related to its main illocution. The source material for this research project will be the Transcripts of the Sittings of the Legislative Sejm (1919–1922), which was formed in February 1919, and the Transcripts of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland (1922–1939).

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Od „Gazety Automobilowej” do „Czasopisma Automobilowego”… – narodziny polskiej prasy motoryzacyjnej

Author(s): Adam Bańdo / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2018

Automotive press in Poland has a long tradition reaching to the times of partitions. The first Polish automotive periodical to appear was “Gazeta Automobilowa” (Automobile Gazette), appearing in Lviv for only a few months in 1911. Another, equally short-lived magazine appeared in Krakow under the name “Czasopismo Automobilowe” (Automobile Magazine, 1920-1921). The article is devoted to these two little-known and unique periodicals.

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Wokół lwowskiej edycji Pokoju na poddaszu… Wandy Wasilewskiej (1940)

Author(s): Krzysztof Woźniakowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2018

The article revolves around the reedition of a youth novel A Room in the Attic (Pokój na poddaszu, 1939) by Wanda Wasilewska, published under the Soviet occupation of Lviv by the Kiev-Lviv National Minorities State Publishing USSR in 1940. It attempts to place it on the background of the entirety of the modest release production of this publishing house in the area of belles-lettres in the years 1940–1941 (among 181 published books only 26 literary positions, including only 7 from Polish literature), pointing most of all to the changes made by the Soviet censorship in regards to the pre-war original (especially the elimination of all mentions of Poland and liberation fights, pejorative descriptions of Russian people in the context of the remembering of 1905 revolution, mentions of religion, the words “pan” and “pani” (lord and lady), and – by adding a few sentences not present in the original – bolstering the “class” context of the text and changing the expression of the ending from moderately optimistic to pessimistic). The post-war reeditions of the novel by Wasilewska in PPR (from 1946–1988) restored the pre-war integral version of the text, rendering the cut-down and changed Lviv version invalid, and making it a documentation of its times.

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Z badań nad rynkiem wydawniczo -księgarskim lat 1918–1939. O książce Moniki Olczak -Kardas, „Nasza Księgarnia” na tle rynku wydawniczo księgarskiego Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej

Author(s): Anna Dymmel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2018

Review of: M. Olczak-Kardas, „Nasza Księgarnia” na tle rynku wydawniczo księgarskiego Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej. Kielce: Towarzystwo Naukowo-Kulturalne Oddział w Kielcach, 2014.

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Vilniaus fenomenas ar skaudulys: eksdiviziniai namai 1795–1940 m.

Author(s): Aelita Ambrulevičiūtė,Giedrė Polkaitė-Petkevičienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 1/2023

Documents, memoirs of Vilnius residents, and the press from the second half of the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century, refer to a block of exdivisional houses located mainly on Žydų, Antokolskis, and Stiklių streets, where buildings are in a state of disrepair, with a high density of inhabitants, and unhygienic living conditions. These sources inspired the question of the changes in the once attractive housing near the city centre between 1795 and 1940: the emergence of the exdivisional houses in the Jewish quarter of Vilnius, the aspects of the degradation of the housing in the quarter, the initiatives of the administration of the city of Vilnius and the inhabitants for the renewal of the quarter. Analysing the development of the quarter in the long term will allow us to contribute to contemporary urban sociological research, which often lacks the historical context of urban development.

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Польща і Поляки в політичній стратегії ОУН (1929–1942)

Author(s): Ołeksandr Zajcew / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 4/2022

In the 1930s, the political strategy implemented by the Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) contained various projects for solving the ‘Polish question’ during the future national revolution: from the forced repatriation of colonists resettled in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia in the 1920s and 1930s to the ‘final solution’ of the question by exterminating some of the Poles and expelling the rest to their ethnic lands. The last concept, proposed by Mykhailo Kolodzins’kyi, was supported by the most radical group of OUN activists. At first, they had no decisive influence on decision-making. After the outbreak of World War II, a series of events led to the strengthening of the OUN’s radical wing. The turning point was the proposal by the military referents of the OUN(b) at the end of 1942 to carry out the forced eviction of Poles during future general mobilisation. At the beginning of 1943, the concept of ‘cleansing the territory’ of the Polish population finally prevailed in the Volhynian leadership of the OUN(b).

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„TABLELE LEGII PENTRU PREZENTUL ȘI VIITORUL NOSTRU”. PREDICA MITROPOLITULUI NICOLAE BĂLAN AL ARDEALULUI LA TÂRNOSIREA CATEDRALEI ÎNCORONĂRII DE LA ALBA IULIA

Author(s): Nicolae Jan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2023

The sermon of Metropolitan Nicolae Bălan of Trasylvania at the consecration of the Coronation church of Alba Iulia on 8 October 1922 is a homiletical document of historical and spiritual value and best expresses the enthusiasm that animated the protagonists of the moment. In fact, Metropolitan Nicolae Bălan had been the main editor of the "Revista Teologică" (Theological Review) and professor of Theology at the Andreian Academy in Sibiu, an authentic Șaguna spirit and promoter of the culture of preaching. The Metropolitan's speech also reflects the relations between Church and State after the unification of 1918, when a Byzantine symphony was being created. Situated between historicism and the theology of history, Metropolitan Bălan's sermon inaugurated and highlighted a privileged place of memory, the Coronation Cathedral (1922), linked to the princely and royal past, and later, it would be he who would call it the Cathedral of Reunification (1948), after the tragic events that took place after the communist regime came to power. The centenary of the Coronation (2022) brings back the prophetic resonance of the words of one of the Metropolitan's sermons and the royal scent of the former cathedral.

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MITROPOLITUL PRIMAT MIRON CRISTEA ȘI ROLUL ACESTUIA ÎN DESFĂȘURAREA ÎNCORONĂRII DE LA ALBA IULIA

Author(s): Paul-Ersilian Roșca / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2023

The coronation of King Ferdinand and Queen Marie at Alba Iulia on the 15th of October 1922 was to become one of those emblematic and historic moments in the process of Romania becoming whole. Consequently, this was the beginning of an ample and ambitious project, which aimed for the construction of a Coronation Cathedral, the preparation of the anointment ceremony of the two sovereigns, immortalising the enthronement of King Ferdinand and Queen Marie, for which a special commission was established. As expected, the Primate of the Romanian Orthodox Church, Primate Metropolitan Miron Cristea, the future patriarch, received an extremely important role, that of conceiving the protocol and the liturgical structure of the religious services during the Coronation ceremony, the hierarch being given a free hand to sketch the project in the first stage. Gradually, however, in a political, religious and even quite complicated diplomatic context, Miron Cristea found himself faced with more or less camouflaged imperatives regarding the change or complete removal of certain ceremony elements considered unacceptable by King Ferdinand I. Consequently, the role the Primate Metropolitan expected the Romanian Orthodox Church to play in the Coronation ceremonies turned into a secondary one, an almost marginal one. It was proved that driving away from the „Byzantine Symphony”, the relations between Monarchy and the Church were entering a new phase of their relationship, one in which interdependence was no longer a sine qua non condition.

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FLORIAN RUSAN, PREOT MILITAR ȘI PAROH ORTODOX LA MAIERI, ÎN ALBA IULIA. CONTRIBUȚII DOCUMENTARE

Author(s): Răzvan Mihai Neagu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2023

In the last issue of Apulum journal, we tried to bring to light the essential data from the biography of priest Florian Rusan, the parish priest of the Maieri Alba Iulia Orthodox parish. He was a lesser-known clerical personality, and some data from his biography are unreliable. In the present material, we will try to present to the reading public a new side of his clerical career, that of a military confessor. Priest Rusan took care of the shepherding and guidance of the young Romanian soldiers with great dedication and solicitude. His mission was not easy. Florian Rusan faced many problems, and not a few times he had to call on his own resources. Among the problems he faced in his activity, one of the most important was the phenomenon of sectarianism. Florian Rusan managed to gather the soldiers around the church, taking care of their problems very carefully. He gave them numerous sermons and speeches through which he instilled in them the love of nation and country, as well as attachment to the Royal Family. The tireless priest also carried out his work at the military hospital in Alba Iulia or at the penitentiary.

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„REUNIUNEA DE CETIRE ȘI CÂNTĂRI A ECONOMILOR ȘI MESERIAȘILOR DIN ALBA IULIA” ÎN DOCUMENTELE DE ARHIVĂ

Author(s): Bogdan Laurențiu Avram / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2023

In the early years of the 20th century, the "Meeting of Traders and Craftsmen from Alba Iulia" was established in Alba Iulia. This organization had three important purposes: to establish a lodge, a library, and a vocal choir. The choral formation of this association represented for the musical culture of our town a symbiosis between church choral music and secular choral music. Conductors and choristers offered concerts for the public who loved the art of sound both in the town's churches and in the "Caragiale" Theater hall. The choral band's repertoire was a diverse one that included both church pieces, pieces from the local secular repertoire, as well as musical parts from international operas.

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Myśliwcy zapomniani. Działania polskich pilotów myśliwskich na zapleczu frontu we wrześniu 1939 roku

Author(s): Grzegorz Śliżewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3-4/2018

The article contains a description of the September 1939 actions of Polish fighter force situated at the rear of the front. The tasks were carried out above all by pilots who were aviation instructors and partly by their mentees, as well as by pilots of units created spontaneously by other units located at the rear and having fighter planes at their disposal. The material focuses mainly at determining the list of pilots who carried out combat flights even though they did not belong to frontline units. The potential of their activity and the chances of fighting German air force have also been assessed. The article is a contribution to further studies on the activity of the air force in September 1939.

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Zanim ruszyły czołgi. Francuska broń pancerna u progu II wojny światowej (wybrane aspekty)

Author(s): Wojciech Mazur / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2017

After the end of World War I the French army, having several thousand tanks at their disposal, seemed to be an armoured superpower. In the following years, however, this great number of combat vehicles was rather a burden than an asset – delaying the decision to replace the rapidly aging equipment with more modern solutions. Works on such solutions had not started on a larger scale until the 1930s. They were carried on for a relatively long time though, and the developed models of equipment had drawbacks that were fundamental from the military user’s point of view. What is more, the equipment was produced definitely too slowly, and the potential of its effective use in battle was limited i.a. by the flaws in the organization structure of the armed forces. Thus, on the eve of World War II, the French armoured forces wer still at the stage of modernization and reorganization, not being fully ready for military confrontation with the armed forces of the East neighbour.

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Batalion Obrony Narodowej „Starogard” (82 batalion piechoty) 1937–1939

Author(s): Janusz Morkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2017

In September 1939, apart from the active and reserve units, the Polish Army also put up numerous national defense battalions. In this paper the author has presented the history of the National Defense Battalion “Starogard”. It starts with its set up in the beginning of 1937 and ends several days after the capitulation of its last elements in Warsaw. On the basis of an extensive collection of reports, gathered thanks to the author’s many-year effort, the reader has an opportunity to get to know the successive stages of the unit’s functioning – its formation, training, coordination, and finally mobilization and – reconstructed faithfully, day after day – the battalion’s combat trail during the Polish campaign of 1939. The article also contains an appendix with a collection of the ND Battalion “Starogard” officers’ and non-commissioned officers’ biography notes. Although the collection is not complete, it is a valuable supplement to the history of the battalion. The author hopes that his work shall contribute to better knowledge on the history of the Polish Army units’ combat in September 1939.

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