[Проблематика роботи двох авторів-режисерів («парних» сценаристів і режисерів) над дебютним фільмом у другій половині 30-х рр. XX ст.

Author(s): Oleksandr Bezruchko / Language(s): English / Issue: 38/2017

The purposes of the work are to investigate and analyze all stages of functioning of stage-director tandem of Yulia Ippolitovna Solntseva and Mikhail Borisovich Vinyarskiy above the film «As steel was tempered» on the Kyiv Film Studios (Film Studios of Feature Films). Methodology. The research methodology consists in application of methods of scientific reconstruction, objectivity and historical method. These methodological approaches allow to recreate the picture of cultural process on the base of the archived data and discover historical and study of art pre-conditions of appearance and range of problems of work of two stages-directors («pair» scenario writers and stage-directors) above debut films. Scientific Novelty. The scientific novelty of the research consists in opening of the unknown phenomenon of the soviet cinema: range of problems of work of two stages-directors («pair» scenario writers and stage-directors) above debut films in the second half 30th of 21st century. On the basis of the unknown archived documents and materials of the cinematographic press of that period, all stages of functioning of film director’s tandem of of Yulia Ippolitovna Solntseva and Mikhail Borisovich Vinyarskiy above the film «As steel was tempered» on the Kyiv Film Studios (Film Studios of Feature Films) are reconstructed. Conclusions. Summing up, the range of problems of work of two stages-directors («pair» scenario writers and stage-directors) is investigational above debut in the second half 30th of 21st century. It is told about pre-history of creation and first stage of work of film director’s tandem of Y. Solntseva – M. Vinyarskiy. The role and place of each participants of this creative tandem are found out. The little-known pages of work of stage-director tandem of Y. Solntseva – M. Vinyarskiy above the movie «As steel was tempered» are reconstructed. The author lists up the main reasons of ending the cinematographic project.

120 lat polskiej obecności w Argentynie (1897-2017). Historia i teraźniejszość

Author(s): Piotr Wasilewski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2019

The origins of Polish emigration to Argentina date back to the 19th century. Poles emigrated to this distant, overseas country, first as individuals and then in larger groups. We can distinguish several waves of Polish collective emigration to Argentina: pre-war, that is, the period of partitions, with special regard to 1897, interwar and post-war, especially from 1945-1950. The article summarizes the information we have about the historical aspects of the phenomenon described, explains the reasons for the trips, highlights the role of the clergy, lists the most important places for Poles to settle, and the ways and forms of maintaining Polish national identity, both in the past and in the present.

15 March 1939 and the occupation of Prague Castle

Author(s): Pavel Zeman / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

The occupation of the Czech lands in March 1939 and Adolf Hitler’s stay in Prague on 15 and 16 March 1939 have been described in both specialist and memoir literature. Yet new archival materials relating to these events are still emerging. These include the report on the occupation of Prague Castle from May 1939 by JUDr. Karel Strnad, an official of the President’s Office, and two German documents: on President Emil Hácha’s return from Berlin on 15 March 1939 and on Adolf Hitler’s stay at Prague Castle.

1914–1939 m. Vokietijoje paskelbtų atsiminimų apie Didįjį karą Rytprūsiuose publikavimo dinamika ir turinys

Author(s): Hektoras Vitkus / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 1/2017

Based on the statistical analysis of bibliographical data and the methods of content analysis and structuralist narratology, the research sets out to determine the dynamics of publication of the memoirs on the Great War in East Prussia that were published in Germany in the period of 1914–1939 as well as to investigate the tendencies of change in their content. The memoirs on the Great War in East Prussia have neither been studied in terms of content nor the dynamics of publication. Therefore, this study provided an opportunity to not only single out the prevailing storylines relating to the topic of remembrance of the Great War in East Prussia but also to reveal the dynamics of their circulation in German publishing.

1918 – A geopolitical catastrophe for Ukraine

Author(s): Yaroslav Hrytsak / Language(s): English / Issue: 6/2018

There is merit in perusing counterfactual history – which is not about what happened, but what could have happened. It allows us to reconsider simple questions and search for more precise answers. Why the Ukrainian revolution lost in 1918 is one such question.

1920 – 1950’li YILLAR AZERBAYCAN EDEBİYATINDA MİLLİ MANEVİ İDEALLER HAKİM İDEOLOJİNİN GİRDABINDA

Author(s): Yasar RIZAYEV / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 2/2009

1920-1950s, national-spiritual ideals of the Azerbaijan literature in the servitude of the judge ideology. This article is dealt from in which condition was national-spiritual ideals of Azerbaijan literature in the servitude of the soviet ideology and problems of Azerbaijani writers lived during this period.

1920'li Yıllarda Avrupa'da Sinema ve Tiyatroda Ermeni Propagandası

Author(s): Arif Kolay / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 2/2017

The content of the article is the effort of Armenians to use some of the theatres/movies produced by them against Turks as a tool of propaganda in 1920’s in various cities of Europe (Stockholm, Hague, Geneva, Bern etc.) and the effort of Turkish embassy officers to prevent this. The study was prepared by using the Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives. The role of this propaganda will be better understood in the context of the Armenian issue reached today.

1922–1940 m. universitetas Lietuvoje, kaip pilietinės visuomenės židinys

Author(s): Mantas Simanavicius / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 15/2015

The University of Lithuania (Vytautas Magnus), which was established during the first independent Republic of Lithuania and operated during the interwar period, has already attracted the attention of many historians, who have analysed its activities. Still, the research on the University from the perspective of civil society is scarce. The present article attempts to discuss and assess the role of the University and its academic community in the society and in the relationship with the government in the context of civil activity. The civil activity of the University or civil activity at the University is especially important, taking into consideration its autonomy and its use when the country changed from democracy to an authoritarian regime and consolidated it.In the present article, the processes related to civil society at the University are analysed from several perspectives: the relationship between the University and society; autonomy maintenance; the contribution and influence of the pedagogical staff; the importance of the University rector; the influence of students and their organizations, especially Students’ Representatives; and the internationality of teachers and students. The relationship with the government and its policy is integrated into different historical research as a horizontal measure. The abovementioned aspects of historical research are the components of the natural and organic activity of the University. Thus, the article aims at showing the university as the source of civil society activity.

1923 Nüfus Mübadelesine Mizah Penceresinden Bakmak: Zümrüdüanka

Author(s): Nuray Firindioglu Yilmaz / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 2/2017

The Greek- Turkish 1923 population exchange has played an important role in Turkish history both politically and socially. Since about 2 million Greeks and Turks were ousted from their homelands, this issue has quickly become problematic due to some main concerns and conflicts over its form and instruments, the definition and the scale of the refugees, and the legal status of their left property. These problems led the refugees to experience a number of tragic incidents from the start of the implementation of the exchange almost until it is completed. This study reviews the Greek- Turkish population exchange that has been engraved in collective memory in every respect by analyzing the texts and caricatures in the comic book, Zümrüdüanka, that reflect its idiosyncratic sense of humor.

1924 m. gruodžio 1 d. komunistinis pučas Taline ir diplomatinė jo maskuotė

Author(s): Zenonas Butkus / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 43/2019

This article, based on the archives stored in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Russia and some recently published documents, investigates the coup attempted by the Soviets on December 1, 1924 in Tallinn and evaluates its consequences within the broad context of international relations. During the research, it was established that an attempt to stage a coup in Estonia had been undertaken both by the Estonian communists and the USSR leadership, which had the highest political body – the Politburo – and the Comintern, a self-crafted tool set up for spreading the communist movement around the world, at its disposal. Thus, the revolution was masterminded by the Soviet authorities, whereas the Estonian communists were mainly responsible for its implementation. The task of the coup leadership was to seize power and hold on to it for some time, long enough to request that the USSR “renders support.” Preparations were underway for such support. This is evidenced by military preparations in the northern regions of the USSR and the territory near the Estonian border as well as by the deployment of Soviet ships in the vicinity of Tallinn and the activities of the Soviet embassy located in the capital. The attempted coup turned into a putsch due to the maximum conspiracy of their organizers. The conspiracy was brought about by the then-public awareness that the revolutionary events in Germany in 1923 had been instigated by the Soviets. The attempted coup in Estonia failed due to the extraordinary defensive operations put up by the Estonian authorities and power structures as well as due to the failure to involve the workers and the other strata of society in the coup. Latvia, Estonia’s only ally, was the first country to stand by Estonia’sside after the country withstood the attempted coup. The lessons were learnt not only by these two countries but by Lithuania as well. They began taking adequate measures to stifle communist activities. Neither France nor England or any other Western state made plans to deploy their fleets to the Baltic Sea to support the Estonians or at least show, in a demonstrative way, their support in such a trying time. They also failed to hold any diplomatic démarches against the Soviets opposing the export of revolution practiced by the Soviets. Due to diplomatic pressure imposed by the USSR, Estonia could not publicly and officially name the actual organizers of the putsch. As a result, only the local communists were indiscriminately accused. Such forced tactics, if only indirectly, had at least partially been influencing the area of historical research as well. However, the sudden and unequivocal liquidation of the putsch in Tallinn could have prompted the USSR to no longer expand its revolutionary export to the West, and the “abstinence” of such kind had lasted until the Second World War. The war itself and the previous collusion with Adolf Hitler made it possible for Stalin to cherish even greater ambitions to renew the spread of communism in other countries.

1930’LU YILLARDA AZERBAYCAN BAĞIMSIZLIK MÜCADELESİNDE BİR KESİT: KAFKASYA KONFEDERASYON ŞURASI

Author(s): Ali Haydar Soysüren / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 41/2019

When following the Bolshevik movement in 1920 Azerbaijan lost its independence, which was achieved after the October Revolution of 1917, she restarted its struggle for independence. Leaders of Azerbaijani nationalism in pursuit of independence continued to work towards their targets in different countries through different ways and methods. In this struggle, Azerbaijani nationalists occasionally came together with representatives of other nations that share similar fate, and the struggle against Soviet government created a natural ground for moving different elements of various nations together. The Shura of the Caucasus Confederation is an experience of this context in the 1930s. The experience of the Shura of the Caucasus Confederation, against the common enemy on the axis of the Caucasian common identity, of the "National Liberation Movement of Azerbaijan" under the leadership of Mehmet Emin Rasulzade together with Northern Caucasus Turkish nationalists and the Georgian Mensheviks is a remarkable example in terms of understanding the process of Azerbaijan's independence struggle in the 1930s.

1931 m. gruodžio 31 d. visuomeninių organizacijų surašymas: tautinių mažumų atstovavimo skerspjūvis

Author(s): Vitalijus Gailius / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 2/2015

Based on the data from the census of Lithuanian public organizations of 31 December 1931 and additional statistical sources, such as the population census of 1923 as well as various volumes of Statistical Yearbook of Lithuania, the article addresses the problems of organizations of ethnic minorities. The paper discusses the common characteristics and provides an in-depth analysis of the factors that could decide a different involvement of ethnic minorities in public organizations in different counties. It also presents the dynamics of the organizational network.

1933 M. TEISMŲ REFORMA IR KLAIPĖDOS KRAŠTO JUSTICIJA

Author(s): Ieva Deviatnikovaite / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 97/2018

The article reviews Reform of Lithuanian judiciary in 1933 insofar as it relates to the judiciary of the Memel Territory. Issues related to the implementation of this reform are discussed, as well as the demands of the Germany and Signatory States. The research is done mainly on the bases of the documents found in the Central State Archives of Lithuania: pro memoria of the governors of the Memel Territory, the letters of Lithuanian ministers and officials of the Directorate of the Territory, conversations between representatives of Germany, Signatory States and Lithuania, statutes of the Memel Territory, and case law of the Senior Tribunal of the Republic of Lithuania. Commentaries on Lithuanian laws and publications by interwar Lithuanian scientists and mass media have been used as well.

20. századi magyar asztrológusok a rendszerváltásig

Author(s): Márton Veszprémy / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 2/2019

The oeuvre and significance of Hungarian astrologer Ervin Baktay cannot properly be understood without knowing the intellectual milieu in which he lived and worked. He wished to learn astrology from László Györffy, and was acquainted with Eduard Lederer. He perhaps personally taught Károly John, influenced Sándor Raisz and Kurt Rechnitz, and many others – among them Ervin Borbély and Emil Móricz – through his textbook. Who were these persons? Where did they come from, and how did they become interested in astrology? How did astrology appear in Hungary in the first place? What was the attitude of the government towards astrology and its practitioners in the interwar period during Horthy’s conservative regime, or during the decades of communist dictatorship? These are the questions I intend to answer by examining the biographies of twentieth-century Hungarian astrologers from the time of astrology’s appearance in the 1920s up to the end of the communist era in 1989.

30-ųjų karta be moterų, arba Apie moters tapatybės vaizdinį Nikitos Chruščiovo laikotarpio spaudoje ir poezijoje

Author(s): Jurgita Žana Raškeviciute / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 1/2018

This article analyzes the perception of women’s identity as it was created in the press in the period of Nikita Khrushchev’s rule (in the magazine Tarybinė moteris, “The Soviet Woman”) as well as in the poetry written by both men and women of the so-called 1930s generation. By taking a closer look at discourses across different levels, connections, conflicts, tensions, denials and contradictions were revealed, uncovering the complicated and tense relationship between the ideological, masculine and feminine paradigms that offer different identities. This serves to demonstrate how men and women have tried to accommodate their traditionally inherited, personal relationships with ideological perceptions. After describing the engineering of a woman’s image in the magazine and analyzing the images in male and female poetry, it became clear that this version of Soviet feminism was more regularly and consistently realized by men in their work, who had described the process of creating the Soviet world (the emergence of collective farms and the role of women in this process, ideological connection between the woman and the new order etc.). It was revealed that women were much more likely to be portrayed as negative characters in respect to the system than men, their worldview being based on values inherited from the interwar Lithuania, determining their obscurantism and secretive life. The emancipation of women in men’s discourse is almost without exception based on directly transposed Soviet postulates. A more personal perspective and relationship with a woman emerges as a traditionally inherited patriarchal paradigm of the woman-as-a-mother identity, which is disassociated from the Mother Heroine image by a personal and intimate articulation of the relationship. The images of the emancipation of Soviet women that appear in male poetry are taken up as postulates of the new system, but these images are never incorporated in the articulation of their worldview, always remaining as part of the new society’s architectonics. In the work of J. Degutytė, the only more prominent female poet of the period in question, two directions in the conception of women’s identity are observed: the official one, which shows the adopted image of hyperreality as being at the core of the new woman’s identity, an assumed woman’ self-image as being responsible for social sensitivity, and the stance of the party-appreciating mother. When the self-image of a woman is not thematized but rather manifests itself as the self-awareness of the speaking female subject, the female “I” appears as the acting subject that transforms the female attributes (emotionality, sensitivity etc.), traditionally perceived as restrictive, into opening up opportunities for action and possessing an existential perspective. The most intense exposure of the female subject to the world is portrayed as an act of creativity, whereas the creative aspirations of women in the poetry of men of the same time are associated exclusively with childbirth.

50 lecie odrodzonego Muzeum Ziemi Wieluńskiej

Author(s): Jan Ksiazek / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 14/2014

Historia wieluńskiego muzealnictwa sięga okresu międzywojennego. Wówczas grupa pasjonatów skupionych w organizacji Polska Macierz Szkolna zaangażowała się w powołanie regionalnego muzeum. Jej działaczka, Felicja z Morzyckich Rymarkiewiczowa, właścicielka majątku ziemskiego w podwieluńskim Niedzielsku, na stworzenie irozwój muzeum poświęciła swoją energię iśrodki finansowe. W powstanie nowej instytucji kultury włączyły się również władze powiatowe, które na siedzibę muzeum przekazały cztery sale w pałacu, wzniesionym w połowie XIX w. na murach średniowiecznego zamku, zczasem zamienionym na siedzibę Starostwa Powiatowego. Uroczystego otwarcia Muzeum Ziemi Wieluńskiej Polskiej Macierzy Szkolnej dokonano 10 X 1926 r. Po blisko dekadzie z sukcesem prowadzonej działalności powiększone zbiory przeniesiono do wykupionej i zaadaptowanej na cele wystawiennicze dawnej cerkwi przy ul.

90 GODINA HUSINSKE BUNE 1920-2010.

Author(s): Elvis Becirovic / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 3/2010

Ovaj rad govori o Husinskoj buni kao najvećem radničkom i socijalnom buntu bh. radništva. Bio je to štrajk i oružani otpor rudara rudnika uglja ''Kreka'' zbog Vladinog kršenja sporazuma o visini rudarskih nadnica. Učešće u ovoj buni uzelo je preko sedam hiljada radnika, a glavni organizator bila je tada još legalna Komunistička partija preko Saveza rudara na čijem se čelu nalazio istaknuti predratni tuzlanski radnički i sindikalni aktivista MitarTrifunović Učo. Zbog represalija monarhističke vlasti koje su prethodile generalnom štrajku rudara od 21. do 28. decembra 1920. godine, 300 rudara je iseljeno iz tuzlanske četvrti Kreka, te su se povukli sa štrajkačkim odborom u tuzlansko prigradsko naselje Husino. Njihov otpor je u krvi ugušen i to osam dana nakon pobune. Svi učesnici su pohapšeni, njih 350. U optužnici, koja je uslijedila godinu dana kasnije, jedan od glavnih aktera pobune, husinski rudar Jure Kerošević, optužen za ubistvo žandara, osuđen je na smrt vješanjem, a ostali učesnici bune na dugogodišnje zatvorske kazne. Protiv ovog suđenja i optužnice prema Keroševiću, u tadašnjoj Kraljevini SHS ali i u inostranstvu, vođena je velika akcija radničke solidarnosti, pa su monarhističke vlasti bile prinuđene da smrtnu kaznu Juri Keroševiću preimenuju na 20 godina teške robije. Cilj ovog rada je da u kraćim crtama prikaže društveni ambijent prvih godina nove države Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca nakon kraja Prvog svjetskog rata, ekonomsku situaciju u zemlji, uzroke, tok i završetak Husinske bune, te posljedice koje je ona ostavila na istoriju radničke klase ina istorijska zbivanja uopšte u Tuzli i BiH.

A "DEVOTED COLLABORATION BETWEEN DILETTANTES AND PROFESSIONAL ACTORS" - THE GERMAN THEATRE IN SIBIU AND ITS PROLIFEROUS ENVIRONMENT (1912-1921)

Author(s): Ursula Wittstock / Language(s): German / Issue: 12/2017

Theatre institutions rely not only on their public, but also on their significance as a cultural institution in an urban setting. Therefore, theatre historians should not only focus on the history of performances, but also on the extended cultural environment and its direct connections. Institutions like cultural centers, alternative performance spaces or educational contexts redefine the local value of the theatre. The paper focuses on the German theatre in Sibiu/Hermannstadt (Romania) from the point of view of three interactions with its environment in the years 1912-1921.

A DEBRECENI TUDOMÁNYEGYETEM GÖRÖG-LATIN PHILOLÓGIAI SZEMINÁRIUMÁNAK TÖRTÉNETE (1914—1949)

Author(s): József Mudrák / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 2/2006

A dravida nyelvek genetikai rokonsága más nyelvcsaládokkal

Author(s): István Major / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0