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"Я вернулся в мой город…": Неизвестныйвариант стихотворения О. Э. Мандельштама

Author(s): Marina Grigorievna Salman,Anna Dolinina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2015

This is the first publication of a previously unknown version of Osip Mandel’shtam’s poem “Ia vernulsia v moi gorod, znakomyi do slez...” (1930, 1932), which survived in the archive of the famous Russian scholar Arkady Dolinin (1883–1968) (currently located in the Manuscript Division of the National Library of Russia). It has come to us in the spisok (copy) made by an unknown person, who almost certainly met Mandel’shtam in the period between late December 1930 and early January 1931. Although the name of the copyist cannot be established, the text as such is remarkable in the way it differs from the final version.

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„Wyższa kultura duchowa”. Program i działalność Polskiego Towarzystwa Teozoficznego na Śląsku Cieszyńskim (1919–1931)

Author(s): Kamila Gęsikowska / Language(s): Polish

The book is dedicated to the study of program and activity of the Polish Theosophical Society in Cieszyn Silesia during the years 1919 – 1931 (the period of its most intense, also publishing, activity). The society, for the most part of its existence, was situated on the Czechoslovakian side of the border, and formed by the local historical and cultural conditions; due to that it formulated a distinctive program of which central part was the idea of “higher spiritual culture.”

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100 de ani de la Convenția de alianță româno-polonă din 1921

Author(s): Doru Liciu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-2/2021

The Romanian-Polish Convention of defensive alliance, signed a century ago on March 26, 1921, still represents a powerful symbol for the development of the excellent relations between Romania and Poland. The Romanian-Polish Convention of defensive alliance was renewed in 1926 as the Treaty of Guarantee and Conciliation between the Kingdom of Romania and the Republic of Poland, and once more in 1931. Between 1932 and 1936, the bilateral relations deteriorated due to diverging interests, but the treaty was tacitly renewed in 1936. The alliance become obsolete due to the outbreak of the Second World War, but Romania maintained its allegiance and offered its help to Poland. Despite German and Soviet pressure, Romania allowed the transit of the National Bank of Poland’s gold reserve and National Treasurers, in addition to about 100.000 Polish refugees, among them political leaders and 60,000 military personnel who reorganized and continued from exile the fight against Nazism and later Communism.

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19. YÜZYILIN SONLARI 20. YÜZYILIN BAŞLARINDA (1880-1930) TÜRKİSTAN SÜRELİ YAYINLARI VE KADIN KONUSUNA YAKLAŞIMLARI

Author(s): Yasemin IŞIK,Kübra Koç / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 74/2022

Turkistan Turks, who started to wake up with the “Cedidcilik (Principles-of Jadid/Jadidism)” movement that emerged in Western Turkestan, took advantage of the libertarian atmosphere that emerged after the declaration of the Constitutional Monarchy in 1905 in Tsarist Russia and accelerated their publishing activities even more. The libertarian and egalitarian atmosphere promised by the Bolsheviks blowing in the region with the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution lasted only until 1922; This situation is also reflected in social and cultural life. While these were happening in West Turkestan, East Turkestan was exposed to the attacks of the Chinese on the one hand and the Bolshevik Russians on the other. Some of the Turkestan intellectuals, who could not stand all these pressures, preferred to emigrate and published various newspapers and magazines in the countries they migrated to tell the whole world about the Turkestan cause. Intellectuals who preferred to stay in Turkestan despite all the difficulties experienced did not stay idle and expressed their views through newspapers and magazines by transforming their reactions to the pressures into intellectual movements. In these periodicals, the subjects are usually political; discussions on different issues such as social life, women, women’s rights were also discussed.

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1913-1917 Yılları Arasında Bulgaristan'dan Yapılan Göçler ve Emlak-ı Metruke Sorunları

Author(s): Suat Zeyrek,Hasan Hakan Ulutin / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 18/2020

In this article, despite being allied with the Ottoman Empire the policies of Bulgaria of which is force immigration against Turks and Muslims in Western Thrace between 1913-1917 will be discussed. In addition, land problems arising from migration will be discussed. Muslims were forced to migrate between the years 1913-1920, despite the explicit provision that "Turks staying in Bulgaria after the Balkan War will have equal rights with the Bulgarians" written in the Treaty of Istanbul (29 September 1913). The lands abandoned by the Muslims were occupied by the Bulgarians. During the war, some Bulgarians left the Ottoman lands and went to Bulgaria. The lands abandoned by the Muslims who left Bulgaria and the Bulgarians who immigrated to Bulgaria have become a problem between the two countries. A "miscellaneous commission" has been established to solve the problems that arise. It is understood that in this uncompromising policy followed by Bulgaria against the Ottoman Empire, Bulgarians trusted the Germans.

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1914–1939 m. Vokietijoje paskelbtų atsiminimų apie Didįjį karą Rytprūsiuose publikavimo dinamika ir turinys

Author(s): Hektoras Vitkus / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 1/2017

Based on the statistical analysis of bibliographical data and the methods of content analysis and structuralist narratology, the research sets out to determine the dynamics of publication of the memoirs on the Great War in East Prussia that were published in Germany in the period of 1914–1939 as well as to investigate the tendencies of change in their content. The memoirs on the Great War in East Prussia have neither been studied in terms of content nor the dynamics of publication. Therefore, this study provided an opportunity to not only single out the prevailing storylines relating to the topic of remembrance of the Great War in East Prussia but also to reveal the dynamics of their circulation in German publishing.

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1918–1940 M. STATYBOS TERMINIJOS DŪRINIŲ DARYBOS POLINKIAI

Author(s): Lina Rutkienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 92/2019

The article deals with the compound constructional terms in scientific literature, published between 1918 and 1940. In Lithuania, during the interwar period, the construction sector was rapidly expanding, there were many new realities, which called for many new terms, including compounds. Exclusive personalities were very important for the development of construction terms of this period and for the formation of this professional language: Kazimieras Vasiliauskas, Jonas Šimoliūnas, Pranas Morkūnas, Anatolijus Rozenbliumas, Pranas Jodele, Jonas Kiškinas, Juozas Gabrys and others. Not only did these construction engineers carry out significant research, writing articles and books, teaching young people, but also enriched construction terminology. Quantitative data of related terms from 33 scientific papers and articles on construction indicate that during the interwar period compounding was an important way of developing construction terms: in the literature read, 262 related compound terms were found. The German equivalents presented in addition to some of the compounds make the assumption that the Lithuanian compounds are to be regarded as partial or full evaluations. Although general types of Lithuanian compound terms are characterized by the same major types of compounding found in the the present Lithuanian language, analyzing the period from 1918 to 1940 construction terminology compounds, it is determined that they are made according to 10 types of production.

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1920 Tarihli Çok Gizli İngiliz İstihbarat Notundan TürkRus İlişkilerine Dair İki Belge Ve Analizleri

Author(s): Fatih Turgay Eldem / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2021

In this article, the very secret departmental note annexes written by Major Norman N. E. Bray, who was a political intelligence officer attached to the India Office of the United Kingdom (UK) Government, on 18 November 1920 have been translated and analyzed. The first of the annexes is the text of the military-political agreement, whose written negotiations started with the famous letter of Mustafa Kemal to Vladimir Lenin dated 26 April 1920 and concluded in July 1920. The second annex is the telegram Kazim Karabekir sent to Mustafa Kemal in October 1920, stating the conditions under which the Bolsheviks asked Turkish Nationalists to be accepted. From the content analysis of the documents, it has been seen that the GNA Government agreed with the Bolshevik Russian Government long before the Moscow Treaty and that the Bolsheviks were very influential in the Atatürk Revolutions.

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1921 წლის ყარსის ხელშეკრულება

Author(s): Irakli Baramidze / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 1/2018

On October 13, 1921, in Kars, representatives of the Soviet Azerbaijan, Soviet Armenia and Soviet Georgia – from one side, and Turkey – from other side, signed an agreement, which identified Turkey-Georgia border and laid the foundation for new neighboring relations. This was preceded by the Moscow Treaty on March 16 of the same year between Russia and Turkey, which included basic provisions that was reflected in the document signed in Kars. However the recognition of the terms of the Moscow Treaty in Kars confirmed by signatures the representatives of the government of Soviet Georgia, who did not express the will of the Georgian people and came to power in advance of the armed forces, by military aggression, the Treaty of Kars proved to be viable and after restoration of Independence of Georgia was recognized as the basis for new relations with Turkey.

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1921’de seyyar jandarma müfrezelerinin ilgasi meselesi

Author(s): İsmet Türkmen,Betül Tekinsoy / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2020

The first initiative of the Government of the National Assembly of the Grand National Assembly, the first year of the National Struggle, the consolidation of administrative and political authority in Anatolia, aimed at the effective handling of security measures. During this period, the Gendarmerie was the priority of the Assembly. In this respect, the Gendarmerie Organization, which is deprived of qualified commander and ranking personnel, has become a necessity again. The Parliamentary Government, seeking a solution to this situation, “The Law on the Establishment of Mobile Gendarmerie Detachments” was received. Number of 5 “Infantry, Cavalry Class, Gendarmerie Platoon Formation of Gendarmerie Plates” and was adopted on June 7, 1920. When the law was put into practice, the fact that the mobile gendarmerie units were in the hands of the military authority had experienced difficulties in the administrative and political spheres as expected. The newly established mobile gendarmerie organization, although under the command of the National Defense Act. in addition, there were regular gendarmerie units under the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Following the parliamentary meetings, the proposal of Bolu Mufti Yusuf İzzet Pasha and his accompanying deputies resulted in the regulation of the issuance of the rural security works to the gendarmerie attached to the Ministry of Interior.

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1921-1950 Yıllarında Türkiye-Suriye İlişkilerinde Emlak-ı Metruke Sorunu

Author(s): Pakize ÇOBAN KARABULUT / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 31/2022

The first problem between Syrian and Turkey was initiated by the Ankara Agreement signed with France in 1921. With this treaty, the border of Syria was drawn with a ruler regardless of the ethnic and religious structure. In this case, between the Turkish and Syrian Arabs living in the region it has led to the derelict property and start experiencing the border problems in Turkey and Syria.Between the years 1921-1950, which is discussed in the article, there were important developments in the region and in the world. One of these developments is the Derelict Property problems between Syria and Turkey. The most important factor of unsolved problems between both countries has been the effectiveness of France in regional administration. As long as France is a mandatory state in the region, Syria has endeavored to have negative relations with both its neighbors and the Arab world. Therefore, the border issue and the continuation of experienced real estate shortage that occurred between Turkey and Syria was also reflected in the foreign policy of the two neighboring countries has led to the persistence of negative and conflicting foreign policy relations. In this study, both the 1921-1950 periods, the abandoned property issue occurred between Syria and Turkey was also examined and discussed the role of France in this process.

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1923-1929 döneminde Türkiye’de uygulanan vergi politikalarının mali sosyoloji çerçevesinde değerlendirilmesi

Author(s): Rana Dayioğlu Erul / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2020

Fiscal sociology deals with the study of fiscal events from a sociological perspective and investigates both the impact of fiscal events on society and the effects of the factors affecting and forming the structure of society on fiscal events. Fiscal sociology examines fiscal events by considering historical, cultural, social, legal and political factors in addition to its economic aspects. In this regard, the policies that are put into practice by making the researches of fiscal sociology are more easily adopted by the society and can achieve success as they reflect the structure of the society. Sociological view of fiscal events is important in this respect. The aim of the study is to evaluate the tax policies of the 1923-1929 period within the social and economic conditions of the period and to investigate whether the fiscal sociology approaches are effective in the implementation of tax policies. For this purpose, tax policies of the period have been tried to be evaluated on the basis of fiscal sociology theories and even though it is tried to be made arrangements considering the social structure in the period, the desired purpose could not be achieved due to the financial and economic conditions of the period.

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1923-1950 Arası Dönemde Ankara Kentleşmesi ve Sorunları

Author(s): İbrahim İrdem,Asilkan LENGER / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 28/2021

The period between 1923-1950 in Turkey is the years when the urbanization process progressed slowly. Until the1950s, no urbanization movements were encountered other than the city of Ankara during the period. Ankara entered a process of rapid growth and immigration along with the declaration of it as the capital city in 1923. After becoming the capital, Ankara, by evolving into a construction site and along with the continuous immigration, witnessed the process in which the prices of houses, lands and rents increased rapidly. Although the attempts to modernize the city aimed to make Ankara an exemplary city for the young Turkey, the social, economic and cultural changes as well as physical changes in the city also led to the emergence of structural disorders and security problems arising from urbanization.In this study, the problems brought about by the urbanization process that took place in Turkey until the 1950s will be discussed over the city of Ankara. Including the urbanization of Ankara in the period between 1923-1950 in the study is very important in terms of shedding light on the historical process that affected the emergence of the urban problems Ankara is facing today. Therefore, the basic assumption of this study is creating the idea that the problems of Ankara urbanization today should be sought in the early Republic period. In the study, document analysis and secondary data were used methodologically

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1923-1980 Yılları Arasında Isparta Sanayisi ve Ekonomiye Katkıları

Author(s): Esin Yüzbaşi,Byram Akça / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 28/2021

In this study, the industrial activities of Isparta province between 1923 and 1980 and the contributions of these activities to Isparta economy have been investigated. In Isparta, the sectors of rose farming, rose oil manufacturing and carpet weaving have directed the city’s economy. Besides these, small handicrafts made with old methods in Isparta,which are weaving, leatherwork, shoe-making, coppersmithing, rope making and blacksmithing, continued to exist but their impact on the economy decreased with industrialization. Thanks to the economic policies implemented in Turkey during the republican era, important factories were founded between the years 1923 and 1980. Especially in the early 1970s, different industrial sectors developed, cement, feed, forest products processing, biscuit, fruit juice and garment factories have been opened and thanks to these, the number of products that Isparta exports and the level of gross provincial income due to industry increased. These factories, which hold a significant place in Isparta industry,made contributions to both city economy and that of the country. Thanks to the economic policies implemented in Turkey during the Republican era, industrialization increased and by 1978; the share of Isparta industry in the gross provincial product increased to 15.1%, and with this rate, Isparta industry became the second largest contributor to the city’s economy after the agricultural sector’s share of 25.1%.

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1924 m. gruodžio 1 d. komunistinis pučas Taline ir diplomatinė jo maskuotė

Author(s): Zenonas Butkus / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 43/2019

This article, based on the archives stored in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Russia and some recently published documents, investigates the coup attempted by the Soviets on December 1, 1924 in Tallinn and evaluates its consequences within the broad context of international relations. During the research, it was established that an attempt to stage a coup in Estonia had been undertaken both by the Estonian communists and the USSR leadership, which had the highest political body – the Politburo – and the Comintern, a self-crafted tool set up for spreading the communist movement around the world, at its disposal. Thus, the revolution was masterminded by the Soviet authorities, whereas the Estonian communists were mainly responsible for its implementation. The task of the coup leadership was to seize power and hold on to it for some time, long enough to request that the USSR “renders support.” Preparations were underway for such support. This is evidenced by military preparations in the northern regions of the USSR and the territory near the Estonian border as well as by the deployment of Soviet ships in the vicinity of Tallinn and the activities of the Soviet embassy located in the capital. The attempted coup turned into a putsch due to the maximum conspiracy of their organizers. The conspiracy was brought about by the then-public awareness that the revolutionary events in Germany in 1923 had been instigated by the Soviets. The attempted coup in Estonia failed due to the extraordinary defensive operations put up by the Estonian authorities and power structures as well as due to the failure to involve the workers and the other strata of society in the coup. Latvia, Estonia’s only ally, was the first country to stand by Estonia’sside after the country withstood the attempted coup. The lessons were learnt not only by these two countries but by Lithuania as well. They began taking adequate measures to stifle communist activities. Neither France nor England or any other Western state made plans to deploy their fleets to the Baltic Sea to support the Estonians or at least show, in a demonstrative way, their support in such a trying time. They also failed to hold any diplomatic démarches against the Soviets opposing the export of revolution practiced by the Soviets. Due to diplomatic pressure imposed by the USSR, Estonia could not publicly and officially name the actual organizers of the putsch. As a result, only the local communists were indiscriminately accused. Such forced tactics, if only indirectly, had at least partially been influencing the area of historical research as well. However, the sudden and unequivocal liquidation of the putsch in Tallinn could have prompted the USSR to no longer expand its revolutionary export to the West, and the “abstinence” of such kind had lasted until the Second World War. The war itself and the previous collusion with Adolf Hitler made it possible for Stalin to cherish even greater ambitions to renew the spread of communism in other countries.

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1926 m. gruodžio 17 d. perversmo atmintis ir legitimacija tarpukario Lietuvoje

Author(s): Kęstutis Kilinskas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 3/2020

Memory and public discourse of the 1926 December coup are analyzed in this publication. Author reveals diference and contradiction between memory of participants of the coup and public discourse shaped by Lithuanian nationalist union, Lithuanian Christian democratic party and military.

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1930. Documents Regarding the Passage of Soviet Warships Through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles Straits

Author(s): Marusia Cirstea / Language(s): English Issue: XXIII/2022

The article refers to “the problem of the straits” and the entry into the Black Sea of the Soviet warships „Parischkaya Komuna” and “Profintern”, which led to a “diplomatic conflict” between the Soviet Union and the Straits Commission. The incident came under the attention of Romanian diplomats, who feared that “the Soviets were preparing to attack”.

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1930’lu Yılların İlk Yarısında Zonguldak’ı Ziyaret Eden Gezi Muhabirlerinin İzlenimleri

Author(s): Yasin Kayış / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2020

Although the minority-foreign hegemony since the 19th century, which dominated the Zonguldak coal basin, took a blow with the War of Independence, it still could not be broken in the first years of the republic. The young republic of Turkey both aimed to be active in the basin and tried to increase coal production. Improving the working conditions of the employees, eliminating the technical inadequacies, starting the railway line instruction and introducing the domestic capital into the coal industry by the state incentives were among the important steps taken during the 1920s. The basin was open to significant developments in the first half of the 1930s. With the effects of world economic crisis, Turkish Republic that turned toward statism policy was about to take the management of the coal mining in Zonguldak. In this process, Zonguldak was visited by high level government officials while preparations were made for the nationalization of the coal basin. The 1930s were also the years in which urbanization accelerated and social life transformed in Zonguldak. As a result of the employment opportunities, the population increased, public works and infrastructure services gained importance, the minority-foreign effect decreased; and the changes brought by the republic began to spread throughout the city. Zonguldak was the subject of national newspapers in the 1930s as the national economy and regional structures underwent significant transformations. Some journalists analyzed the city from the perspective of the official visits or the region’s economic value, and thus focused on coal which was the raison d'être of the city. Some journalists visited the city as a destination of their route, and contacted not only with the managers but also with the public. Those journalists who reviewed the social life, municipalism, urban life and public services beside the coal share important details with the readers.

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1931 m. gruodžio 31 d. visuomeninių organizacijų surašymas: tautinių mažumų atstovavimo skerspjūvis

Author(s): Vitalijus Gailius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2/2015

Based on the data from the census of Lithuanian public organizations of 31 December 1931 and additional statistical sources, such as the population census of 1923 as well as various volumes of Statistical Yearbook of Lithuania, the article addresses the problems of organizations of ethnic minorities. The paper discusses the common characteristics and provides an in-depth analysis of the factors that could decide a different involvement of ethnic minorities in public organizations in different counties. It also presents the dynamics of the organizational network.

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1931: DEBT, CRISIS, AND THE RISE OF HITLER

Author(s): Perica Hadži-Jovančić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2021

Tobias Straumann, 1931: Debt, Crisis and the Rise of Hitler, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2019. (241–242)

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