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O potrzebie i początkach turystyki robotniczej na Śląsku Cieszyńskim w świetle programu i działalności Stowarzyszenia Polskich Robotników i Robotnic „Siła” (1908–1939)

Author(s): Grzegorz Studnicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The article focuses on the popularisation of tourism and sports among the working-class youth of Cieszyn Silesia in the first three decades of the 20th century. The author attempts to demon- strate how physical activity took on a political dimension and how its forms, for example sport and tourism, were understood as a tool for the education and emancipation of the working class. For this purpose, press articles on physical activity published in “Oświata”, a monthly journal of Polskie Stowarzyszenie Robotnicze Oświatowo-Gimnastyczne “Siła” (Polish Worker’s Association for Education and Gymnastics “Siła”), were analysed.

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SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC STRUCTURES OF POPULATION FROM BUKOVINA IN INTERWAR PERIOD

Author(s): Alexandrina Popescu-Cruceanu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The social-economical processes of the historical province Bukovina, in the interwar period, have followed, in a great part, the broad lines of entire Romania, influenced, at its turn, by a few political figures whose conceptions, perceptions and representations would make part from the programmatic documents of the orientations and political parties which influenced, in different ways, the evolution of Romania's social and economical life and also of the new united provinces. In the following, we wish to point out the main stages of the social-economical evolution of the interwar Bucovina, and also the natural and anthropic potential, the political and cultural factor which included, in space and in time, the social-economical phenomena, as they were reflected in the media at that time, in the official statistics, in the state of mind of the minorities and of the titular population, being known the fact that the representatives and the social preconceptions can differ among the different social-professional, cultural, political, administrative categories, leaders and opinion groups.

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Dimitrie Gusti’s “Knowledge and action in the service of the nation”. Book review

Author(s): Narcis Rupe / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2022

In the autumn of 1938, King Carol II ratified the Social Service Law proposed by Dimitrie Gusti. The law was the culmination of Dimitrie Gusti’s entire activity, as it generalized on a national scale his ideals of raising the Romanian nation through scientific research, raising the self-awareness of Romanians, and training creative elite personalities. Thus, in the autumn of 1939, students from Romanian universities carried out a research and uplifting internship in the villages (where about 80% of the country’s population lived). To understand the work, they were to do, D. Gusti published the book “Knowledge and Action in the Service of the Nation”465. The book contains the sociological, ethical, and political system that formed the basis of the Law of Social Service together with the main results of the work undertaken by the “Prince Carol” Royal Foundation up to 1939. As then, the book is relevant for young people in Romania who are interested in the development of the country. Also, together with “The Bucharest School of Sociology” (Mircea Vulcănescu) the book represents one of the most comprehensive syntheses of the Romanian sociologist’s thinking.

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III Dywizjon Lotniczy w walce z 1 Armią Konną na przedpolach Lwowa (9–19 sierpnia 1920 roku)

Author(s): Mariusz Niestrawski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2020

In August 1920 the turning-point operations of the Polish-Soviet war took place. A battle was fought at the Wkra, Vistula and Wieprz rivers, which led to pushing back the Western Front troops of komandarm Mikhail Tukhachevsky from Warsaw and breaking up of part of his forces. The same month, in the southern section of the front, the Polish Army defended Lviv against the attempts of komandarms Alexander Yegorov and Semyon Budyonny. In the fights for Lviv, the Polish troops confronted the forces of the South-Western Front, including the legendary 1st Cavalry Army, which was the main force of the Bolsheviks intending to conquer the capital of Galicia. The Polish command, having no reserves at its disposal, directed the 3rd Air Squadron of Major Pilot Cedric Faunt le Roy to fight against the „Horsearmy”. Despite the strength of even four escadrilles at its peak (5th and 6th Reconnaissance Escadrilles, 7th Fighter Escadrille and, with time, 15th Fighter Escadrille), between 9–19 August it had in fact only a few operational planes. In spite of this, the Polish crews were tirelessly performing their tasks: reconnoitering enemy forces – their intentions and composition – and, most importantly, delaying their march. In this article the author describes the composition and tasks of the 3rd Air Squadron, and the course of its fights against the 1st Cavalry Army in August 9–19, 1920. He also drew attention to the combat tactics of Polish aviators, which he analyzed accordingly.

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Jan Kotyza, żołnierz Armii Krajowej, Batalionów Chłopskich, ludowego Wojska Polskiego – zarys biograficzny

Author(s): Wojciech Paduchowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2020

The article presents a biographical outline of Jan Kotyza, a soldier of the Home Army, Peasants’ Battalions and the Polish People’s Army. He was born in Bieńczyce near Cracow in a peasant family. Thanks to the persistence of his parents and teachers he finished high school and then studied physical education at the Jagiellonian University. Just before the outbreak of World War II, Kotyza took over the position of manager of the newly built city stadium at 3 Maja Avenue in Cracow. He was a reserve officer but did not take part in the Polish campaign of 1939. During the occupation he got involved in underground work. Initially, it consisted only in the distribution of underground magazines. He joined the Union of Armed Struggle (ZWZ) and took pseudonym „Krzemień”. Initially he organized a platoon in the villages of Bieńczyce, Krzesławice and Mistrzejowice. Then he became the commander of the ZWZ post „Mogiła”, which included municipalities: Mogiła, Ruszcza and Węgrzce. He left the ZWZ to join the Peasants’ Battalions (BCh). At the same time he became a member of the underground People’s Party „Roch”. After the BCh where merged with the Home Army, he took command of the „Pająk” battalion. In 1943, he was promoted within the BCh and became commander of the Cracow district codenamed „Forest Inspectorate No. 6”. Shortly after the liberation from the Germans, he answered the call of the new authorities to join the so-called Polish People’s Army. Initially he was not sent to the front, eventually he was sent to the 2nd Army. He did not manage to take part in fights against the Germans. He was near Dresden, from where he was withdrawn through Wrocław to Rzeszów, where he took part in fights with the Ukrainian Insurgent Army. After being demobilized, he returned to his hometown.

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Polskie lotnictwo wojskowe a wojna zimowa 1939/1940

Author(s): Grzegorz Śliżewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

The article presents the efforts of the Polish Government in exile to create the first military unit fighting alongside an ally after the 1939 campaign. This unit was to be a fighter squadron, whose task was to support the Finnish air force during the Winter War of 1939/1940. Initially, the squadron was to be formed from pilots interned in the Baltic States, and after giving up this idea – from the military personnel who managed to get to France. However, the formation of the unit was preceded by the signing of a truce between the parties to the conflict. The article discusses issues related both to international politics and military history.

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Polskie zagony pancerno-motorowe w czasie wojny 1920 roku

Author(s): Michał Kuchciak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2023

During the war with Bolshevik Russia, the Polish Army carried out raids by armored and motorized units three times, in which infantry units transported by trucks and supported by armored cars took part. In the first two raids, which were directed at Zhytomyr and Kovel, complete success was achieved. However, the last incursion, aimed at Lutsk, failed.

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Masa rotundă „Take Ionescu – viziune și destin. 100 de ani de la moartea marelui om politic și diplomat”, București, Cercul Militar Național, 16 iunie 2022

Author(s): Elena-Cristina Brăgea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3-4/2022

Report on roundtable "Take Ionescu – Vision and Destiny. 100 Years Since the Death of the Great Politician and Diplomat", held at Bucharest, National Military Club on 16th of June 2022.

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The Regime of General Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in the Analysis of the Office for Documentation and Administrative Studies of Romania (1941)

Author(s): Alin Spânu / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2023

At the beginning of 1941, the Office of Documentation and Administrative Studies in the Ministry of the Interior in Bucharest developed an analysis of Türkiye under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. The political evolution, doctrine, and institutions involved in implementing the reforms and the results obtained were analysed. The analysis is pertinent, it does not omit the delicate events in the evolution of Türkiye, but, as a whole, it is favourable to the regime of Kemal, which laid the foundations for Türkiye’s development into an important regional actor. It is possible that this analysis was requested by the Romanian Prime Minister, General Ion Antonescu, who wanted to know how a military man could successfully reform a state that was on the edge of the precipice. Maybe General Antonescu was thinking of following his example and initiating some necessary reforms for Romania at that time. The objective of the analysis was to identify the means that allowed the evolution of Türkiye to the level of an important regional political actor. The analytical material is appreciative of a man who changed a country through will, dedication, and effort. All the reforms initiated in the 1920s were the basis of Türkiye’s development, especially after the Second World War, when it became an extremely important actor in the Black Sea area, the Middle East, NATO, and South-Eastern Europe.

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Lina Ciobanu (1929 - )

Author(s): Mihai Florin Razvan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-2/2023

Lina Ciobanu (born 1929) was among the women promoted at the highest level of Romanian Communist Party (RCP). In November 1974, together with Elena Ceaușescu, she was appointed full member of Political Executive Committee of Central Committee (PEC of CC) of RCP. Until the end of the communist regime Ciobanu held many important positions in the party and the state, such as vice prime-minister of the Romanian Government, full member of PEC of CC of RPC (reelected at the XIVth Congress of RCP in 1989), vice-president of National Commission of Demography (1971-1989), president of Women’s National Committee (1974-1977), minister of Light Industry (1975-1984), member of Grand National Assembly (1965-1989). Former party comrades and historians consider that she represented a symbol of obedience to Ceaușescu family and especially to Elena Ceaușescu, whom she owed her ascension and professional career in the party.

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Petre Preda (1907-?)

Author(s): Florin Şandru / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-2/2023

Born on 6th of June 1907, during the folk riots, Petre Preda joined Police forces in 1932, as instructor of sports at School of Police. Due to allegations of bribery, as he received some sort of money in order to modify students’ grades, he was sent to Judiciary Police, being rewarded in a circular order and in informative bulletins of the time, for the way he carried out his work. As the regime changed, Petre Preda was one of the thousands of police officers that felt the systematic and institutionalised communist terror. He was sentenced to 25 years in prison and his fortune was confiscated, due to the his occupation, he stocked, arrested researched and abused the elements suspected of communist activity. Imprisoned in Aiud Penitentiary on 12th of November 1949, he was released due to 411/1964 Decree. After his release, he was under surveillance. In this biography informative notes are briefly presented, from the verification file reported by Security, the last entry was on 26th of march 1970.

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Internacjonalizacja w słowotwórstwie polszczyzny przełomu XX i XXI wieku jako przykład jednostronnych kontaktów językowych

Author(s): Krystyna Waszakowa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 75/2019

The article attempts to provide an answer to the questions concerning dimensions and aspects of morphological phenomena which result from the internationalization of the Polish lexical stock, both at the turn of the 21th century and in recent years. The main objective of the paper is to show how new foreign loans influence the formation of (i) new loan-based complex derivatives, (ii) new compound expressions that are becoming more dominant, and (iii) new types of hybrid lexical items. The current tendency to undergo internationalization is viewed by the author as inextricably bound with “linguistic globalization” processes, which finds its confirmation in modern European languages, including Slavic languages.

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Florin Dobrei, Sebastian-Dragoș Bunghez, Preotul profesor Teodor Botiș (1873-1940). O viață în slujba bisericii, a învățământului și a neamului românesc

Author(s): Mircea-Gheorghe Abrudan / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Review of: Florin Dobrei, Sebastian-Dragoș Bunghez, Preotul profesor Teodor Botiș (1873-1940). O viață în slujba bisericii, a învățământului și a neamului românesc [The priest teacher Teodor Botiș (1873-1940). A life in the service of the church, education and the Romanian nation], Editura Universității “Aurel Vlaicu”, Arad, 2022, 576 pp.

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Polskie formacje wojskowe w Rosji 1917–1922 – baza źródłowa, stan wiedzy i postulaty badawcze

Author(s): Waldemar Rezmer / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1-2/2018

The historiography of Polish military effort of World War I and the following period of wars for independence and shape of the borders of the Republic of Poland is visibly dominated by topics connected with Józef Piłsudski (Polish Legions, Polish Military Organization). Polish volunteer formations not belonging to Legions and their military activity have been treated as secondary. It also concerns the Polish military effort in Russia in World War I years (Puławy Legion, Polish Rifle Brigade and Polish Rifle Division), the time of havoc caused by the revolutions (February and October 1917), and then the intensifying civil war and the participation of Polish formations in those fights (Polish I, II and III Corps, 4th Rifle Division and Independent Rifle Brigade). The fight, martyrdom and complicated ways to return to Homeland taken by the Poles who served in the Polish Army (5th Rifle Division) or in the „white” formations in Russia and Siberia in 1917–1922, have also been poorly studied. The author attempted to cast light on the existing research, also trying to determine the agenda for further studies, especially important in the centennial of Polish military effort during the fight for independence, the time of regaining it and its defense in the wars for borders.

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O bezpieczeństwo wewnętrzne odrodzonej Rzeczypospolitej (1917–1922)

Author(s): Robert Litwiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1-2/2018

The term „homeland security” is in my discussion only conventional phrasing, which was hard to define properly towards the end of the Great War and at the beginning of the Second Polish Republic. It was often used interchangeably with „public security”. Moreover, it must be highlighted that by using the term „homeland security” in the title I intend to emphasize the fact that the subject of my paper is not the mechanism of „homeland security” functioning itself in the period of interest, but the concepts concerning the organization of the model of this security and the way of putting it to life at that time. While setting the period of my interest, I decided on the years 1917–1922. The first caesura is connected with the first conceptual works within the Provisional Council of State, when the issue of establishing the National Public Security Guard came up for debate. The second caesura results in turn from the finalization of the process of organizing the State Police and setting up the Silesian Voivodeship Police.

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Reinhart Koselleck – intelektualna biografi a historyka i jej odbicie w korespondencji z Carlem Schmittem

Author(s): Andrzej Nowak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2022

The article aims to take a new look at the biography of Reinhart Koselleck (1923– 2005), a prominent German historian and historical theorist, from the perspective of his long- -time correspondence with Carl Schmitt (1888–1985), a jurist and legal theorist of the Third Reich and a prominent conservative thinker. Putting the Koselleck–Schmitt communication by letters (1953–1983) against the backdrop of a recent and rapidly growing literature on Koselleck’s thought, the article analyses the phases of their correspondence not only as a contribution to the historian’s biography but as an important document of the intellectual history of Germany and whole Europe at the time.

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Pierwsza lekcja hebrajskiego. Transgresja tożsamościowa Żydów polskich od końca XIX do połowy XX wieku

Author(s): Łukasz Tomasz Sroka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2022

The Zionist movement, born at the end of the nineteenth century, called for the establishment of an independent state for the Jews. The development of the Zionist idea and the restoration of Jewish statehood was accompanied by restoring Hebrew into a language of daily use. Hebrew became the gateway to Israel. The fi rst Hebrew lesson triggered the process of initiation into the new culture. The adoption of Hebrew was accompanied by an identity transgression that crossed many boundaries set by cultural norms associated with Diaspora languages. This process was not always quick and unambiguous. It was not infrequently accompanied by a state of limbo between old and new lifestyles, habits and requirements accompanying acclimatization to new living conditions in Israel.

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„Dziennik z wydarzeń II wojny światowej 1939–1941” Aleksandra Prusiewicza

Author(s): Agnieszka Biedrzycka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2022

The presented text by ethnographer and sightseer Aleksander Prusiewicz is kept in the collection of the Vasyl Stefanyk National Scientifi c Library of Ukraine in Lviv (F. 88, case 19). In it, the author describes (with varying degrees of accuracy) his fate between 1 September 1939 to 13 August 1941. He especially focused on the siege of Lviv in September 1939 and the fi rst weeks of the Soviet occupation, particularly the arrest of the former Prime Minister of Poland Leon Kozłowski, which he provoked.

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„Rozstrzelani za Zbruczem”. Praktyka wydawania wyroków śmierci na ludność polską w trzech obwodach Ukraińskiej SRR w ramach „operacji polskiej” w latach 1937–1938. Analiza komparatystyczna

Author(s): Piotr Olechowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The text presents three cases of criminal trials held in the 1930s against the Polish population remaining in Soviet Ukraine (regions of Vinnytsia, Odesa, and Kamianets-Podilskyi). All ended with sentences of death by fi ring squad. Years later, the murdered were recognised as victims of the totalitarian system, thus obtaining posthumous rehabilitation and symbolic sentence exoneration.

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Emigracja zarobkowa z Galicji do Francji na początku XX w. – stan badań i postulaty badawcze

Author(s): Małgorzata Gmurczyk-Wrońska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2023

Labour emigration from Galicia to France between 1908 and 1914 represents an initial and little-researched phase of the emigration movement of the fi rst half of the 20th century. Letters from peasants wishing to go to France are an important research source for this issue. This article is part of preparations for a planned source publication of letters to the envoy to the Diet of the Kingdom of Galicia, Wiktor Skołyszewski, from Galician peasants and workers wishing to go to work in France in the early 20th century. The issues are presented in the context of the state of research on the subject of labour emigration, mainly from Galicia.

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