Cenne, ale niełatwe w interpretacji, czyli kilka starych i kilka nowych uwag o informacjach przekazywanych do Rzymu przez nuncjuszy apostolskich

Author(s): Wojciech Tygielski / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Anniversary publication for Professor Urszula Augustyniak, affiliated with the Institute of History of the University of Warsaw, a renowned cultural historian specialized in the early modern period. Articles collected in the book are concerned with the broadly understood early modern history of culture, politics, and religion.

CENSORSHIP OF BOOKS IN THE LIBRARY OF “ȘTEFAN CEL MARE” NATIONAL COLLEGE FROM SUCEAVA (1860-1990)

Author(s): Corina Dominte / Language(s): English / Issue: -/2019

This paper aims at presenting the acts of book and document censorship within the library of «Griechisch-orientalische kaiserlich-königliche Obergymnasium in Suczawa», the first high school from southern Bukowina, founded by imperial decree on the 30th of June 1860, in which German was the tuition language, today known as Colegiul Național “Ștefan cel Mare” from Suceava. This study is based on original archive documents, previous studies on the topic and documents from the school library. Relying on historical research approaches, the phenomenon of book censorship is analysed during all polical regimes that succeeded in the nearly 160 years of existance of the school library. The paper points to the restrictions imposed during the Austrian rule (1860-1918), the cleansing and even total distruction of the most valuable books belonging to the Romanian heritage during the totalitarian regimes after the Great Union of 1918, the reorganisation of the special collections, the restriction of the public accessibility to certain titles. This paper, alongside previous ones on the same topic, is meant to contribute to the understanding of the complex phenomenon of censorship in Romanian libraries.

Ceremonialurile funerare ale Regilor Carol I și Ferdinand I ai României

Author(s): Oana Elena Badea / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 24-25/2014

The deaths of the first two kings of Romania were faced with a vivid emotion by the Romanian people and by high ranking officials from abroad. The Funerals of Kings Carol I and Ferdinand I of Romania were organized under the laws and the Royal Protocol and according to the requirements that the kings showed in their wills. They were not different in content, symbols or the presence of important Romanian and foreign personalities of the time. Both kings had in their funerals catholic religious ceremonial because they were born catholic, and also Orthodox ceremonial because this is the religion of the country. The shock caused by the kings' passing made the headlines of the times. Many Romanian newspapers, and also some foreign ones, were full of eulogistic articles regarding the lives of the Romanian Kings. Their funeral ceremonials are important since they managed to show each monarch's personality, and the image they created during their lifetimes. Funeral ceremonies have the great merit of paying homage to the memory of the deceased. The bigger the honors, the greater the importance of that person in society and in the lives of those who knew them. Regardless of the magnitude of the funeral, as Cicero said, the lives of the deceased are best stored in the memories of the living. Likewise, we could say that the lives of the first two kings of Romania have remained and will remain permanently in the memory of posterity as long as their stories are kept and passed from generation to generation.

Ceremoniile publice, Biserica Ortodoxă și regimul carlist

Author(s): Bogdan Moșneagu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 7/2005

Studiul analizează relațiile dintre stat ca patron al ceremoniilor publice și serviciul bisericii ortodoxe, a modului în care acestea au funcționat împreună în timpul regimului lui Carol al II-lea. Legând discursul naționalist al sistemului dictatorial de celebrarea publică a ceremoniilor, Biserica Ortodoxă Română a dovedit încă o dată obediență și „slăbiciuni” față de valorile autoritare. Atât Biserica Ortodoxă, cât și regimul carlist au încercat în același timp să obțină atenția publicului, căutând noi credincioși în Dumnezeu și stat. Ceremoniile publice au fost cadrul perfect în care s-au putut lega ideile religioase și convingerile politice, oferind poporului sentimentul adevărului și siguranței.

Česko-ruská jednota jako příklad spolku česko-ruské vzájemnosti

Author(s): Radomir Vlček / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 1/2020

Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian emigrants from the former Russian Empire formed an important part of the ethnically diverse society of interwar Czechoslovakia. They were mostly compelled to leave their homeland due to the major political changes that took place in Russia after the Bolshevik rise to power, Czechoslovakia becoming one of their most prominent destinations. The emigrant communities were, to an extent, closed up to the majority society, primarily because there was an expectation of the whole affair being short and temporary. Only some of them were willing to familiarize themselves with Czech culture and whereabouts and to spread awareness of Russian science and culture. One way or another, there was an ample amount of fellowships founded by the emigrants to promote Russian culture, science and art. One of the few fellowships to do so in order to open up to Czech environment and to introduce its members to the Czech cultural and scientific sphere was the Czecho-Russian Unity Association. It was founded as one of the earliest fellowships of its kind, tracing its origins back to April 1919. Its unique nature resided in the fact that it invited and accepted influential personas of Czechoslovak political and intellectual life as its members. Many of those put forth a considerable effort to maintain a financial support for further propagation of the idea of Czecho-Russian solidarity in both communities, as well as for the Association itself. The Czech-Russian Unity Association was also supported by leading Czechoslovak political institutions. For example, its library, first referred to as “Russian” and later, after a further thematic expansion of its book collection, as “Slavic”, was financed by subsidies from a fund of the Czechoslovak Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The paper proposes an analytic insight into the activity of the Russian emigrant fellowships in the interwar Czechoslovakia. At the same time, it is a contribution to the history of Czech-Russian relationships based on the definition of the particular activity of the fellowships. So far, historiography has been largely silent about this phenomenon.

Chłopski antyklerykalizm w szlacheckiej Rzeczypospolitej

Author(s): Tomasz Wiślicz / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Anniversary publication for Professor Urszula Augustyniak, affiliated with the Institute of History of the University of Warsaw, a renowned cultural historian specialized in the early modern period. Articles collected in the book are concerned with the broadly understood early modern history of culture, politics, and religion.

Christian Rohrer: Landesbauernführer. Band 1: Landesbauernführer im nationalsozia-listischen Ostpreußen. Studien zu Erick Spickschen und zur Landesbauernschaft Ostpreußen / Band 2: Die Landesbauernführer des Reichsnährstandes (1933-1945)

Author(s): Kristian Mennen / Language(s): German / Issue: 1/2019

Review of: Christian Rohrer: Landesbauernführer. Band 1: Landesbauernführer im nationalsozialistischen Ostpreußen. Studien zu Erick Spickschen und zur Landesbauernschaft Ostpreußen / Band 2: Die Landesbauernführer des Reichsnährstandes (1933-1945). Personenlexikon. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Göttingen 2017. 558, 200 S., Ill., Kt. ISBN 978-3-525- 30097-8. (€ 89,99.). Reviewed by Kristian Mennen.

Comportament matrimonial în comunitatea ortodoxă din Susenii Bîrgăului între 1901-1930

Author(s): Iulius Liviu Ușeriu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 32/2018

Explorarea comportamentului matrimonial din Susenii Bîrgăului în primele trei decenii ale secolului XX oferă date despre interacțiunea dintre indivizi, familie și societate și despre raporturile cu autoritățile ecleziastice sau laice. Dinamica nupțialității a fost puternic influențată de laicizarea mariajului, prin omiterea de către Stat a consimțământului dat de Biserică. La fel de mare influență au avut condiționările specifice, prescrise de confesiunea ortodoxă, apoi de calendarul muncilor agricole și, nu în ultimul rând, de „legile nescrise” ale constrângerii familiale, ce variau în funcție de avere, interese, statut sau rudenie. Primul deceniu al secolului XX poate fi caracterizat prin tendința degresivă a numărului de căsătorii în comparație cu deceniul nouă al secolului XIX, astfel se înregistrează o medie de cinci căsătorii pe an, excepție făcând anii 1906 când sunt înregistrate 13 căsătorii, 1907 cu zece căsătorii și 1910 cu unsprezece căsătorii. În anii 1911 și 1912, în comunitate s-a realizat o creștere a numărului de căsătorii încheiate pe an. Marele Război a pus la încercare comunitatea Susenii Bîrgăului prin cei 124 de bărbați mobilizați, bărbați tineri sau bărbați tineri căsătoriți. Dintre aceștia, 26 de bărbați au murit sau au fost declarați dispăruți, ceea ce ne arată o altă fațetă a destructurării cuplului. Din cauza amplorii Primului Război Mondial - timp în care tinerii bărbați sunt încorporați - următorii ani s-au deosebit printr-un număr redus de căsătorii: anul 1914 cu 7 căsătorii, din care trei sunt în toamnă, după izbucnirea conflagrației, 1915 cu două căsătorii, 1916 și 1917 cu nici o căsătorie consemnată, 1918 cu patru căsătorii, din care trei sunt în lunile octombrie și noiembrie, aproape de deznodământul războiului. În 1919 s-au înregistrat 13 căsătorii, iar în 1920 doar 8 căsătorii. Variațiile contractelor matrimoniale au o serie de cauze locale.

CONFUZIA AUTORITĂȚII CU VIOLENȚA ÎN SCRIERILE FILOZOFILOR SEC. XIX-XX

Author(s): CĂTĂLINA PLINSCHI / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: -/2019

Violence is a key feature of human social relations, yet it has received comparatively little attention from social scientists. With increasing levels of conflict and violence in the modern world, we started an anthropological research to find the origins and aspects of violence in politics. By studying the writings of great philosophers such as Kant, Hegel, Hume, and Marx we found that there is a confusion between the notions of authority and violence, and that this is the main fault that guided centuries of political thinking. These writings have cultivated certain types of politicians and of ways for accepting the abuse up until present days and it is therefor necessary to point the difference between them.

Consideraţii cu privire la înfiinţarea, activitatea şi evoluţia „Societăţii Mormintelor Eroilor căzuţi în Război” între 1919-1948: repere despre Aşezământul Naţional „Regina Maria” pentru Cultul eroilor

Author(s): Dragoş-Lucian Curelea / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 2/2020

On December 1, 1918, in the Great Assembly of Alba Iulia, when reading the resolution of the Transylvanian Union with Romania, Vasile Goldiş, stipulated, among other things, in point 1 of the aforementioned document, that we are called, today and always, to honor the Romanian heroes that fell during the Great War 1914-1918. During the interwar decades, the Society “Graves of Heroes Fallen in War”, supported and chaired by Her Majesty Queen Mary of Romania, kept alive and cultivated the memory of the heroes in the Romanian local communities. Moreover, the official press gallery of this National Society was the publication of the Cult of Our Heroes, which later became Heroic Romania. We also note that during the interwar this mentioned society was supported by the Church, the Army and religious, political and cultural people.

Construcții identitare marginale în România interbelică. Gruparea literară Iconar

Author(s): Anca Filipovici / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 30/2017

După anul 1918, cheia pentru sarcina dificilă de unificare a noului stat român a fost mecanismul centralizării în toate aspectele societății. Odată cu acest fenomen, capitala impune treptat o hegemonie culturală, manifestându-și propria viteză în procesul de conectare la modernitate. Lipsa de sprijin pentru promovarea și consolidarea unei culturi a provinciilor a provocat consecințe contradictorii. Pe de o parte, a existat exodul scriitorilor din periferii spre București. Pe de altă parte, cei care nu au avut șansa de a depăși granițele provinciilor au luat inițiativa așa-numitului asalt cultural local. În acest context, acest studiu analizează construirea unui tânăr grup literar din Bucovina din anii ‘30 - Iconar - subliniind reperele identității care vin împreună cu evoluția grupului.

Continuity and Change in the Vienna Police Force, 1914-1945 (Part II)

Author(s): Mark Lewis / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

Part II is the second half of a study examining the transformation of the Viennese police during four political systems. Part I had shown that the police was centralized and given additional powers between 1927 and 1934, yet the force was not ideologically unified, as a small section joined the Nazi Party. Part II, covering Austrofascism and Nazism, sheds light on the Kriminalpolizei and the Sicherheitswache (the latter became the German Schutzpolizei after March 1938). Both institutions were shaped “from above” and “from below”. The Nazi Sicherheitsdienst wanted to build a new, expanded state police in Vienna (the Gestapo) and secure the compliance of the regular police, yet police at the middle and lower ranks adapted themselves to Nazi policy, even if they were not Nazi Party members. In particular, the Kriminalpolizei and Schutzpolizei helped enforce labor policy, expropriation, racial persecution, and deportation of Roma and Jews.

Criza monetară din Transilvania în primii ani după Marea Unire (1919-1921). Studiu de caz: Banca „Albina” din Sibiu

Author(s): Mihai D. Drecin / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: LIX/Sup/2020

Based on archive documents, on the economic press of the time and on published works, the study presents the involvement of the Bank „Albina” in Sibiu, the oldest and most important credit institutionwith Romanian capital in Transylvania, in overtaking the economic and monetary crisis in the countryside in the early years after the Great Union. It was a process of connecting the Transylvanian Romanian banking system to the national banking system conducted by the National Bank of Romania in Bucharest, by replacing the Austrian-Hungarian korona with the RNB leu. In this process, very important for the strengthening of the young national unitary Romanian State, Iosif Lissai, general-director of the Bank „Albina” in Sibiu in the period 1915-1920, was deeply involved.

Csak álltunk és sírtunk. Az első bécsi döntés napjai a kortársak szemével

Author(s): / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 2018

This book describes the daily life in southern Slovakia in the period of the decision made on the First Vienna Award and of its enforcement as reflected in contemporary texts (diaries, memoirs) and photographs. The volume contains 19 texts and is illustrated by about 180 photos reporting on the processes taking place in southern Slovakia in the autumn of 1938. These mainly reveal pre-war tention in the first days of the Munich Agreement, the expectations surrounding the Hungarian–Slovak border talks, and the delight of the Hungarian population living here over return to Hungary.

Csíky Balázs: Serédi Jusztinián, Magyarország hercegprímása. MTA Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpont Történettudományi Intézet, MTA–PKKE Fraknói Vilmos Római Történeti Kutatócsoport, Budapest 2018. 496 lap.

Author(s): József Marton / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2019

Dan Berindei, Andrei Pippidi, and Ioan Bolovan, eds. Romanians and Poles on Move from 1848 to 1944

Author(s): Florian Dumitru Soporan / Language(s): French / Issue: 1/2020

De la Armata Regală la Armata Poporului

Author(s): Marius Pop / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 34/2019

Frământările politice interne, dar mai ales acțiunea dusă de forțele sovietice de ocupație a dus la transformarea Armatei Române între 1945 și 1948. După 23 august 1944, ocupația militară a României s-a realizat în baza art. 3 şi 18 din Convenția de Armistițiu, iar până la 25 octombrie 1944, sovieticii au motivat prezența trupelor din rațiuni militare. În realitate, aceste trupe sovietice au fost cantonate în regiuni strategice, care le permiteau controlul asupra Statului român. Instaurarea guvernului dr. Petru Groza, la 6 martie 1945, a inaugurat un proces de modificare structurală şi funcțională a tuturor instituțiilor României, printre care și Armata. Acțiunea de „democratizare” a Armatei Române s-a înscris în două procese fundamentale: politizarea şi distrugerea corpului de cadre al Armatei. Destructurarea Armatei Române s-a desfășurat în trei etape. Prima etapă a fost de la 23 august 1944 până la 13 septembrie 1944, când a avut loc capturarea unităților de Marină și a celor de pe frontul din Moldova. Acestea au fost plasate sub controlul Armatei Sovietice. A doua etapă a fost trimiterea pe front, în condiții precare, a unui număr mare de efective românești din septembrie 1944 până în mai 1945. A treia etapă a fost demobilizarea și dizolvarea efectivelor militare după încetarea luptelor, după bunul plac al autorităților sovietice. Până la semnarea Armistițiului în 12 septembrie 1944, au avut loc foarte multe arestări, mai ales din cadrul celor mai bune și mai bine echipate trupe românești. În anul 1946, a continuat o reducere a cadrului organizatoric și a efectivelor Armatei Române. Destructurarea Armatei române a început cu arestarea generalilor care făcuseră parte din conducerea antonesciană sau care comandaseră mari unităţi în Campania din Est. Generalii și ofițerii au fost acuzați fie de „dezastrul ţării”, fie de crima de a fi luptat împotriva Uniunii Sovietice. Alte pretexte de epurare au fost reducerea efectivelor Armatei sau motivele politice: origine socială nesănătoasă, studii în străinătate, rude întemnițate sau fugite în Occident, critici la adresa U.R.S.S. sau a Armatei Roşii, conflicte cu consilierii sovietici sau ofițerii politici. Infiltrarea politicului în structura Armatei, sub toate aspectele vieţii cultural-educative, a dus la cenzurarea tuturor ideilor considerate „reacționare” şi la promovarea noii Armate, cea a poporului, subordonată ideologiei comuniste.

Der Pionier. Konstruktionen von Arbeit und Männlichkeiten in der deutschsprachigen Zeitung der Firma Baťa 1935-1939

Author(s): Theresa Adamski / Language(s): German / Issue: 3/2018

The article deals with the concepts of work and masculinities proposed by the German language newspaper Der Pionier. The newspaper was published by the Baťa shoe company in Czechoslovakia from 1935 to 1938. This was also the period when the company had its greatest international impact. Not only did Baťa expand to other industrial branches during that time, but also company towns were built in several continents. Baťa’s ideas on gender were based on discourses about national identity, American ideals of the family and the promise of social advancement. But they were, as the article argues, also strongly linked to a gendered notion of work. Men and women were assigned complementary spheres of life. Gender hierarchies were not only promoted by the Baťa media but also realized with the help of the company’s gendered policies. Wage work was to be men’s responsibility while consumption, household and family work should be performed by women. The desire to work, whether outside or inside the home, should be innate in every human being. Der Pionier imagined the ideal male worker as an entrepreneur, laying the responsibility of his own and his family’s fate as well as the future of the Czechoslovak society in the hands of the individual. The biography of the company’s founder Tomáš Baťa was used as a model career: it tells the story of a poor artisan who became the boss of an international enterprise. Der Pionier paired the ideal of the entrepreneurial worker with images of working class culture and Americanism. The article shows how these masculinities were designed in relation to femininities and considers Baťa’s ideas within the context of gender and work in Czechoslovakia as well as the role of the Baťa Company in Czechoslovak politics.

Die Entdeckung der „Völkermischzone“ Ostmitteleuropa im Blick deutscher Statistiker und die Berechnung bevölkerungspolitischer Programme in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts

Author(s): Philipp Kröger / Language(s): German / Issue: 2/2019

Despite recent research on the concept of ethnic hybrid borderlands and the critique of its use in contemporary historical research, it is still commonly consulted to explain ethnic or national conflicts. Taking up this critique—ethnic hybridity is the explanandum and not the explanans—this article argues that statistics of nationality played a crucial role, not only in the construction of ethnicity in general, but particularly in the emergence of the idea of ethnic hybridity. Therefore, it examines German statistics concerning nationality and the gaze of the German statistician on East Central European territories in the first half of the twentieth century. By using a theoretical approach that combines elements of Actor-Network Theory and discourse analysis it can be shown how statistical data on nationality and its cartographical visualizations were the result of a highly complex production process. Within this process, ethnic hybridity was, in the beginning, an unintended side effect of the initial idea to measure nationality by following a binary logic of national affiliation. In the course of the first half of the twentieth century, hybridity and the impossibility of linear ethnographic borders—both products of statistical measurement—formed the focus of statistical research on nationality. This did not only affect the statistical debate on nationality but changed the perception of nationality and ethnicity itself.

Die Minderheitenfrage und die Entstehung der Minderheitenschutzverträge auf der Pariser Friedenskonferenz 1919

Eine Studie zur Geschichte des Nationalitätenproblems im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert

Author(s): Erwin Viefhaus / Language(s): German / Publication Year: 2017

This eBook edition is a digsimile of an original that has been published as Vol. 11 of the MARBURGER OSTFORSCHUNGEN, edited by Hellmuth Weiss in 1960, published by Holzner-Verlag, Würzburg This re-edition published by courtesy of Dr. Marianne Viefhaus und Ms Anne Linsel Demanding the right of national self-determination, new national states were born in Eastern Europe after the peace agreements following the First World War. In this work Erwin Viefhaus analyses the development of the agreement on the protection of minority rights after the Paris Peace Conference in 1919.