A Felekezetközi Tanács megalapítása és szerepkörei a két világháború között

Author(s): Lóránd László / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 6/2011

After the end of the First World War the leaders of the traditional Hungarian Churches of Transylvania, in response to the new political situation, united their forces to defend their common interests against Romanian state policy. The Interconfessional Committee was officially founded on the 24th of June 1920, at the initiative of Gusztáv Majláth, Roman Catholic bishop of Alba-Iulia. Among the founders there were the leaders of the Reformed, Unitarian and Lutheran Churches. Since the Committee represented at the same time the advisory board of the Hungarian National Party concerning educational issues, it aimed at finding solutions to the problems of confessional education which continued to suffer from extensive censorship,tens of schools being annually closed, especially in the period of so-called liberal governments.In addition to the problem of education, the Committee reached decisions not only regarding economical and cultural but also social issues, which were valid for all signatories. Another role of this organism was that to distribute equitably the secret funds received annually from Hungary, through which, among others, the Hungarian state would help confessional education. In this context it is worth mentioning that under the coordination of the Hungarian National Party, the Committee repeatedly presented various petitions to the League of Nations,through which it protested against the persecution of minorities and of their confessional and secular organizations by the Romanian state.The Interconfessional Committee did not cease its activity after the Vienna Treaty in 1944 and during the first years after the war, but when confessional schools were nationalised in 1948, the Committee lost its influence and importance.

A Forgotten Detail in the Cultural Landscape: a Ukrainian Version of Russian Formalism? National Identity, Avant-garde and Ideology in Literary Discussions in Soviet Ukraine (1920s–1930s)

Author(s): Galina Babak / Language(s): English / Issue: 32 (37)/2017

The 1920s in the Soviet Ukraine are characterised by significant variability of views on the meaning, social significance and mechanism of art and literature, however, all this theoretical and practical variety was limited by political restriction imposed by official communist ideology. Avant-garde groups and movements enriched modernist discussions by drawing attention to the fact that the revolution in arts and literature was of the same nature as political and social revolution. Numerous Soviet writers, poets, artists, philologists, etc. (including Ukrainian writers with their own national agenda) took part in these discussions; many of them were members of different literary movements, groups and organisations – and of course they had a different aesthetic orientation. One of the most important topics of Soviet theoretical discussions in the 1920s was the dualism of “form” and “content” in literature and art. Such discussions were held in Soviet Ukraine as well. Even though we cannot speak about “Ukrainian formalism” as an organised and disciplined aesthetic school, it is important to determine the “Ukrainian version” of correlation between universalist ideas of Russian formalism, internationalist Soviet ideology (in relation to the culture), and forming Ukrainian cultural identity.

A francia diplomácia dilemmái a két háború közti közép-európai politikájában

Author(s): István Majoros / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

A francia külpolitika változása 1934-1936 között

Author(s): Zsuzsanna Enyedi / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2014

Germany’s rearmament posed a major threat to France since Hitler had come to power in 1933 and left the Rearmament Conference, therefore the question of security became the main issue in France’s foreign policy. The appointment of Louis Barthou to Foreign Minister in 1934 basically changed French diplomacy by attempting to develop the system of alliances as well as to accept a convention on arms limitation involving Germany. However French plans did not always meet with the concepts of British foreign policy. Pierre Laval, Barthou’s successor on the post, carried on negotiations with Italy and the Soviet-Union which led to the Franco-Soviet pact in 1935 besides he was still determined to approach Germany and resume arm limitation talks. As a result of the failure of the efforts made in order to prevent rearmament, Hitler announced German conscription which was followed by the reoccupation of the Rhineland in 1936.

A francia-német kapcsolatok a leszerelési konferencia időszakában

Author(s): Zsuzsanna Enyedi / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

A Ganz–Jendrassik dízel motorkocsik Argentínában

Author(s): Mária Hidvégi / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 4/2014

The Ganz factory contributed to the development of the technology of transport infrastructure through product innovations and systems innovations such as two new systems for railway electrification and the motorization of the railways with diesel rail cars. The latter offered a viable solution to the problem of making passenger transport profitable in scarcely populated regions, especially where public and private finances were insufficient for the modernization of steam traction, railway electrification or a shift to road transport. Ganz & Co. started to accumulate expert knowledge about the introduction of diesel rail cars in different countries, assessing traffic needs, developing cars adjusted to specific needs, and organizing rail car maintenance. The transnational organizational infrastructure necessary for a company from a small and impoverished country for global business was being built up in form of a license and cartel agreement with well-established British engineering companies, too. The drive of pre-WWII Argentina for industrialization and loosening ties to the former colonizer made this country an ideal stepping stone for marketing the cars in other scarcely populated countries with challenging climate and geographical conditions. However, the paper reveals that internal management problems had already jeopardized these plans before WWII frustrated the ambitions of Ganz & Co once and for all.

A globalitás - tapasztalatok és - értelmezések a Horthy-korszakban

Author(s): Balázs Sipos / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

A GREEK-TURKISH ANTAGONISM UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE LAUSANNE TREATY

Author(s): Corina-Maria Lenard / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 13/2018

This paper investigates the League of Nations` reports from the Greek perspective in the eye of the population exchange from 1923. Known as an indissoluble phenomenon connected to the Treaty of Lausanne, the Greek-Turkish exchange of population might be considered the last chapter of the war treaties series after the First World War. Despite the fact that this subject has been analyze so far with some superficiality in the Romanian historiography, the centenary of the treaty which is approaching more and more, make us to reconsider the international contemporary political debates of the protection of ethnic minorities and their rights.

A gyűlölet tana. Antiszemita olvasókönyvek a német iskolákban

Author(s): Ákos Béresi / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 2/2016

A háború gazdasági hatásai Közép-Európában

Author(s): Ferenc Szávai / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

The First World War brought total economic exhaustion to the Central-European region. It caused problems in the workforce, and finances. Together with inflation, it emerged in the form of a serious government debt. The agricultural balance of the world was lost, as well as the system of financial gold standard. In this the Central-European region, the typical form of existence was the economy of self-supply, and the policy of seclusion. After the dissolution of this great economic unity, the national assets became the possession of the former member states of the Monarchy, however, in numerous cases it gave grounds for quarrels and complaints. This study focuses on the cases of options, pension provisions and old korona accounts.

A Harmadik Birodalom kultúrtörténete

Author(s): Ádám Paár / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 75/2019

Moritz Föllmer: A Harmadik Birodalom kultúrtörténete. Corvina Kiadó, Budapest, 2018. 267 oldal.

A hátország megtévesztő nyugalma

Kolozsvár az első világháború idején

Author(s): Szilárd Ferenczi / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: III/2016

War is a disquieting episode in one’s life, even if one sits out the clash of arms, as was the case of the people living in Cluj during World War I. However far from the battle sites, they soon fell victims to the war effort. Between 1914 and 1918 food became more and more scarce, the price of everything rose, and requisitions entered in a monthly routine. Female labor was unable to replace the many thousand men absenting the local economy. Medium sized and lower incomes drastically diminished, thus endangering the livelihood of many families. Moreover, the city was caught in a continuous gush of military personnel, and was practically run over by refugees fleeing the Romanian offensive in September of 1916. Circumstances favored the traders, the black marketers, the pub owners and the young silent movie industry. Through desperate measures city management tried hard to keep the recession afloat. The end of war erupted in a chaos of disintegration for the Austro-Hungarian Empire. A new era was soon to begin for the city of Cluj.

A hivatalos Magyarország és a Sarló

Jelentések a mozgalom vezető személyiségeiről

Author(s): Ildikó Bajcsi / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 2/2017

The­ study­ deals­ with­ the­ leftist­ organization­ of­ young­ Hungarian­ intellectuals­ in Czechoslovakia­ between­ the­ two­ world­ wars.­ Based­ on­ newly­ disclosed­ diplomatic and­ police­ sources,­ the­ paper­ mainly­ focuses­ on­ the­ movement's­ official judgement­ by­ the­ Hungarian­ state.­ Horthy's­ conservative­ Hungary­ took­ a­ critical view­ on­ the­ movement­ from­ the­ very­ beginning.­ After­ Sarló's­ reorientation­ toward Marxism,­ the­ country­ regarded­ the­ leaders­ of­ Sarló­ as­ enemies,­ and­ kept­ them under­ constant­ surveillance.­ The­ study­ based­ on­ source­ analysis,­ has­ an­ ambition to­ provide­ background­ information­ to­ the­ realistic­ assessment­ of­ Sarló's­ short-term­ leftist­ and­ communist­ orientation.­ Hungary's­ official­ distrust­ toward­ young people­ engaged­ in­ the­ movement­ was­ an­ important­ contributing­ factor­ to­ that­ too.

A Japanese Zaibatsu in the Balkans: Intermediate Structures of Sociability as Growth Engines of Bulgarian Economic Modernization

Author(s): Martin Ivanov / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2009

When drafting my research proposal nearly a year ago, I had decided to put the stress on the factors that drive, in my humble opinion, Bulgarian economic and social development during the Interwar period. In that research proposal I was contesting the conventional wisdom of correlating Bulgarian economic development to just a few key factors, the state and the investment banks (Gerschenkron, 1966). Moreover, it was my belief that other social structures had so far been omitted in the yet sluggish debate on Bulgaria’s effort towards modernization. Via my research I intended to insert other variables in the equation which Fukuyama (1995) calls ‘intermediate structures of sociability’ – the large corporations, the different forms of social activism and the political parties.

A Jewish Pan-Turkist: Seraya Szapszal (Sapsaloglu) and his Work Qirim Qaray Türkleri(1928)

Author(s): Dan D. Y. Shapira / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2005

The paper examines a highly interesting workQirim Qarai Türkleri,published in Istanbul in 1928 by Seraya Sapsaloglu (Seraja Szapszal in Polish sources), the renowned Karaite communal leader, one of the leading Russian Turkologists of his time, a former Czarist diplomat and a Jewish Pan-Turkist. This popular and quasi-scientific work was typical of the Romantic Period of the “nation-building”stage in the history of many Eastern European minorities. It was, however, essential in the presentation of the Türkic-speaking Eastern European and Crimean Karaite Jews as remnants of some imagined ancient Türkic race, clandestinely preserving Altaic paganism. Written in an appealing style, this work made a deep impression on the Early Republican intellectuals. In the present paper some of Szapszal's assertions made in this work are analysed against their historical and linguistic background. The paper touches on intellectual trends current during the Early Republican period, the state of the European, Russian and Turkish Turkology of the age, and the metamorphoses of the secularised communal consciousness.

A kárpátaljai magyar és német polgári lakosság tömeges elhurcolása szovjet hadifogságba

Author(s): Zalán Bognár / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 2/2012

The Soviet Union wanted to annex Subcarpathia (Podkarpatska Rus, which was reannexed to Hungary in March 1939, at the time of the disintegration of Czechoslovakia), because of strategic reasons after second world war. For the sake of the international recognise of annexio there was a tried and tested method, if the local population asks to join to the Soviet Union. For the conduction of this Iván Turjanica arrived in Subcarpathia in October 1944 as the political commissioner of the Czechoslovakian army corps, which fought under the control of the 4. Ukrainian Front. Iván Turjanica separated from the ties of the army corps and first he started to organize the Communist Party of the Transcarpathian Ukraine (that is Zakarpatska Ukraine and not Podkarpatska Rus' as named locally). Then he organized the founding session of the People’s Council of Zakarpatska Ukraine, where the delegates choosen by the comrades proclaimed Subcarpathia (or as they named Transcarpathian Ukraine) secession from Czechoslovakia and joining to the Soviet Union or for form’s sake to SovietUkraine. The smooth implementation of the plan was threatened by the significant number of Hungarian and the smaller population of German minority, who did not want to join to Soviet Union. That’s why Ivan Turyanitsa suggested for the solve this problem and intimidate the population of Subcarpathia, as well as collection of workers the „temporary isolation of persons not enjoying the trust of the Sub-Carpathian population“ to the Military Council of the 4. Ukrainian Front. After this the Military Council of the 4. Ukrainian Front ordered in its session on the 12th of November 1944 by the top secret command No. 0036 to collection and deportation to forced labour to Soviet Union all Hungarian and German nationality men between the age of 18-50 years. In accordance with the command about 40 thousand Hungarian and a lesser extent German civilian men was deported from Subcarpathian. About 40-50 percent of deportees died because of inhuman conditions and work overclocked.

A képviselőház hivatali vezetőinek jelentése a Tanácsköztársaság alatt történt országházi eseményekről (1919. augusztus 5.)

Author(s): / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2016

A keresztény egyházak zsidóképe a két világháború között

Author(s): Laura Csonka / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2015

A történelmi egyházak és a zsidó közösségek viszonya Csehszlovákiában, Romániában és Magyarországon 1920-tól a Holokausztig. Budapest, CEC, 2014.

A kereszténydemokrácia történetéhez Magyarországon

Author(s): Jeno Gergely / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

A két világháború közti román földbirtokrendezés

Author(s): Ákos Bartha / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 06/2012

This paper anatomizes the Romanian agrarian reform based on the law of July 1921. The Romanian lordship-policy was highly represented in the public life of Romania and Hungary, as well as in the intergovernmental relationships between these countries after 1921. Despite these, the complex picture of the reform was not completely represented, as the main focus was on Transylvania in Hungary. With a short glance on the historical background, the essay reviews the realisation of national, social, economical and political aspects in different regions. After World War II, the communist regimes of both countries avoided honest dialogue. For this very reason we intend to provide a new interpretation of the motivations and the procedure of the managements, involving sources from The National Archives of Hungary, other contemporary writings, periodicals and international studies. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the variety of arguments, comments and the most important results of the agrarian reform.