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Románia fasiszta és kommunista forradalom között

Románia fasiszta és kommunista forradalom között

Author(s): Ambrus Miskolczy / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2017

Between the two World Wars, the Romanian politics were governed by a heavily antiSoviet current. The Communist ideas fell on barren soil, and what is more, the Soviet Union did not give up its claim on Bessarabia. The Iron Guard proved to be an excellent tool to implement the anti-Communist trend: the movement’s propaganda worked like a miracle among the working class (“the workers should be well-paid; they should also be shareholders of the company…”). The dictatorship of King Carol II of Romania was still legitimized by the Iron Guard (1938). With the breakout of World War II, Romania became isolated in terms of foreign policy: according to the Soviet-German pact, Germany conceded Bessarabia to the Soviet Union. Romania – unwillingly – accepted the Second Vienna Award, but had second thoughts about its eventual abolishment. Due to the territorial loss, the public sentiment turned against Carol II, who appointed General Antonescu as Prime Minister. The General forced the king to resign (his successor was Michael I, his son), and he relied on the Iron Guard because he needed a mass base.

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Szkoły matematyczne w międzywojennej Polsce i ich związki z nauką światową

Szkoły matematyczne w międzywojennej Polsce i ich związki z nauką światową

Author(s): Małgorzata Przeniosło / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2016

In the interwar period Polish mathematics created two thriving schools of mathematics – in Warsaw and in Lviv. In Warsaw the creators were: Wacław Sierpiński, Zygmunt Janiszewski, Stefan Mazurkiewicz, and in Lviv – Hugo Steinhaus and Stefan Banach. Although for many years Polish independent state did not exist as such and the conditions for the development of indigenous science were highly unfavourable, both schools quickly recorded significant achievements. This success came primarily due to their engagement into new trends in practicing mathematics, the creating of specialized journals – „Fundamenta Mathematicae” and „Studia Mathematica”, as well as many scientific trips. The journals achieved international success. They were quickly recognized by foreigners as an appropriate forum for the presentation of their own research. „Fundamenta Mathematicae”became one of the world’s most important periodicals devoted to set theory, „Studia Mathematica” – functional analysis. With the increasing reputation of the Polish schools of mathematics, more and more of their representatives were invited by various foreign centres, both for short visits, as well as entire series of lectures. More and more foreign scholars, both well-known professors and scholarship holders, came to Warsaw and Lviv to work with the local mathematicians, deliver lectures and participate in conferences. / W okresie międzywojennym polscy matematycy stworzyli dwie prężne szkoły matematyczne – w Warszawie i we Lwowie. W Warszawie twórcami byli: Wacław Sierpiński, Zygmunt Janiszewski, Stefan Mazurkiewicz, a we Lwowie – Hugo Steinhaus i Stefan Banach. Mimo nieistnienia przez wiele lat państwa polskiego i związanych z tym niekorzystnych warunków do rozwoju rodzimej nauki obie szkoły szybko zanotowały znaczące osiągnięcia. Źródłem tego sukcesu było zarówno wpisanie się szkół w nowe trendy w uprawianiu matematyki i założenie odpowiadających im specjalistycznych czasopism – „Fundamenta Mathematicae” oraz „Studia Mathematica”, jak i mnogość zagranicznych podróży naukowych. Oba czasopisma odniosły międzynarodowy sukces i szybko zostały uznane przez obcokrajowców jako odpowiednie forum do prezentacji własnych badań. „Fundamenta Mathematicae” stały się jednym z najważniejszych na świecie periodyków poświęconych teorii mnogości, „Studia Mathematica” – analizie funkcjonalnej. Czasopisma budowały renomę polskiej szkoły matematycznej, a wraz z jej wzrostem coraz więcej jej przedstawicieli było zapraszanych przez zagraniczne ośrodki naukowe, zarówno na krótkie pobyty, jak i całe cykle wykładów. Coraz więcej zagranicznych uczonych, zarówno znanych profesorów, jak i stypendystów, przyjeżdżało też do Warszawy i Lwowa, by współpracować z tamtejszymi matematykami, wygłaszać wykłady czy uczestniczyć w konferencjach.

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Egy rágalmazási per tanulságai: a Kelemen–Szakáts-vita

Egy rágalmazási per tanulságai: a Kelemen–Szakáts-vita

Author(s): Attila Nyemcsok / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2017

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ЈЕДНО ПИСМО КАРЛА ШМИТА ИЗ ЦАВТАТА (1925)

Author(s): Luka Breneselović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2013

Ово писмо настало је за време „вереничког путовања“ Карла Шмита и Душке Тодоровић у Југославији 1925. године. Адресат писма, Рудолф Сменд, познати је немачки конституционалиста, који се пред Други светски рат дистанцирао од Шмита и његових настраних ставова. Осим у овом писму, Шмит је утиске са путовања објавио и у чланку Илирија односно Illyrien, који је објављен у часопису Hochland 23/1925, 293–298.

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A “Hungarian experience” Some French travelers in Hungary between the two World Wars

Author(s): Henri De Montety / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2012

Traveling is often a path to awareness. French travelers in Hungary between the two wars were penetrating another world which, however, was close to their hearts. The Ancient regime, for Pierre Delattre. The hope to meet a spirit hostile to all kinds of domination, for Pierre Chaillet. His own dreamt past for the young Nicolas de Rochefort. As far as Aurélien Sauvageot, Aldo Dami and even the journalists of the Action Française are concerned, Hungary was a sort of “almost perfect” distorting mirror.

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Anti-Jewish Legislation in the Two Main Daily Political Newspapers of Cluj (1940-1944)

Anti-Jewish Legislation in the Two Main Daily Political Newspapers of Cluj (1940-1944)

Author(s): Ágnes Harkai / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

In our study, we would like to show what information the citizens of Cluj had regarding the discrimination of the Jews in Hungary between 1940 and 1944. In order to do this, we will use the two main daily political newspapers of Cluj-Napoca: the Ellenzék and the Keleti Újság, because these were the basic news sources. After the Second Vienna Award (30 August 1940), the Ellenzék became the official newspaper of the sole Hungarian party in Transylvania (the Transylvanian Party-Erdélyi Párt). However, the Keleti Újság also held this position before the Award, and it remained as important as the Ellenzék. In order to achieve a clear image of the process of the anti-Jewish legislation and the way in which the official press in Cluj reflected on it, an examination of these newspapers is necessary. There are only a few studies published on this topic.

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Érdekközösség vagy érdekkapcsolat? Magyar és cionista diplomáciai kapcsolatok az 1930-as évek második felében

Érdekközösség vagy érdekkapcsolat? Magyar és cionista diplomáciai kapcsolatok az 1930-as évek második felében

Author(s): Attila Novák / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2-3/2018

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Bajcsy-Zsilinszky Endre politikai ideológiája a harmincas évek első felében

Bajcsy-Zsilinszky Endre politikai ideológiája a harmincas évek első felében

Author(s): Ákos Bartha / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2018

This paper anatomizes the political concepts of a notable Hungarian publicist-politician, Endre Bajcsy-Zsilinszky (1886–1944) between 1930 and 1936, the Anti-Nazi leader of his own-established National Radical Party. Originally being a key player of the Hungarian right-wing racialists in the 1920s, my study first discusses how his worldview was shaped by inland and abroad political changes. I draw attention to surprising foreign relationships as well as his opinion about the issues of racialism and revisionism, presenting his standpoint on the Jewish and the agrarian question as well as interpreting his ideas concerning fascism and Nazism. My survey lays emphasis on Bajcsy-Zsilinszky’s controversial relations with Hungarian governments also analysing his deep-rooted nationalism as well as his new political targets. As it is demonstrated, social-economical-political reform plans and the Hungarian imperial idea related to and strengthened each other in his continuously altering political thinking. Involving a large number of primary sources I call into question the conventional theory of Bajcsy-Zsilinszky’s “turn into left” and instead of the traditional – left-right – conceptual framework I argue for using the political concept of populism in his case.

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Amerikai vélemények a két világháború közti Magyarországról

Amerikai vélemények a két világháború közti Magyarországról

Author(s): Zoltán Peterecz / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2018

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Piłsudski megítélése Magyarországon a két világháború között

Piłsudski megítélése Magyarországon a két világháború között

Author(s): Dávid Turbucz / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 01/2017

The person of Józef Piłsudski generated a cult around himself not only in his native Poland, but also in Hungary. The present paper examines, mainly on the basis of the press (daily papers), the image of Piłsudski in Hungary between 1919 and 1939. While both positive and negative images of him existed in Hungarian public opinion, the positive view enjoyed uncontested domination. This latter was projected by the analysed media on different occasions, such as the anniversaries connected to the person of Piłsudski.

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Sikertelen kísérlet? Földreform és telepítés a Monarchia romjain

Sikertelen kísérlet? Földreform és telepítés a Monarchia romjain

Author(s): István Hegedűs / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2018

Szakál Imre: Telepesek és telepes falvak a csehszlovák Kárpátalján. MTA TK Kisebbségkutató Intézet – Kalligram, Budapest, 2017.

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A csehszlovákiai sarlós nemzedék magyarországi kapcsolatrendszere 1925–1944

A csehszlovákiai sarlós nemzedék magyarországi kapcsolatrendszere 1925–1944

Author(s): Ildikó Bajcsi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2017

The study analyses the Hungarian Sarló (Sickle) generationʼs system of relations between 1925 and 1944. The ideological change of the first generation Hungarian intellectuals in Czechoslovakia was determined by connections with intellectuals in Hungary. Ady, Móricz and Szabó were ideals for the youth. In the second half of 1920s the Sarló (Sickle)-like populist-socialist line was mainly followed by the Bartha Miklós Társaság (Miklós Bartha Society) and Bethlen Gábor Kör (Gábor Bethlen Circle). After the disband of Sarló (Sickle) Movement, relations with Populist Movement continued individually. In this respect we have to emphasize the role of Zsigmond Móricz, called the father of Populists. Dominant role was given to relations, that also promoted to the reintegration of minority generation in Hungary after the Vienna Awards.

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Czasopismo „Panteon Polski” i jego redaktor Zygmunt Zygmuntowicz

Czasopismo „Panteon Polski” i jego redaktor Zygmunt Zygmuntowicz

Author(s): Marek Gałęzowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2018

The article examines the history of magazine „Polish Panteon”. In period between two World Wars it was the only magazine in Poland which aimed at commemorating those who fought for independence of Poland (1914–1918) and the Polish borders (1918–1921). Subjects of publications further evolved towards covering of activities for reconstruction of the Poland’s state. The paper looks at main subjects, authors and editorial actions to foster its position on the market with the special emphasis on the role of Zygmunt Zygmuntowicz – editor of “Polish Panteon”.

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Az első világháború és a lakásbérleti piac, 1914–1938.

Az első világháború és a lakásbérleti piac, 1914–1938.

Author(s): Aleksandar R. Miletić / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2018

The universal tenant-protection schemes and rent control system (RCS) were born out of the huge turmoil triggered by World War I. By the end of the war, the trend towards an ever more elaborated RCS was gaining firm ground; throughout 1920s it was the prevailing model of housing policy on the European continent. The four countries under study followed the above mentioned European trends of increasing state intervention in the housing market, and furthermore, their authorities, representing distinctive Southeast- and East-Central European patterns of administrative modus operandi, applied some of the most intensive forms of housing policies in Europe during the first postwar decade. In the first place, this refers to the practice of requisitioning housing units, which was maintained in these countries, even after it was abolished by the most interventionist Central European countries. According to the innovative 6-level developmental typology, this proved to be the highest level of state intervention in the housing market in interwar Europe (5 out of maximum 6), if the Bolshevik practices (6 out of 6) are to be excluded from the comparison. On the other hand, Southeast European countries managed to effectively return to prewar liberal practices, while this was not accomplished by the most liberal Western European countries. From this perspective, East-Central and Southeast European countries represent confronted patterns of the most liberal and the most interventionist housing policies in Europe in the period under review.

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Viharban. A Magyar Párt története a Délvidéken, 1923–1925

Viharban. A Magyar Párt története a Délvidéken, 1923–1925

Author(s): Zoltán Dévavári / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2018

This study elaborates on the history of the Hungarian Party based on sources from contemporary Hungarian (Bácsmegyei Napló, Hírlap, Torontál, Délbácska) and Serbian (Vreme, Politika, Pravda) press. The Hungarian Party is a Hungarian minority organization which was founded and operated on the territory of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The focus is on the events following the first failed election in 1923, up until the new 1925 election. For the purpose of understanding and accurately reconstructing the events at the time, the study analyses events that received outstanding attention in contemporary public life in chronological order, completing the current literature: the arrest of Ödön Nagy and László Gráber, the banning of the party, the causal relationship of internal conflicts within the party, the struggle between the clearly identifiable factions at the time and the attitudes of the political circles of Belgrade towards the Hungarian question.

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A „szabadság napjának” két évfordulója. 1918. október 28-ának hivatalos megemlékezéseiről Szlovákiában 1918–1938 között

A „szabadság napjának” két évfordulója. 1918. október 28-ának hivatalos megemlékezéseiről Szlovákiában 1918–1938 között

Author(s): Miroslav Michela / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2018

Commemoration of the “Day of Freedom”, as 28th October, the Czechoslovak Independence Day was called in the interwar period, was one of the most important holidays in the imaginary state calendar of the Czechoslovak Republic. This day was presented as a characteristic turn, as a liberation from the hands of an age-old enemy and at the same time as a new beginning, attached to the foundation of the nation-state and to the republican form of government. Although this day was to be an important feast for all inhabitants of the state, in fact it had not come true, and actually from 1919 this event was mainly represented as a Czechoslovak Memorial Day. The author analyzes the ways of commemoration of 28th October, especially in the Slovak territory, where he focuses mostly on the argumentation of the representatives of the Slovak People’s Party lead by Andrej Hlinka. The study is based primarily on the research of periodicals but sets out from a broader research of commemorative practices during the First Republic. The main emphasis is put on the two round jubilees of 1928 and 1938, during which a significant shift took place in the ways and contents of the official commemoration of that holiday. Based on these events, the author also demonstrates the failure of the officially advocated idea of Czechoslovak national unity and some select features of the Slovak nationalist argumentation.

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Egy bankösszeomlás mérlege

Egy bankösszeomlás mérlege

Author(s): Ágnes Pogány / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2018

Fritz Weber: Vor dem großen Krach. Österreichs Banken in der Zwischenkriegszeit am Beispiel der Credit-Anstalt für Handel und Gewerbe. Böhlau Verlag, Wien–Köln– Weimar, 2016. 625 oldal

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Az utolsó belga tabu

Az utolsó belga tabu

Author(s): Gergely Zágoni-Bogsch / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2018

Bruno Cheyns: Léon Degrelle. De Führer uit Bouillon. Vrijdag, Antwerpen, 2017. 590 oldal

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Trianonról újra és újra

Trianonról újra és újra

Author(s): Csaba Zahorán / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2017

Miroslav Michela – László Vörös (red.): Rozpad Uhorska a Trianonská mierová zmluva. K politikám pamäti na Slovensku a v Maďarsku. Bratislava: Historický ústav SAV, 2013

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A Horthy-korszak jugoszláv szemmel

A Horthy-korszak jugoszláv szemmel

Author(s): Péter Vukman / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2017

Hornyák Árpád (vál.): A Horthy-korszak Magyarországa jugoszláv szemmel. Délszláv levéltári források Magyarországról 1919–1941. Pécs–Budapest: Kronosz Kiadó–MTA BTK TTI, 2016. 322. oldal

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