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Review of: Teofil Simčič, Bili so žalostni časi, a mi smo bili polni upanja. Izbor spisov ob 25-letnici smrti, Goriška Mohorjeva družba, Gorica 2022, 287 pp.
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This study sets the origins and development of punitive work camps from the period of the Second Czechoslovak Republic (30 September 1938 – 15 March 1939) and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (1939–1945) into the context of preventive police measures which took shape in contemporary criminalistics since the beginning of the twentieth century. These measures are intentionally related to criminalisation of ‘Gypsies’ who formed part of a wider image of ‘work-shy’ population. During the Second Republic, the anti-Gypsy discourse was of key significance in the formulation of legislative measures aimed at persecution of ‘work-shy’ people and in the various demands to create and operate internment camps. Analysis of various sources of police and administrative provenance shows that until late 1941 or early 1942, the occupation authorities hardly intervened in the formulation of anti-Gypsy measures. Their formulation and implementation remained in the hands of Protectorate government and police authorities. Under the surface of contemporary administrative terminology and jargon of police reports, the authors of this study identify conflicts and tensions, which stemmed from the different notions and interests of various social groups that demanded persecution of people described as ‘Gypsies’ or ‘work-shy’.
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Review of: MIKULÁŠ ČTVRTNÍK – Duchové dějiny v kontextu české a evropské historiografie 19. a 20. Století, Praha 2018, Argo – Státní oblastní archiv v Praze, 384 s., ISBN 978-80-257-2809-3, ISBN 978-80-88148-36-4.
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This study offers a qualitative analysis of two interrelated practices implemented in interwar Czechoslovakia with respect to ‘gipsy children’. First of all, it deals with the so-called ‘gipsy schools’, which were in practice separate auxiliary classes for ‘gipsy children’ established in Slovakia and Transcarpathian Ruthenia in 1927–1938. In the following, the author outlines a practice of taking children from families which were based on Czechoslovak law on ‘vagrant gipsies’, adopted in 1927, identified by authorities as ‘vagrant gipsies’. Both of these separate and largely regionally applied approaches are set within a wider context of implementation of state administration in the areas in question (eastern Slovakia and Transcarpathian Ruthenia on the one hand and Bohemia on the other hand) and within a context of contemporary expert discussions about a ‘re-education of gipsy children’. The author argues that these were two distinct approaches to assimilation of ‘gipsies’ into the Czechoslovak society, that is, to integration based on erasing and fully removing the alleged ‘gipsy’ differentness.
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Review of: JAKUB RÁKOSNÍK, RADKA ŠUSTROVÁ, Rodina v zájmu státu. Populační růst a instituce manželství v českých zemích 1918–1989, Nakladatelství Lidové noviny, Praha 2016, 282 s., ISBN 978-80-7422-378-5
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Mihail Sebastian was not only a professional, but also a capable ideologist of the Romanian interwar novel. He had the intention of grouping all the remarks and ideological points of view in a comprehensive work devoted entirely to Romanian writing. Unfortunately, this project was not carried out. However, the writer's conception of the novel can be found in the numerous essays that were later included in the volume Esseuri. Cronici. Memorial. The present study is intended to be an analysis of Mihail Sebastian's critical studies on the Romanian interwar novel.
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This paper deals with the main events and processes that contributed to the emptying of rural settlements in former eastern territories of Prussia from the modern period to 1939. General conditions supporting the interruption of settlement continuity are described with particular attention paid to the processes occurring on the territory of Pisz poviat. Features of the natural environment that characterise this area, including a large share of forests, lakes and infertile soils, influenced the formation of specific types of settlements. The functioning of numerous small forest settlements was closely related to manufacturing and production based on local natural resources. The depopulation and disappearance of these settlements was therefore primarily related to the depletion of these resources and the disappearance of the outlets. An example illustrating these processes is the Wielki Las settlement translocated in the 19th century. As part of the case study, the landscape relics of its former functioning in its original location were subjected to preliminary analysis.
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Ahmet Zeki Velidi Togan was a Turkish political activist and scholar of Bashkir origin. The aim of the article is a presentation of this multidimensional fi gure, little known in Poland, yet important both to politics and to Oriental studies. From 1915 to 1920, Velidi Togan, as a politician, attempted to cooperate with various powers which might guarantee the Bashkirs at least autonomy, if not independence—this caused fl uctuations in his position towards the Soviet government. However, although he soon realized that the Muslim tendencies he represented would not be welcome by the Russian authorities, he is sometimes called the father of Russian federalism. The political views of Velidi Togan, called Validovshchina (a form of the so-called nationalist deviation), are variously interpreted in contemporary Russia, and he is not infrequently considered as an extremist Bashkir ideologist and politician. After breaking with the Bolsheviks, he continued his activity initially in Turkestan, and then, from 1924, in Turkey. Academically, he was associated primarily with the University of Istanbul, and, before the Second World War, temporarily, with universities in Austria (he earned his doctorate from the University of Vienna) and in Germany (in Bonn and in Göttingen). The research output of Velidi Togan and its value have never been questioned. His main focus was history and he authored many important books on the history of the Turkic peoples. His most important accomplishments include the discovery of the manuscript relating the journey of the Arab traveler Ibn Fad.lān (922) to the country of the Volga Bulgarians. Last but not least, there were Polish links in the biography of Velidi Togan, since he kept contact with representatives of Prometheism, a political movement in the interwar Poland.
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The paper deals with one of the largest covered-up financial affairs in Serbia between the two world wars, that was carried out with participation and knowledge of the very top of the political establishment at that time. The aim of the article is to contribute to the previous efforts to empirically prove how large-scale corruption worked, that is, how the plutocratization had shaped the political elites in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Through an analysis of the establishment and operation of banks and companies that were grouped into a large consortium called the Dragiša Matejić concern, the paper explains the mechanisms of hitherto uninvestigated financial malfeasance, cover-ups, and deliberate violations of the law by the highest state officials, as well as to what extent the principle of nepotism and cronyism prevailed in the business world.
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A figure strongly used as a representation in the narrative body of the novels thematically dedicated to the First World War belongs to the millennial slave, whose imagological configuration quasi-monopolizes reproachable attitudes and behaviors, with predominantly negative connotations. Although the exonym "Gypsy" remains an overly tabooed noun in discourses on otherness, in the narrative syntax of these novels its use has a double symbolic value, each equally important, also because it justifies the choice of the exonym "Gypsy" over the ethnonym "Roma". On the one hand, in the artistic imagery of these novels, the exonym consistently attached to the character undoubtedly perpetuates specific myths, symbols, negative clichés and utopias; on the other, it serves as testimonial evidence of the prejudices associated with this minority ethnic group, regularly subjected to hostile, derogatory perceptions. The writers of the period in question not only plasticize anachronistic mental patterns existing in the social frameworks of the time, preferring a certain interpretative model of the subject in question, but also propagate, through their artistic work, an artificially simplified imagology of Gypsy identity. Although the ethnicity of the Gypsy/Roma is an ignored or peripheralised subject in humanist scholarly research in the native area, it is by no means irrelevant. The present study identifies the way in which Gypsy otherness is constructed in the source novels from type-images, through imagological connections between social, historical and mythological imaginaries. As a result, the literary-artistic imaginary demonstrates both the interdisciplinarity of the subject, through the indestructible link between history and literature, as well as the largely unchanged framework in which Roma imagology is fixed.
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The authors of this article contribute to the research of the ethnic diversity of the city of Bălți throughout its history and the contribution of the ethnic groups to the socio-economic development of the town. The results of the research confirm the fact that this settlement was and remains inhabited by various ethnic groups, the main group being the native population. Although for a long time a family with Greek roots owned the locality, this did not lead to the formation of a large Greek community here. The most present in the socio-economic life during the 19th century – the first part of the 20thcentury was the Jewish community, who at that time reached more than 50% of the city’s population, dealing mainly with commerce and providing services. Other ethnicities (Poles, Germans, Russians, Ukrainians, Greeks and Armenians, etc.)were insignificant in terms of population in the city of Bălți during the above-mentioned period. The annexation of Bessarabia in 1940 by the USSR with the subsequent installation of the Soviet regime resulted in the substantial reduction of the number of Jews from the ethnic picture of Bălți and a significant increase in the number of Russians and Ukrainians in this locality during the Soviet period. As a result, after more than 30 years of independence, approximately 41% of the city’s population still declare Russian as their mother tongue
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The study uses archival sources and the press of the time regarding the development of the brewing industry in Bessarabia, in the first decades of the 20th century. The first attestations date back to 1901 and refer to the existence of seven breweries in Bessarabia: three – in the town of Hotin, one – in the town of Soroca, two – in the town of Chișinău and one – in the town of Bender. In the report of the governor of Bessarabia for 1904, the preponderance of the number of breweries in the northern area of the province is emphasized, and in 1905, in addition to the existing seven breweries, a brewery in Bălţi is registered. In 1909, 11 breweries were already active on the territory of Bessarabia, including the presence of a new enterprise, opened in the town of Bălţi, whose owner was Meer Brestecico. The research presents important aspects of the interwar history of the brewery of Meer Brestecico in the city of Bălţi, until the time of the confiscation of the enterprise by the Sovietstate, in the period 1940–1941.
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The year 1921 was an important one for the inhabitants of Greater Romania, who benefited from the stipulations of the Agrarian Reform regarding ownership and, respectively, the right to build a house. In Bessarabia, the Agrarian Reform served as the basis for a real campaign to distribute land plots to the local population, between 1925–1937, including the inhabitants of Balti. Beyond the main goal of the Romanian administration to increase the number of residents through the land acquisition procedure, we note the City Hall’s direct interest in obtaining management of the estate properties of the Catargi and Crupenschi families, on whose estates, by 1922, the city Balti. The study analyzes the context and the problems faced by the local administration in the process of allotment the residents of Balti, the urban development perspectives of the city are elucidated, including those of an aesthetic nature, such as the architectural style provided for future buildings, the ambience of neighborhoods with civil constructions and the actions provided for the greening of the city area. Also, based on archival sources and unpublished works, the problems generated by allotment even in the environment of the urban community were identified, among which we distinguish the subject of the transfer of the Orthodox Cemetery from the “Pamanteni” neighborhood to a neighborhood on the outskirts of the city or, even more frequently, the problem of repeated distribution of the lot due to the postponement of the subdivision plan and the change of place to other parts of the city. The analysis of these aspects contributes to the knowledge of the historical period and the consequences of the appropriation undertaken by the local authorities during the years 1932–1933 in the city of Bălți.
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The research aims to determine the economic problems of the young Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes after its creation until the beginning of the Second World War. The aim is to highlight the inability of the centralized state structures that favored the Serbs and the political and economic elite associated with them to deal with the problems and provide stability and conditions for development. The main way to achieve the goal has been to seek an answer to the question of whether the economic policy with a nationalistic color or the unequal economic start of the individual areas included in the state was the reason for the backwardness. The research uses a comparative and causal method of work. The analysis is based on archival material from the Central State Archives in Sofia, as well as statistical collections of the Kingdom of SCS/Yugoslavia during the interwar period.
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After 1918, the cultural construction of Czechoslovak identity and the search for forms of state representation in architecture also imprinted itself on the preparation and realization of buildings abroad. The embassy buildings – in addition to the pavilions and expositions at international exhibitions – were to petrify the shared idea about the advanced character of Czechoslovak culture, architecture and art industry. In the first half of the 1920s, architects looking for contemporary solutions for this typology were given the opportunity to implement them. More often, however, the “universal” internationally comprehensible morphology prevailed. More than the formal aspects of the objects, though, this study focuses on the instrumentalization of architecture for political goals, on the analysis of the mechanisms and processes leading to the provision of their designs and realizations, and on the rendering of an environment with often contradictory interests of the actors.
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The appearance of modern Trnava is the joint work of many important Czech, Moravian, and Slovak architects. The building of the District Health Insurance office is a national heritage monument also listed in the DOCOMOMO register, and there are many more buildings constructed in Trnava in the 1918 – 1945 period that deserve national heritage status. Proof for this contention is the quality of the designs from the architects then active in Trnava, many of whom are credited with realisations in other Slovak towns that are already under national heritage protection. No less impressive work was rendered by the contractors and their workers, as confirmed by the inspection reports and indeed the users of the buildings. However, a major share of the credit for the completion of this exceptional array of publicly beneficial buildings should be assigned to the activities of the management in the era’s medical facilities, schools, public offices, organisational supervisors, national governmental bodies, and others who made the decisions and allotted state aid for construction. And in turn, the state itself assisted this development through the passing of various laws on construction and financial support. The archival documents confirm enormous efforts by certain institutional heads and public officials who worked hard to improve health care, schooling, and housing in the city. These efforts extended to the adherence to legally set construction deadlines, and to the creation of buildings of undeniable architectural and technical quality, many of which serve their original function even today.
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The author observes the earliest reactions to the coup/revolution in Russia from November 7, 1917 in the Bulgarian national context (the 1920s–early 1930s). They have been compared with the state canon of socialist decades in order to bring out their ideological and literary-aesthetic nuclei.
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The purpose of the article was to present the public activity of Prince Antoni Paweł Sułkowski (1785–1836) in the 1920s and 1930s. During this period, Sułkowski defended Polish nationality, serving as the marshal at three provincial parliaments in 1827, 1830 and 1834. Sułkowski’s involvement in “organic” work was also outlined, and the change in his understanding of the fight for the Polish cause was explained. In addition, Sułkowski’s attitude towards the November Uprising was analysed.
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The article describes the history of the Orthodox church in women’s monastery in Turkowice in 1906–1929. Using the case study method, the reasons for the creation and construction of the church in 1906 and its demolition in 1929 were discussed. The text is based on the sources from archives in Lublin and Lviv. The monastery in Turkowice played a very important role in the life of Orthodox community of the Kingdom of Poland at the beginning of the 20th century. The periods before World War I and the Great War, as well as the years 1918–1929, allow an analysis of the religious policy of Russia and Poland towards the Orthodox community in the Hrubieszów region. The analysis is in keeping with the further research perspective related to the history of Orthodoxy, mainly with the unknown aspect of monastic life in Turkowice at the beginning of the 20th century.
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Lennuväe ülem kolonelleitnant August Steinberg kirjutas 1925. aastal riigikaitsest järgnevat: „Need isikud ja ringkonnad, kes rahva ettevalmistust ennast kaitsta loevad mingisugusteks imperialistlikuteks püüeteks ehk sõjapoliitikaks, on pimedad või lihtsalt rahva vaenlased.“ Ta lisas: „Või usume meie, ja kaljukindlalt, et nüüd enam sõda ei tule, ka meile mitte ja ei millalgi? Ärge petke iseennast.“ 14 aastat enne järgmist sõda kirjutatuga tuletas ta riigi eliidile ja rahvale meelde, et Eesti peab olema igal silmapilgul valmis enese sõjaliseks kaitseks, mis tema hinnangul puudutas ennekõike lennuväge, kuigi ta lootis samal ajal, et see ei pea tegutsema asuma. Sõdadevahelist perioodi 1920–1940 iseloomustas nii maailmas kui ka Eestis lennunduse tormiline areng. Kuigi I maailmasõda naelutas õhusõja militaarse mõtlemise maailma, kujundasid just need aastad peamisi mõttesuundi ning teooriaid sellest, kuidas kasutada relva, mis nihutab ohu vaenlase tagalasse. Samas ei olnud veel selge, kas see on mehhanism, mis tagab kiire strateegilise võidu, või hoopis maavägede suurtükitule pikendus. Niisuguse relva kasutamine tõi ka esiplaanile küsimused sellest, kuidas oleks parimal viisil võimalik vägesid ja rahva tahet kaitsta õhuvaenlase vastu. Eesti õhusõja mõtte kujundamisel võib välja tuua ühed inimesed, kes võisid oma positsiooni tõttu sõjalises hierarhias saada rohkem sõna sõjalise lennunduse käsitluste loomisel, ning teised, kes aitasid kujundada või kujundasid mõtlemist militaarlennunduse vallas. Esimesse gruppi kuuluvad lennuväe ülemad kolonel August Steinberg ja kindralmajor Richard Tomberg.
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