Академик Любомир Милетич – щрихи към портрета (По случай 160 години от рождението му)

Author(s): Encho Tilev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2023

Professor Lyubomir Miletich (1863 – 1937) is one of the linguists of the first generation of Bulgarian scientists, who left a significant mark in the history of Bulgarian linguistics. His contributions in various fields of knowledge – linguistics, history, ethnology and others – were highly appreciated by his contemporaries and to this day serve as a basis for the development of further research in these fields. Of particular importance for linguistics are his studies „Das Ostbulgarische“ and „Die Rhodopemundarten der bulgarischen Sprache“, which describe the features of some Bulgarian dialects at the end of the 19th century. In 2023, when the160th anniversary of L. Miletich's birth will be celebrated, his contributions to the development of Bulgarian science are increasingly indisputable.

POLITICAL LEADERSHIP AND PRESERVATION OF NATIONAL PRIORITIES (ON THE EXAMPLE OF GENERAL PRIMO DE RIVERA)

Author(s): Tatyana Dimitrova / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2023

Spain did not take part in the First World War (1914-1918), but its political consequences were reflected in the subsequent crisis that gripped the entire Spanish society. The post-war economic crisis led to an increase in social tension (emergence of inflationary processes, reduction in the supply of basic necessities, low wage growth) and to the strengthening of nationalism. The economic crisis further exacerbates social conflicts and disrupts the social structure of society. The problem in Morocco is also contributing to the country's financial deficit and exacerbating existing problems. Added to this was the political instability and ministerial crises of the period 1917-1923. The constitutional monarchy made efforts to maintain the status quo, but internal and external conflicts strongly affected the stability of the institution. General elections were held four times and eleven different governments were formed. It is the crisis of the parliamentary system that creates opportunities for changes in the Spanish political system. All this leads the country to a political impasse, which the military in the person of General Primo de Rivera takes advantage of. The intervention of the army in the political life of Spain is an attempt to resolve the conflicts among the rulers, but the crisis deepens not only in Parliament, but also in society. Constant contradictions give rise to hatred of politics. The army takes the responsibility (thus the king hides from the responsibility) of rearranging the political system or building a new one and meets the approval of the majority of the society, which is ready for political reorganization. The conditions in the country are ready for a coup, the main actors are needed who will go down in history and who will take advantage of the situation to take power. The man who takes a tougher stance, as well as the challenge of running the country after a series of failed governments, is General Primo de Rivera. He established a dictatorship and ruled Spain from 1923-1930. The coup was carried out on the 13th of September 1923. Then General Primo de Rivera issued a Manifesto, which was an address to the army and society and marked the main responsibilities and commitments that were undertaken for implementation. The civilian government of the dictatorship began an active economic and social policy. It was largely successful and coincided with the worldwide economic boom of the mid-1920s. Reforms were also undertaken in the social, educational and military systems. Changes are taking place in both political and ecclesiastical life. Attempts are being made to resolve the regional problem and the existing situation in Morocco. There are also innovations in relations with the republics of Latin America. In view of later historical developments, it is clear that this regime could not have lasted long, but in a sense it became the basis of the subsequent “new state” regime after 1939. The time frame of the two dictatorships is long enough and the parallels and the events are different, but some ideas, institutions and even politicians in power in 1939 inherited the dictatorial years of 1923-1930. This coincides with the transformations that occurred in many European countries after the end of the First World War. The administration of General Primo de Rivera left an imprint on the historical development of Spain and served as an example for many European countries, including the Balkans.

Węgorzewski palimpsest - Doświadczenia mieszkańców mazurskiego miasta w rodzinnych wspomnieniach i raportach UB

Author(s): Robert Traba / Language(s): Polish Issue: 113/2022

Jakie było Węgorzewo i kim byli węgorzewiacy w pierwszej dekadzie powojnia? „Karta” podjęła już temat (nr 87/2016). Chciałbym dorzucić jeszcze jedną perspektywę, inną w sposobie narracji i interpretacji źródeł.

Райна Николова Каназирева – предизвикателствата пред един живот (по повод 140 години от рождението ѝ)

Author(s): Elena Chalganova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2022

Rayna Kanazireva is one of the most remarkable women in the history of the town of Razlog and the Razlog area, a member of a prominent Bulgarian family, that actively participated in the liberation movement of the Bulgarians from Macedonia. She is known above all as the Bulgarian woman who sewed the flag for the insurgents of the Ilinden Preobrazhenie Uprising in the town of Mechomia (nowadays Razlog) in 1903, but this is far from exhausting her activities. The article primarily traces her difficult life path, filled with many vicissitudes and personal tragedies. These aspects of her life remain unknown not only to the general public, but also to specialists. In parallel, Raina Kanazireva’s activities as an intellectual and public figure were revealed.

Border of conflict: The Czech lands and collective violence in the crisis year of 1938 and the initial period of Nazi rule

Author(s): Jaromír Mrňka / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2023

The article introduces the Czechoslovak events of 1938 to 1939 with a broader analytical comparison. The author uses Charles Tilly's typology of collective violence to reveal the more general connection between the disruption of state power and the escalation of violence. He captures the general characteristics and constructs ideal types of violent interactions occurring in the observed period in the Czech lands. The analysis concludes that acts of collective violence from the spring of 1938 to the summer of 1939 appeared most often in the form that Tilly typologically refers to as broken negotiations and scattered attacks. Violent acts primarily correlated with periods of power instability. The work of violence specialists was crucial. It was coordinated by political leaders who mobilized the public against the alleged acute danger. At the same time, politicians were using rumors that spread very quickly in an atmosphere of uncertainty. Public leaders used collective violence as a tool of political struggle, gaining broad support for their political intentions.

Literární antisemitismus a konstrukce image židovského národa v meziválečných románech širšího Ostravska Imagologická česko-německá studie

Author(s): Lukáš Pěchula / Language(s): Czech Issue: 02/2019

This analysis examines the construction of Jewish heteroimages and the impact of antisemitism on their construction in novels written between the two World Wars in the broader Moravian-Silesian region. It is a comparative study that explores Jewish ethnotypes employed in selected works by German and Czech authors of the period. The primary aim of the study is to discern images, to decode their structure, to analyze their functions in the text, and to examine the impact of antisemitism. The geographic focus is on the broader Moravian-Silesian region, which attracted Jewish immigration, and especially Ostrava, a multicultural city where people of Polish, Czech, German and Jewish nationalities lived side by side. It is precisely these specifics of the researched region, together with the interwar time focus of the work, that form an attractive basis for research.

DAGMAR HÁJKOVÁ, PAVEL HORÁK, VOJTĚCH KESSLER, MIROSLAV MICHELA (edd.), Sláva republice! Oficiální svátky a oslavy v meziválečném Československu

Author(s): Andrea Talabér / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2019

Review of: DAGMAR HÁJKOVÁ, PAVEL HORÁK, VOJTĚCH KESSLER, MIROSLAV MICHELA (edd.), Sláva republice! Oficiální svátky a oslavy v meziválečném Československu, Praha 2018, Academia – Masaryku° v ústav a Archiv AV ČR, v. v. i., 536 s., ISBN 978-80-200-2870-9.

OTA KONRÁD, RUDOLF KUČERA, Cesty z apokalypsy. Fyzické násilí v pádu a obnově střední Evropy 1914–1922

Author(s): Jakub Rákosník / Language(s): Czech Issue: 02/2019

Review of: OTA KONRÁD, RUDOLF KUČERA, Cesty z apokalypsy. Fyzické násilí v pádu a obnově střední Evropy 1914–1922, Praha 2018, Academia – Masaryku° v ústav a Archiv AV ČR v. v. i., 368 s., ISBN 978-80-200-2874-7; ISBN 978-80-87782-82-8.

OTA KONRÁD, RUDOLF KUČERA, Cesty z apokalypsy. Fyzické násilí v pádu a obnově střední Evropy 1914–1922

Author(s): Pavel Baloun / Language(s): Czech Issue: 01/2019

Review of: OTA KONRÁD, RUDOLF KUČERA, Cesty z apokalypsy. Fyzické násilí v pádu a obnově střední Evropy 1914–1922, Praha 2018, Masarykův ústav a Archiv AV ČR a Academia, 364 s., ISBN 978-80-200-2874-7, 1890–1918, Praha–Litomyšl 2018, Paseka, 424 s., ISBN 978-80-7432-919-7.

The Right to Make Choices About Our Bodies Only Belongs to Us! Induced Abortion and the Communist Women’s Press in Interwar Czechoslovakia

Author(s): Vivian Šefrna / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2023

This article analyses the discourse of the communist women’s press in the First Czechoslovak Republic in connection with the induced abortion. Most radical voices of the time regarding the right to terminate one’s own pregnancy can be found in the press of the far left which has been largely neglected in historiography so far, and therefore, this article strives to present these voices, not least because they reflect issues of gender equality and bodily integrity that are extremely relevant nowadays. The article also pays close attention to the heterogeneity of the communist discourse and the radical turn after the abortion ban in the Soviet Union. In addition, the analysis includes medical arguments supporting the communist discourse as well as the most relevant contradictory voices. It also sketches the developments in the communist women’s magazine Rozsévačka and the related political background, including the bills legalizing abortion. Finally, it problematizes the simple link between proponents of abortion rights nowadays and back then.

Kompenzace obrazů dějin vyprodukovaných „rivalizující“ historiografií. případ českého a sudetoněmeckého dějepisectví v letech 1938–1945

Author(s): Tomáš Pánek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 02/2015

This contribution is based on a comparative analysis of images of important turning points (symbolic centres) of Czech and Sudeten German history created in 1938–1945 by Czech and Sudeten German historiographies. Its aim is to describe the main strategies these historiographers used to refute or at least compensate the image or interpretation of a historical phenomenon as described by the ‘rival’ historiography. Based on a generalisation, this contribution off ers a classifi cation of typical strategies which were used to this purpose. It turns out that on this general level, and although the nationally conditioned content was diff erent, strategies used by the Czech and Sudeten German historiographies were identical. Th e analysis and generalisation are introduced by a theoretical introduction which off ers arguments for the still sadly neglected use of comparative and relational-historical approach to the history of Czech historiography.

Szkic do biografii ziemianina Marian Kiniorski (1868-1943)

Author(s): Adam Wątor / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

The article presents the life and public activity of Marian Kiniorski. He studied at the University of Agriculture in Dublany, the University of Berlin and the School of Political Sciences in Paris (until 1899). He was a modern landowner, striving for the industrialization of property, the use of new agricultural techniques and agricultural progress. He belonged to a number of societies and landowners’ organizations (including the president of the Central Agricultural Society). At the same time, he was an active political activist associated with the National Democracy (a member of the National League, then the Board of the National People’s Union and the authorities of the National Party). A member of the Russian State Duma, then a senator of the Republic of Poland, participated in debates on the land reform. Active journalist, author of specialist articles on agricultural and social topics. In 1930 he withdrew from public life, focusing on the farm. He died in Warsaw.

Българският септември 1923 година: документите срещу митовете

Author(s): Rositsa Stoyanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2023

Sprawa ppłk. Józefa Biernackiego jako przyczynek do badań nad dwuinstancyjnością Oficerskiego Sądownictwa Honorowego w II Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej

Author(s): Grzegorz Kulka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

A considerable number of officers serving with the army during the Second Polish Republic partook in commercial transactions in order to increase their private wealth. However, when carrying out such projects they at times crossed the line between the accepted norms of civil and criminal law, as well as customarily accepted standards related to honor – which they sometimes exceeded. In such cases, they were brought to justice in court or were subjected to honorary proceedings. The paper discusses the two-stage system of the Officers’ Courts of Honor in the context of the criminal and civil cases concerning Lt. Józef Biernacki. The mechanisms behind the activities of these courts are presented, as well as the influence they had on shaping the officer cadre of the Polish Army.

Problemy organizacyjne kobiecego ruchu kombatanckiego w II Rzeczypospolitej

Author(s): Marta Sikorska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2022

The article discusses the activities of the female veteran’s movement in the Second Polish Republic. Organizational problems associated with the activities of the movement are analyzed, with particular emphasis being placed on internal ideological disputes that existed within the movement, which intensified after 1926. Issues surrounding Polish representation on the international stage are also analyzed. One of the most important aspects concerning the organization and functioning of the female veterans’ movement was the establishment in 1925 of the Fédération Interallié des Ancies Combatttants Auxiliaire (FIDAC Aux.). Poland was initially represented at FIDAC Aux. by organizations associated with the political movement Endecja. This situation changed in the early 1930s, after the Piłsudski camp gained control of the veteran’s movement. Between 1932–1933, the Polish female representation in FIDAC Aux. was restructured to include organizations associated with the Polish Legions that fought during World War I, with Aleksandra Piłsudska and General Roman Górecki playing a key role in these transformations.

Kampania polska 1939 r. w historiografii III Rzeszy Wprowadzenie bibliograficzne do tematyki

Author(s): Waldemar Rezmer / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2022

The article presents the historiography of the Third Reich thematically related to the Poland campaign 1939. The bibliography published in London in 1950 contains a list of 280 publications concerning this campaign, edited in the Third Reich in 1939–1945. There are 128 in the collections of Polish libraries. The publications were supposed to justify German invasion, glorify victory and create the myth of invincibility of the Wehrmacht. However, even amongst them it is possible to find works, which, after being subjected to severe critique, constitute an important source of information about the hostilities and the people who participated in them. They have a significant informative value. There are interesting photographs of soldiers, weapons, equipment and battlefields included in them. After 1945 German historians showed little interest in Poland campaign 1939. As a result, few scientific publications on that subject were prepared.

Wywiad na Niemcy oczami kierownika Referatu „Zachód” Oddziału II Sztabu Głównego Wojska Polskiego 1932–1939

Author(s): Tadeusz Dubicki,Robert Majzner / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2022

The article is a critical analysis of major Adam Świtkowski’s opinion concerning the functioning of military intelligence against the Third Reich, which was documented in 1943 as an expression of protest against the falsifying of history and the depreciation of the achievements of „Western” intelligence before 1939. The biggest asset of the document in question is the fact that it was written by the longest serving head of the „West” Department, who was also in charge during its most important period, i.e. between 1932–1939. Świtkowski’s opinion was drafted to complement an interrogation commissioned by a Navy Court Martial in London, within the framework of an investigation into captain Jerzy Niezbrzycki and major Tadeusz Nowiński, who were accused of defaming the then head of the Information-Intelligence Department of the Commander in Chief ’s Staff. The document focuses on two matters, i.e. the consequences of the „In.3” affair with regards to intelligence gathering against Germany, and the department’s role in preparing the country against any aggression from its western neighbor. At the same time, it provides the reader with a lot of supplementary information concerning the structure and modus operandi of the military intelligence service and the effects of its operational activity.

Życie i działalność Floriana Siwickiego w latach 1925–1968

Author(s): Paweł Sztama / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

Florian Siwicki was born in the Polish Eastern Borderlands and was the son of a Polish professional non-commissioned officer who served in the army of the Second Polish Republic. After the outbreak of World War II, the Siwicki family was deported deep into the USSR, where they survived several difficult years. The article traces the life of Florian Siwicki from the moment of his birth, through the period of the Second Polish Republic and World War II, and concludes in 1968 when he became the commander of the 2nd Polish Army. Siwicki was initially enlisted as a soldier by the soviets in 1942, he then became an officer of the so-called Polish People’s Army. He gradually climbed through the ranks, serving initially during the Stalinist period and later under the leadership of Władysław Gomułka, during which time he held various positions. In 1968, he became the commander of the 2nd Polish Army, which he led during the invasion of Czechoslovakia by Warsaw Pact forces.

Artykuł recenzyjny monografii naukowej Aleksandra S. Puczenkowa pt. Первый год Добровольческой армии. От возникновения „Алексеевской организации” до образования Вооруженных Сил на Юге России (ноябрь 1917 – декабрь 1918 года)

Author(s): Michał Patryk Sadłowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

Review of: Artykuł recenzyjny monografii naukowej Aleksandra S. Puczenkowa pt. Первый год Добровольческой армии. От возникновения „Алексеевской организации” до образования Вооруженных Сил на Юге России (ноябрь 1917 – декабрь 1918 года) Александр С. Пученков, Первый год Добровольческой армии. От возникновения „Алексеевской организации” до образования Вооруженных Сил на Юге России (ноябрь 1917 – декабрь 1918 года) (Санкт Петербург: Владимир Даль, 2021), ss. 813.

Литературното кафене в междувоенния период през мемоарите на Кирил Кръстев и Константин Константинов

Author(s): Ivana Tanusheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 29/2022

The aim is to present the importance of the literary coffee place in interwar period as a social culture center, based on memories of contemporaries in their memoir texts. My survey is based mainly on Kiril Krustev’s “Memorios of culture life between the two world wars” and “Road through the years” of Konstantin Konstantinov. I chose these texts because both authors pay close attention to the so-called “writerly cafe” — the “Tsar Osvoboditel” coffee - pastry shop. Both texts date from a later period, which is important for gaining a distant insight into past time. Konstantinov himself shares, that if something is a memory it must no longer be.