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Diversitatea legislaţiilor, incertitudinea legii aplicabile şi ineficienţa regulilor conflictului de legi au determinat adoptarea Convenţiei din 1926 pentru unificarea anumitor reguli referitoare la privilegiile şi ipotecile maritime.
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The issue of women’s rights and their role in the development of society is (still) a topic that generates analysis and introspection. The various tones and registers of the approach point out the women concerns during the interwar period (and not only) for exceeding the limits unjustly granted by history. By education and culture, feminine reunions have succeeded in persuading the political sphere to restore equal rights (civil and political). Thus, in the interwar period, the Romanian society felt a revival in most spheres of activity, women acquiring, due to rights, their proper independence. The study aims to reveal the activity of Romanian feminism regarding its political purpose- the idea of unity in rights in the national conscience of the Romanians.
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The present paper begins with a short presentation of the origins of the National Orthodox Society of Romanian Women (May 1910) and of its first years of activity (status, initiatives and achievements: kindergardens, schools, girls’ institutes, dormitories, libraries). In June 1919, delegates from all the historical provinces attended the National Orthodox Society of Romanian Women’s assembly and congress, which took place in Bucharest. In the context of the Great Union, between 1919 and 1925, women from Transylvania, with the support of priests, founded the first branches of this association in Sebeșul Sǎsesc, Cluj, Târgu Mureș, Mehadia, Arad, Sibiu, Timișoara, while in the following years they founded new branches in other cities and villages.The women who were members of these branches contributed to the foundation of new kindergardens and schools. Besides, they organized fundraising events for building Orthodox churches, as well as for organizing Christian and national celebrations. Branch leaders attended the society’s annual assemblies and congresses, where they presented reports and work programs. Thanks to their work, achievements and dedication, many members of the Transylvanian branches of the National Orthodox Society of Romanian Women, such as Catinca Bârsan, Aurelia Pipoș, Elena Popescu-Voitești, Eugenia Tordǎșianu, Elena Goldiș, Lucreția Murǎșianu, Cornelia Chiticeanu, are authentic models of Romanian feminism.
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Studies devoted to women in power are of particular interest, since regardless of the era, this issue is of particular relevance. Most often, any female personage, even if she is a representative of a ruling dynasty, is viewed from the perspective of a mother, wife or sister. In this article, we will try to consider some fragments from the life of Natalia Obrenović, nee Keshko, widely known in the history of Moldova, Serbia and Russia, and, in particular, her attitude to politics. In our opinion, it was her desire to delve into and interfere in the political activities of her husband Milan Obrenović that became the main reason for her tragic fate, in which there were divorce, separation from her son, and subsequently his death, change of religion and long years of renunciation and loneliness. Our research began with the search for her famous work „Mother”, which, undoubtedly, contains the most reliable information about her life and work firsthand. Attempts by my colleagues- historians in Serbia and France, as well as all our searches in the leading Russian archives (Moscow and St. Petersburg), have so far been unsuccessful. The main sources of this study were unique historical documents from Russian archival collections, especially of a private nature – letters from Natalia Obrenović, newspaper publications of the era and the memoirs of contemporaries about her. The author suggests that the marriage between a representative of the Bessarabian elite and a member of the Obrenović dynasty had far-reaching, far-sighted plans for dynastic merging and strengthening the positions of the Moldavian-Serbian aristocracy in the Balkans. However, the matrimonial union was not strong and durable. In the tragic breakup of the family, differences in political views between the spouses and Natalia's desire to dominate and rule the country played a role.
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Following the brief overview of the history of Lovran, during which he also presents several information from the church history which have been unknown thus far, the author writes about certain aspects of the life of the Catholic Church in that parish during the period of Italian administration. Lovran parish was a part of the Diocese of Trieste and Kopar when Austria-Hungary collapsed. In 1925 it became a part of the newly founded Diocese of Rijeka, together with the entire Liburnia area. The paper also mentions names of the pastorally active priests in Lovran between the two world wars, as well as other aspects of the religious life of that hitherto less-familiar period. The circumstances of religious life in the 1920s and 1930s have been placed in the context of national and linguistic issues related to Italianization conducted by the Kingdom of Italy in the area. The authorʼs analysis is mainly based on the archival records related to the bishops of Rijeka, i.e. their decisions and actions concerning Lovran parish
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The aim of the study is to analyze the activity of the Salt Office in Anhialo (now Pomorie) and its place among the other types of salt producers’ organizations in the city. Historical documents, such as resolutions of the Council of Ministers, diaries of the National Assembly, reports of the Burgas district authority, protocols of chambers of commerce and industry, of the City Council and the Salt Cooperative in Anhialo, as well as articles in local newspapers, are used in the study. The Salt Office actively participates in the economic and social life of the city from 1894 to 1922. The creation of the organization aims to protect the salt works and the city from the devastation caused by the severe sea storms. Also, the Office takes care of storing the produced salt in the salt warehouses and organizes the construction of new warehouses if necessary. An original form has been found to finance the set goals by separating part of the salt produced by its subsequent sale. The Salt Office is a precursor to two other salt producers’ organizations: the Salt Cooperative and the Anhialo Salt Works Foundation, whose activities have led to significant technological and technical improvements in salt production.
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The article presents the most important legislative initiatives of the Kingdom of Bulgaria targeted at the family in the period 1912–1944. The major goal is to outline the legislative measures aimed at strengthening the families as the main reproductive unit of society. In general, the state maintained the policy of promoting marital fertility and the system of family supplements for children was introduced for the first time. At the end of the period, the policy acquired a discriminatory character, focusing on supporting families of Bulgarian ethnic origin.
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This article aims to present Ştefan Fălcoianu`s personality and vast activity, (June 6, 1835 - January 22, 1905) a research based on the Fălcoianu Family Fund original documents from the Romanian ,National Archives in Bucharest. The documentary fund dates from 1836-1944 and was taken from the Ilfov Archives Branch. The documents contain information about the Fălcoianu family`s genealogy, on General Ștefan Ioniță Fălcoianu`s activity. The preserved correspondence reflects Stefan Fălcoianu’s ties with personalities of the time: Constantin Barozzi, Octav George Lecca and the Belgian general Henri Alexis Brialmont.
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This article aims to present Ştefan Fălcoianu`s personality and vast activity, (June 6, 1835 - January 22, 1905) a research based on the Fălcoianu Family Fund original documents from the Romanian National Archives in Bucharest. The documentary fund dates from 1836-1944 and was taken from the Ilfov Archives Branch. The documents contain information about the Fălcoianu family`s genealogy, on General Ștefan Ioniță Fălcoianu`s activity. The preserved correspondence reflects Stefan Fălcoianu’s ties with personalities of the time: Constantin Barozzi, Octav George Lecca and the Belgian general Henri Alexis Brialmont.
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In the era of the 1st Republic (1889–1930), Brazil offered a promising market and the outstanding economic opportunities for the exploitation of natural resources for businesses. These favorable opportunities were used by old and new imperialists to take advantage of their specific habit and their strength. This study is a short presentation of these aspirations.
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The lost cause of last Spanish colonies like Cuba, took a catastrophic effect on Spain in 1898. Both foreign policy and internal affairs changed, the postcolonial relations became the focus point of the mother country. After this disaster hispanismo and later Hispanidad were born which dominated the Spanish intellectual life. The primary aim was to get these lost lands back, but in another way, without conquest. These movements created new relations with Latin-America at the spiritual horizon to unify the inhabitants of Spain and Spanish descendants in America. Synchronization of economy and foreign policy like primary aims, gave a chance to re-establish Spain’s international loss of prestige and to hold up the expansion of the USA. Hispanismo was a theoretic phenomenon with conservative characteristics such as racial segregation which was eliminat-ed by Hispanidad. The latter was a political instrument that during Fran-quismo pushed into Latin-American policy.
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Review of: Hanna Kozińska-Witt: Jüdische Stadtdeputierte in der Zweiten Polnischen Republik. Projekte – Strategien – Dynamiken. (Polen: Kultur – Geschichte – Gesellschaft, Bd. 6.) Wallstein. Göttingen 2021. 316 S. ISBN 978-3-8353-3380-2. (€ 36,90.)
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The Romanians of Western Banat experienced three turbulent decades between 1918 and 1948. Within just one generation they lived to see the break-up of the Habsburg Monarchy, creation of Yugoslavia, its demise in WWII, communist liberation, imposition of communist system and eventual split with the Soviet Union. Being a real minority, they were denied self-determination and become subjects of a country in which they, like all national minorities, were second-class citizens. Then, the leading communists were willing to grant equality to all – within the framework of their system that was equally oppressive for all citizens. Due to Romanians’ isolationism and conservativism, they could never be firmly integrated in the socialist system – even when it gradually became more liberal than in other East European countries.
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Review of: Monica Vlaicu (Hg.), Adolf Schullerus (1864-1928). Korrespondenzen und Vorträge des siebenbürgischen Pfarrers, Gelehrten und Politikers, Aus dem Nachlass herausgegeben von Monica Vlaicu, mit einem Vorwort von Ulrich A. Wien, [Schriften zur Landeskunde Siebenbürgens Band 37], Böhlau Verlag, Wien-Köln-Weimar, 2018, 368 p.
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Bitlis is one of the important civilization centers of Anatolia with its historical background and cultural values. For this reason, researching and lighting every period of the city's history will make significant contributions to both the province of Bitlis and the "Historical Science". Local history studies provide important resources and benefits to regional and national history studies. The political living space of Bitlis, which has been an important settlement throughout history, since the first years of the Republic, and the efforts of the cadres engaged in politics in this area are of great importance in terms of social transformation. With this study, we aimed to evaluate the political, social, economic and cultural development process of Bitlis in the Republican Period, the deputies representing the city and their activities. It is important to reveal the political, social, economic and cultural bases of the political cadres who dominated the country's administration in the Republican era, both at the local and national level. In general, the progress and development of the country, the city it represents locally, in line with the planned targets is closely related to the skills of the deputies. In this study, the background of the deputies who represented the city of Bitlis in the Turkish Grand National Assembly during the Republican Period (1923-1950) and the activities of the Parliament were investigated, the representation status of Bitlis in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey in this period, the people elected, the studies and events were examined, and the political history of the city was tried to be explained. In this study, prepared in the light of archive sources, the biographies and parliamentary activities of the Bitlis Deputies in the Republican Period were discussed in detail in chronological order. Information on the biography of the deputies was obtained from the registry files in the TBMM Archive, the Translator Hal Warakas and the Turkish Parliament History (first 8 volumes), which are the publications of the Turkish Grand National Assembly. The election records of the deputies were obtained from the archives of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, and their work in the General Assembly was obtained by scanning the Minutes. In order to reach the other political works of the deputies, the documents related to Bitlis in the Presidency Republic Archive were used.
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The present study is a reconstruction of the events on the occasion of the centenary of the birth of I. C. Brătianu and is part of a wider research of the year 1921 and its role in creating a collective memory of political and cultural personalities from the 19th century. The objectives of the study aim to “build” the process of remembering the personality of the liberal leader, in a year in which three centenaries brought to public attention three important figures: Ion C. Brătianu, Vasile Alecsandri and Tudor Vladimirescu. Without entering into a competition of recollection, the three characters were part of a process that is as similar to public recognition as it is different due to the specific features of each one. Highlighting the actors who supported the collective and social memory around a character like I. C. Brătianu, of the mechanisms by which the liberal leader is relocated from the past to the present of the beginning of the 20th century are some of the objectives of the text. At the same time, the reaction of public opinion to the anniversary of the 1821 revolution and the commemoration of I. C. Brătianu is presented in a context where everything that happens in the public space has a supreme rationale, namely the offering of new models of civic conduct. The present study is intended to be one of analysis and understanding of the construction of the social memory of a character such as the former prime minister of Romania (1876-1888), remembered one hundred years after his birth alongside events such as the 100th anniversary since the revolution of 1821 and the birth of Vasile Alecsandri.
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The paper investigates and presents the writing of the “Belgrade municipal newspaper – the official gazette of the city government” (Beogradske opštinske novine) about the First World War from 1929 to 1940. The texts that were dedicated to manifestations, ceremonies, and commemorations on the occasion of the First World War were analyzed to expose the post-war society’s memory of the war (“living memory”), their perceptions, ideas, and values about the war. Studying the “Beogradske opštinske novine “ on a qualitative level, through the main ideas of the articles and speeches of the participants at the events, one will see the cultural framework created by the municipal government of Belgrade.
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Dedicated to the Romanian poetry inspired by the experience of the two World Wars, the article traces the development of modern irony – ethically engaged against the realities of trench warfare and against the context that made them possible – in the verses of combatant poets and in those of civilians. The goal of the approach is to outline the evolution of this oblique discursive strategy in the Romanian poetry, under the pressure exerted by the events of the first half of 20th century, before becoming an Aesopian literary practice during Communism.
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