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Review of: Enes Ljevaković - Dr. Mustafa Hasani: Tumačenje i primjena šerijatskog prava o mješovitim brakovima u Bosni i Hercegovini od 1930. do 1940. godine, Fakultet islamskih nauka u Sarajevu i El-Kalem, Sarajevo, 2014., 362 strane, tvrdi povez
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Thomas Hardy, one of the greatest British novelists, from the late 19th and early 20th century during his lifetime was known only to a small number of intellectuals from the region of our linguistic areas. His most famous novel Tess of the d 'Urbervilles or pure woman, was translated into Croatian only in 1936, and this year may be considered as the year when Hardy entered into our culture. This paper presents all the reviews, critical reviews and articles about Hardy and his works, published in literary criticism and periodicals in the region of the former Yugoslavia since the first mention of his name until the Second World War, which were written in Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian language. The reader, on the basis of all these articles about Hardy as a novelist and poet can as well get an image of him as a man, as a thinker and as a critic of his time, which has not been much changed even by the contemporary literary criticism.
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The paper deals with regional history. It researches the economy in Nitra and the Nitra district during the autonomy of Slovakia (1938 – 1939), focusing on the socioeconomic situation of the city and its population. It analyzes the form of political decisions, newly adopted regulations, laws and measures at the national level and their impact on the selected region. It focuses on the areas of infrastructure, pricing, organizing financial collections for the defense of the state. It examines the direct and indirect impact of mobilization on the economic situation in the city, effect of selected events (such as the Second Vienna Award, the declaration of Slovakia’s autonomy and others) on local companies, firma and their production. He also notices the growing manifestations of anti-Semitic, anti-Czech but also anti-Hungarian behavior, supported by contemporary propaganda. The article also describes specific cases of policy interventions in the lives of selected citizens through numerous restrictions and sanctions. The study is the first probe into the economic history of a selected area with a time span of October 1938 – March 1939. The research is primarily based on archival sources, period print and scientific literature.
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This paper introduces new details about the life and work of Ferdinand Stark (1900 – 1930), a talented Jewish physicist and inventor from Ružomberok. Presented information corrects and adds the information that has been published about him so far. The information concerns Stark’s high school studies in Ružomberok, his university studies in Budapest, Brno, and Prague, where he earned his doctorate degree in physics. The article further deals with Stark’s work in Berlin, his publications and patents, the death of his parents, and inheritance records. The content of his book and two scholarly articles co-authored with Otto Blüh, information on the reviewers of his dissertation, on the co-authors of publications and patents, on the company he sold his patents through, and on the impact of his work is also discussed. All this information makes it possible to better emphasize Stark’s importance for the regional history of Ružomberok.
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The text of the study touches on the fate of the Cieszyn region, when in the historic 1920s, by decision of the Conference of Ambassadors, the region was divided between Czechoslovakia and Poland, after the two countries had argued for a year and a half about its division. The publication is divided into three parts. The first part deals with the idea of self-determination of nations – what it was, how it was popularized and where, who were the people who supported this idea in their beliefs, speeches and public statements. The second part concerns the realization of this idea in the Cieszyn region and how Poles and Czechs led the diplomatic dispute over this territory, which was so important for both countries in the period 1919–1920. The third and longest of all, concerns the decision of the Great Powers of Spa of July 28, 1920, in particular how it was covered in the press of the parties concerned. The opinions of the Czech, Polish and Cieszyn local press are presented.
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Three types of issues were important In the development of the Slovenian trade union movement: economic, political and conceptual. Economic and political issues were important because they had an impact on the dynamics of society; they determinated conditions for the diversity of union functions. Different social concepts had a strong influence on the unions themselves.
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Victor Babeș was one of the great scientists of the Romanian medical school, his research being in the field of bacteriology, microbiology and serology. He studied medicine at the University of Vienna and Budapest. Between 1882 and 1886 he made study trips to the great medical centers of Europe and studied near some medical figures, such as Louis Pasteur, Cornil André Victor, Rudolf Wirchow and Robert Koch. Together with the French scientist A.V. Cornil, in 1885 he published a great treatise on bacteriology, appreciated all over the world. V. Babeș studied the causes and possibilities of treating diseases such as leprosy, tuberculosis, cholera, rabies and others. He was interested in Louis Pasteur’s research into the treatment of cholera and rabies, being impressed by the personality of the French scientist. From Pasteur he learned the importance of laboratory experiments and perseverance in the search for scientific arguments. From 1870 to 1887 he published over a hundred scientific papers in histopathology and microbiology. In 1887 he settled in Romania, as a professor of histopathology and bacteriology at the Faculty of Medicine, in Bucharest and as founder and director of the Institute of Pathology and Bacteriology in the capital city. V. Babeș was among the members of the University Commission, which dealt with the study program of the Faculty of Medicine in Cluj. In 1919 he was appointed professor at the University of Cluj, where he taught courses in pathological anatomy, histology and microbiology. Babeș’s greatest research work was the discovery of the rabies bacillus and the treatment of this serious disease. In 1912 he published a treatise on rabies in Paris, contributing significantly to the evolution of scientific knowledge in this field. Although Louis Pasteur was the “father” of the rabies vaccine, Victor Babeș invented his own method of rabies vaccination, which he applied in Romania. He was also constantly concerned with improving the health of the country’s population and an efficient government organization in public health. Babeș had been a full member of the Romanian Academy since 1893. He was a three-time laureate of the Paris Academy of Sciences, receiving the Monthyon Prize for his research (in 1887 and 1924), and in 1913 the Bréant Prize. For his merits in universal medicine, he became a corresponding member of the Academy of Medicine in Paris and an officer of the Legion of Honor in France.
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For the studies of the history of Romanian medicine and for the publishing activity, the name of Pompei Samarian is a mandatory landmark. He was born on March 26, 1879 in Bacău, and after graduating he was, in turn, doctor in Podoleni-Fălciu, assistant at the Psychiatric Clinic of Mărcuța Hospital, secondary doctor at Eforie Hospital, doctor at Zimnicea Hospital. In 1912 he became doctor at the Călărași County Hospital, where he remained until his death, on May 11, 1942. A doctor by profession, but with an indisputable vocation as a historian, Pompei Samarian is the author of the first history of early Romanian medicine (1382–1834), “Medicine and pharmacy in the Romanian past” (vol. I–III, 1935–1938), a work which received the prize of the Romanian Academy in 1935. He published numerous studies, larger or smaller, from volumes to articles in various scientific publications of the time, on the past of Romanian epidemiology, on the past of veterinary medicine, on the history of the city and hospital in Călărași or on the plague in Romanian history. He was a doctor and director of the hospital in Călărași for three decades (from 1912–1942), vice president of the Royal Romanian Society of Medical History and a prominent member of the International Society of Medical History, which in turn awarded him a prize for the monumental work on the plague, “From the epidemiology of the Romanian past. Plague” (1932). Although his studies have remained valid to this day, very little has been written about Dr. Pompei Samarian and his work. It is the reason why we intend to return to his personality, his scientific and journalistic activity, as well as his works.
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Through archival sources from the Archives of Yugoslavia in Belgrade (AJ) and the Archives of the Faculty of Orthodox Theology of the University of Belgrade (APBF) as well as literature, this paper shows long path of the Serbian Orthodox Karlovci Seminary towards recognition of faculty (higher education) level for that institution.
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In this paper we deal with an overview of all fictional and factual works of Musine Kokalari, published from 1937 to 1970. Kokalari is the first Albanian writer who published the book "As my old mother tells me” in 1939. In its thematic scope, her work, both fictional and factual, is motivated and includes the world of women, either as a subject or as an object. This theme, in line with fiction, focuses on the description and narrative of the figure of the woman as a subject, with all its characteristics. Whereas, in the factual plane, the author becomes a subject herself and is tested in writing personal, autobiographical and critical narrative. Kokalari's fictional as well as factual texts are therefore related to the subject of the writing, so the most appropriate analysis is their division into statuses. In this paper, aside the brief review of each work of Musine as a linear process of writing, at the same time distinguishes the forms that defines the literary and factual discourse.
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Review: Dietmar Müller, Bodeneigentum und Nation. Rumänien, Jugoslawien und Polen im europäischen Vergleich 1918–1948. (Moderne europäische Geschichte, Bd. 17.) Wallstein Verlag. Göttingen 2020. 479 S. ISBN 978-3-8353-3644-5. (€ 46,–.) (Kristian Mennen)
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Review: Die Verfolgung und Ermordung der europäischen Juden durch das nationalsozialis-tische Deutschland 1933–1945. Bd. 13: Slowakei, Rumänien und Bulgarien. Hrsg. von Barbara Hutzelmann, Mariana Hausleitner und Souzana Hazan. De Gruyter Oldenbourg. Berlin 2018. 800 S. ISBN 978-3-11-036500-9. (€ 59,95.) (Beáta Márkus)
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The study addresses the changes experienced in Turkey- Germany relations as a result of the domestic political developments experienced in Germany after World War I, when the National Socialist German Labor Party (Nazis) came to power in 1933. The change experienced in Germany with the Nazi rule reflected itself also in the relations with Turkey and changed the course of Turkish-German relations. Under the light of the archive documents of the State Archives of the Presidency of Turkish Republic, the study analyses Turkish-German relations especially in 1933 which is the first year of the rule of Nazis when the bilateral relations made a new start. The year 1933, when important developments were recorded between two countries, has been a year when a set of important economic and political steps were taken in line with the start of Turkey-German relations. In this framework, during the period between two world wars which is an important period in Turkish political history, the study assesses the Turkey-Germany relations peculiar to the year 1933 when the Nazi Party came to power and is analyses how the relations between two countries were evaluated by Turkish foreign policy. The study is evaluated in accordance with archive documents and other sources obtained by documentary source scanning method.
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This study deals with the discursive practices of Iranian workers and their relationship with the state from the Constitutional Revolution in 1906 until the end of Reza Shah’s reign in 1941 with a particular focus on the late 1920s and 1930s. Although organized labour, such as trade unions, as well as collective labour actions, such as strikes, are undeniably important in examining the trajectory of Iranian workers’ relationship with the state, only a small segment of workers joined in them, compared to their overall number. Thus, this article provides an analysis of workers’ petitions as a more common and non-confrontational form of labour activism, and an often-deferential means of negotiating with the state over working and living conditions. In the main, it argues that the discursive formation of the Iranian working class, in its broadest sense, preceded its material formation. Also, since non-striking workers were not necessarily passive recipients of state policies, an emphasis is made on workers’ petitions, mostly from the textile industry, to show how they tried to work the system ‘to their minimum disadvantage’, to use Eric Hobsbawm’s phrase.
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In this article the effect of Sombart in Turkish thought will be discussed in two periods, the late Ottoman and the early republican era in the context of Germans and Germany and then specified in the Sabri F. Ülgener case with his research in economic mentality. It will be proposed that Sombart’s effect was limited within the scope of his political writing until Ülgener and his idea on the genesis of capitalism and methodology which was originated from spiritual sciences, are firstly considered with Ülgener.
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Eugene E. Lansere is a Russian painter from a distinguished family. He had major contribution to Russian graphic arts with the limning technique towards the end of Czarizm Period. Subjects which belongs to different cultures has treated empirically in an illustrative and ethnographic approach. Especially his illustrations for the story of “Hacı Murat” written by Tolstoy gained great appreciation. During the years of establishment of Turkish Republic, he arrived to Ankara (capital city of Turkey) in 1992 and performed numerous of paintings and illustrations. He published his observations and drawings as a book. Lansere's paintings and illustrations were analyzed in terms of ethnohistoric and ethnographic features and examined in this article.
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The declaration of the Republic on 29 October 1923 brought a social change; in addition to the management elements such as economy, economy, domestic and politics by the hand of governments, fields such as education and arts were also affected by this change. It is thought that the policies and practical efforts of the governments contribute significantly to the adaptation of the people to the process. It is known that many new institutions were opened between 1923-1945 when is called the one-party political system, to improve the education system and to support the arts and artists. In addition, various museums, Turkish Hearths and People's Houses hosted exhibitions. With the 1946 general election, the transition to a multi-party political system was experienced. After the 1950 general elections, officially multi-party political life was adopted. During 1950 government period ,economic policies came forward and although Turkey did not enter World War 2, it felt its negative effects ,especially on economic fields. It is thought that the process brought along different educational and cultural policies. In this direction, the aim of the this article is to discuss the education, culture and arts policies of governments in a period from 1938 to 1950; in this study,Turkey has been mentioned between the years 1938-1950, to summarize the topics , events happened between 1923-1950 have been handled chronologically, 1923-1950 general elections and the information about governments served between the years 1938-1950, have been visualised by charts. In conclusion,the programs of 10-19th Republic Governments have been tried to be evaluated, especially culture and art education.
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Ottoman Empire, participated in First World War thinking of winning and conquering lands, had a great disappointment with the Mondros Armistice signed at the end of the war. The invasions came along after the truce led the Anatolian people to live in pessimism and despair. The sultan's and the Istanbul Government's surrender policies against occupations triggered the Armenian and Greek gangs who cooperated with the Allied states and received all kinds of help from them. These gangs started massacres by attacking vulnerable Turkish villages in Çukurova, Eastern and Western Anatolian regions and especially in the Black Sea region. These events led Anatolian people to take some measures to defend themselves. Meanwhile, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, who was appointed as the 9th Army Inspector in Samsun, in order to prevent the chaos in the Black Sea region, by the Istanbul Government, will be the name of the national resistance and hope to be heard in Anatolia. Mustafa Kemal Pasha, who set out for the purpose of establishing national union and independence, laid the foundations of a completely independent Turkish State based on national sovereignty on 23 April 1920 in Ankara. Ankara, which was an almost forgotten city in the middle of Anatolia during the organization of the National War of Independence, embraced Mustafa Kemal Pasha and became the center of military and political action of this war. In this study, the difficulties encountered in the organization phase of the National War of Independence and Ankara's contribution to this war are studied mainly based on A.U. Tite. documents, including first and second hand sources and press records.
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The First Term Turkish Grand National Assembly is an assembly that carried out the national struggle successfully and established the new Turkish state. The researches that will be conducted on the members of this distinguished assembly will help better understand the national struggle and the spirit of this struggle. For this reason, Ali Süruri Bey who was the deputy of Şebinkarahisar was selected as the research. Ali Süruri Bey was one of the most active deputies of the First Term Turkish Grand National Assembly. However, no scientific study has been done about him. The aim of this study has been to fill this gap to some extent. Primarily, open and secret zabıt cerideleri and archive documents of the Turkish Grand National Assembly were benefitted in the study. Also, other related data and documents were used. Ali Süruri Bey began working as a deputy on 9 May 1920. He often took the floor with his identity of jurist. He addressed several speeches particularly on general issues. As he was extremely meticulous, he made an effort for using the appropriate word in law. He was one of the deputies who made most motions. He also abstained from a vote and voted for rejection for several times. He never adopted on an issue that he found unreasonable and unconscionable.
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Anatolian Greeks who fought alongside the Greek Army either voluntarily or by force of Greece in the Armistice Period, had gathered in port cities to leave the Turkish lands especially after the Great Offensive. In this process, American aid committees, like The Near East Relief, helped the transfer of Greeks. Parrott (218), Edsall (219), Kane (235), King (242) and Goff (247) were also sent to the Black Sea ports to aid The Near East Relief’s activities about refugees, to gather intelligence and make secure U.S. Merchant ships. These ships went to Trabzon, Giresun, Ordu, Fatsa, Ünye and Samsun and prepared reports about its patrols and send them to The Office of The Commander U.S. Naval Detachment in Turkish Waters. In this article, the reports of the ships that mentioned above, belonging to December 1922 were examined.
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