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MONDROS MÜTAREKESİ SONRASI DOĞU KARADENİZ BÖLGESİ’NDEKİ DURUM VE ERZURUM KONGRESİ

Author(s): Yüksel Küçüker / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 10/2020

The Ottoman Empire lost the First World War, which was its last war, dramatically. In the following period, it was discussed how the future of the Ottoman lands would be shaped. The Armistice of Mudros gave some clues on this issue. This armistice was preparing a ground that would leave Anatolia vulnerable to future invasions, due to some vague provisions. The authority gap experienced after the armistice caused an environment of turmoil in the Eastern Black Sea Region as well as in many regions of Anatolia. Armenians and Greeks, with the effect of foreign support, engaged in separatist activities in their regions. On the other hand, the Muslim people living in these regions chose to fight against both these separatists and possible invasion attempts. Upon the increase of efforts to establish Pontus and the great Armenia states in the Eastern Black Sea and Eastern Anatolia regions, the Erzurum branch of the Vilâyât-ı Şarkıyye Müdâfaa-i Şarkıyye Müdâfaa-i Hukûk-ı Milliyye Cemiyeti and the Trabzon Muhâfaza-i Hukuk Cemiyeti organized the Erzurum Congress in Erzurum between 23 July and 7 August 1919. Among the topics discussed in the Erzurum Congress, events in the Eastern Black Sea Region had an important place. This situation was also reflected in the congress declaration. The articles in the declaration such as “the impossibility of Trabzon Province and Canik Sanjak with the eastern provinces to be separated from each other and from the Ottoman community for no reason and excuse; the Muslims in the region were regarded as real brothers and because all kinds of occupation and intervention will be considered as aimed at the establishment of a Pontus and Armenian state the principle of defense and resistance against it” were important in this respect.

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CUMHURİYETİN İLK YILLARINDA GÜMÜŞHANE VİLAYETİ’NDE BAYINDIRLIK FAALİYETLERİ

Author(s): Serdar Göktaş / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 11/2020

During the transition from the Ottoman Empire to the Republic of Turkey, Gümüşhane suffered a severe destruction in all aspects due to the extraordinary circumstances of this period. The city suffered a spiritual collapse in the areas of socio-cultural, public works, education, population, economy, security as well as the loss of life and property with the Russian and Armenian occupation in the First World War. Gümüşhane, which is located in the administrative structure of the Republic of Turkey, was established after the declaration of the Republic, first as an independent Sanjak and then as a province, took action to heal the wounds of the recent tremors. The city, which was burned and destroyed especially during the Russian occupation, began to be rebuilt during this period. In this study, it will be revealed how a change and transformation took place in terms of Public Works in Gümüşhane province during the first years of the Republic, where the mentality along with the name of the state in Turkey changed.

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MİLLİ MÜCADELE VE CUMHURİYETİN İLK YILLARINDA GİRESUN’DA BASIN HAYATI: IŞIK GAZETESİ

Author(s): Oktay KARAMAN / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 11/2020

Newspapers, which have a great importance in researching past events, are the most effective tools in knowing the political, social, economic and cultural characteristics of the period they were published. Especially local newspapers have a great worth in the city history studies and understanding the characteristics of cities in all fields in the past. Press life in the Ottoman Empire was started by foreign states at the beginning of the 19th century. The first Turkish newspaper of the Ottoman State was Takvim-i Vekayi, published on November 1, 1831. Ceride-i Havadis started its publication life in 1840 and Tercüman-ı Ahval in 1860. An important development for the westernization efforts and press life in the late 19th century in the Ottoman Empire was the establishment of provincial printing houses since 1864. Provincial printing houses also enabled the emergence of local journalism. Press life in Giresun started in 1910. Especially during the National Struggle Period and the first years of the Republic, a very dynamic press life is observed. Newspapers and magazines printed in printing houses in the cities played an important role in raising public awareness. The printing house, which is the most important tool for publishing newspapers and magazines, was established in 1910 and until 1923, Yeni Yol, Giresun and İttihat Terakki printing houses served the press life in the city. The first newspapers published in Giresun were "Giresun" in 1910, "Giresun Maarif" in 1911, "Karadeniz", "Hadim-i Millet" and "Kavlak" in 1918, "Işık" in 1920, “Gedikkaya” and “Yeşilgiresun” in 1925. Işık Newspaper started its publication life on April 1, 1918 and continued until 1927. Almost in every issue of the newspaper, the owner of the newspaper, Çemşitza Ahmed Nuri, commented on the agenda of the new Republic of Turkey and Giresun. It followed a very sensitive publishing policy on national and moral issues and made no concessions on these issues. News about the political, social, economic and cultural life of the city were included. During the events such as earthquakes and illnesses in the country, donations from newspaper revenues and goods lotteries were organized to be given to the needy. Işık Newspaper has fulfilled the most important task of newspapers, which is being the source of information and increasing awareness of the society.

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AMERİKAN BASININDA PONTUS RUM PROPAGANDASI (1914-1921)

Author(s): Mehmet Okur,Abdullah Berk / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 12/2021

Uprising movements in Balkans initiated by Christian elements and supported by Western Powers in XIX. century, thereafter influenced also Christian minorities in Anatolia and created the danger of new political structures to rise as in Baklans with the outbreak of the First World War. Greeks who dreamed of establishing a Pontus State in East Black Sea Region with the Pontus idea formed by Greece, Fener-Greek Patriarchate, metropolitan bishops and Greek schools, revolted against Ottoman State with armed groups with the support of Entate Powers. After the Armistice of Mudros, Pan-Pontian Greeks began political activities and carried their claims on the Eastern Black Sea coasts to the international arena during the Paris Conference. With the aim of creating a legitmate basis to these claims, also an intense propaganda activity run by Greeks and these activities were also given wide publicity in American press. As such, the statements of American missionarries, Greek reverends and the other pro-Greek people or groups who had been operating in the region, were published on American newspapers with striking headlines in order to influence the public. While the claims of the Greeks that they were massacred by Turks were reflected in U.S press, the news underlining Greeks’ existence in the region before Christ, also created a different perception about the region.

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Senjsko sjemenište te Visoko filozofsko i teološko učilište u njemu 1806. – 1940.

Author(s): Mile Bogović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2006

The Senj Theology Seminary, with one short break, was working from 1806 until 1940. During this period the school educated numerous valuable priests for its own bishopric as well as many cultural workers and teachers for its own people. Ante Starčević and Franjo Rački were also theologians of Senj-Modruš, but later they found themselves on opposing political positions. Theologians preferred to keep memories of Starčević than Rački. At the time when the unfriendly currents for the Croatian option worked on the separation of Rijeka from Senj, there were constant repetitions that from Senj only Croatian nationalists were coming. Senj had, really, always kept the Croatian spirit as well as its Seminary.The Seminary and the Philosophy and Theological College within worked in a very difficult time. Alongside the financial problems, during the first period, there were the problems related to the lack of qualified professors. Later, this problem was not so present although it was always there. The main problems were created by the lack of students. This was especially present in the time when Senj High School did not work. Without accomplished high school education it was not possible to continue education in philosophy and theology. From 1816 until 1845, the Philosophy Boarding School, whose accomplishment was a condition for the study of theology, was a private institution with non-paid professors and many times without the necessary qualifications. In 1849 the high school education was extended from six to eight years and the last two years replaced the previous philosophy boarding school. After this the situation became more favourable regarding the status of professors and the school, but these two added years of education became poorer in providing the knowledge necessary for the preparation for theology studies. Bishop Ožegović contributed a lot to the Senj High School and Theology College when in 1857 established the Convent School in Senj. This was helpful for the High School because it gave possibilities for talented students from villages to attend this school and to the Theology College in the way that the students in the Convent School were directed toward theology. Certainly, this worked for those who had chosen this kind of education. When this was not enough and still when only a small number of the high school students applied for further studies at the Theology College, Bishop Vjenceslav Soić tried to renew the Philosophy Boarding School in 1874. After a bad experience, he had to close it down at the end of the school year. The Philosophy Boarding School was renewed in 1909 and it worked until the closing of the Seminary in 1919. It was already clear that the High School was providing a general education and it did not prepare its students only for the study of theology as this was the case with the Philosophy Boarding School.WWI had a negative impact on the work of the Seminary because some of the students enrolled in this school only to avoid military service, and after the war they took away those who already had priest vocation. Bishop Marušić, therefore, closed the Seminary in 1919 and sent candidates for priests to some other colleges, mainly in Zagreb. Some people considered this as being improvident, one of them being Professor Ivan Starčević. When he was entitled the Bishop of Senj and Modruš in 1932, he decided to reopen the Seminary and Theology College in Senj. He succeeded in this is only one year. He was very keen to raise the number of students and further clerics, so he accepted to the Seminary the candidates from all around, without a serious selection. If Starčević had lived longer (he died in 1934), he would, certainly have put this Seminary on its feet. His successor Viktor Burić (1935-1983) did not approve the opening of the Seminary in Senja because the situation was not mature. In 1940 he closed down the Seminary with the same reason as Marušić did in 1919 although, momentary, there was relatively large number of students there (37).

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Pomorze w roku 1920 w perspektywie integracji z Rzeczpospolitą

Author(s): Przemysław Olstowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

In January and February 1920 the Polish Army and civil administration annexed the greater part of the Vistula Pomerania to the Republic of Poland, which had been granted to it by the decision of the Paris Peace Conference of 28 June 1919. The centenary of the return of Pomerania to Poland, celebrated in 2020, becomes an impulse for the reflections on the events that took place during the first year that Pomerania belonged to Poland, and their significance for the integration of this region and its society into the Republic of Poland. With a review of historical research and analysis of published and archival sources as a starting point, the article provides a comprehensive account of the problems related to the incorporation of Pomerania into the Polish statehood in 1920, which affected the Polish, Kashubian and German populations in different ways. They were mainly associated with the frail Polish administration established from scratch, the lawlessness brought about by undisciplined military units stationed in Pomerania, as well as the policy of the state authorities aimed at the economic unification of this region with Poland. These phenomena were accompanied by changes in nationality structure and economic ownership, which resulted from the departure of the majority of German population to the Reich, and the war with Soviet Russia. The negative experiences during the first year of unification with Poland were largely unavoidable. However, their long-term consequences, the most serious of which was an increase in the sense of separate and distinctive regional identity among the inhabitants of Pomerania, had an inhibiting effect on the process of integrating Pomerania into the Republic of Poland during the interwar period.

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Polityczna działalność Misji Wojskowo-Dyplomatycznej Białoruskiej Republiki Ludowej w Rydze w latach 1918–1921

Author(s): Dorota Michaluk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

So far in the historical studies, the activity of the Military and Diplomatic Mission of the Belarusian People’s Republic in Riga has appeared in the context of relations between Belarus and Latvia during the period of the formation of new states in Eastern Europe after the fall of the Russian Empire, the organisation of Belarusian military units in Latvia, and the activity of General Stanisław Bułak-Bałachowicz. The aim of the article is to analyse the political activity of the Mission that covered the territory of Latvia, Estonia and, to a lesser extent, Finland, against the background of the dynamic political and military situation on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea in 1918–1921. The study uses a critical analysis of documents and letters relevant for the history of the Mission. Its findings lead to the conclusion that the most important achievements of the Mission were: obtaining de jure recognition of the Belarusian People’s Republic by Finland and initiating the creation of the Belarusian armed forces on the basis of General Stanisław Bułak-Bałachowicz’s Special Unit, which fought against the Red Army. However, attempts to gain support for Belarusian independence from Great Britain failed.

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A New Order in Central and Eastern Europe

Author(s): Mariusz Wołos / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

The aim of this article is to discuss the current state of research and published sources on the Polish-Soviet negotiations and treaty that put an end to the armed conflict of 1918/1919–1920. It emphasises the significance of the peace treaty signed on 18 March 1921 in Riga for the resetting of relations between countries in Central and Eastern Europe after the First World War. The text puts forward a thesis – widely accepted in Polish historiography but basically overlooked by Western and Russian historians – that the Treaty of Riga constituted the completion and fulfilment of the European order, the most important element of which was the Treaty of Versailles and subsequent peace treaties; therefore, the term ‘Versailles-Riga Order’ is used. It outlines the attitudes of European superpowers and those of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and of the representatives of the Russian White Movement towards the issues raised during the negotiations in Riga, especially with regards to the shape of the border between the Republic of Poland and Soviet Russia. The article also discusses the objectives, diplomatic tactics and composition of the Polish and Soviet delegations. It points out that the negotiations in Riga were sort of a testing ground for both the Polish and Soviet parties. Moreover, the most important provisions of the peace treaty are discussed from a broad perspective, as well as the methods of their implementation in the following years, namely the issue of establishing the Polish-Soviet border, financial settlements and liabilities, reclaiming cultural heritage, and – last but not least – the repatriation of populations to Poland, Russia and Soviet Ukraine.

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STATE-SANCTIONED IDENTITY VERSUS MINORITY IDENTITY: THE CASE OF SOUTHERN BESSARABIAN GERMANS IN INTERWAR ROMANIA

Author(s): OANA-MARIA MITU / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2020

The analysis of the Romanian interwar nation-building process still contains too few regional case studies. That of Southern Bessarabia is interesting because of its special circumstances: a very complicated social scene, where the State wanted to enforce its authority in creating a homogenous national identity, but could not administer enough horizontal social pressure in order to do so. Our study follows the manner in which the State imagined its cultural propaganda program, then focuses on part of the strategies and instruments it used for its implementation, namely on the manner in which its cultural mission was internalized and carried out by local schooling staff. We will then turn to the case study of a community that widely featured the complex relations between socio-cultural politics and local identity: the Southern Bessarabian Germans. By following elements within their relationship with cultural politics and State propaganda, we intend to show the bi-directional character of the culturally-formative process, as well as the struggle of keeping one’s own identity while being pressured to assume the one of the majority. We have gathered our theoretical framework from the writings of the Romanian elite of the time, and our facts from archival documents.

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SPITALUL DIN PORTUL SULINA ŞI EPIDEMIA DE HOLERĂ DIN ANUL 1865

Author(s): Ionuţ-Alexandru DRĂGHICI / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 13/2020

At the beginning of the 19th century cholera arrived to Europe from distant Asia. After the major epidemics that had troubled the European space before, various measures were developed to prevent and stop it. In 1865, because of its strategic position - a gateway to Europe, subject to intense transit that favored the mobility of disease - the Port of Sulina was a meeting point for both epidemic propagation and prevention policies. Local hygienic and sanitary conditions, which often formed the basis of many cases of illness, could not be neglected. There was a need to impose a public health policy at the mouths of the Danube. Therefore, the European Commission established a special hospital in Sulina. It’s activity was part of the coordinates drawn by the ECD regarding the provision and improvement of medical services in the region. These were offered to the city's inhabitants, to Commission staff, and to foreign sailors, who often contracted various diseases or became ill because of poor hygiene onboard ships. However, the hospital’s chief physician, doctor Jellinek, proved, through his medical findings and regulations, the futility of the quarantine system in epidemic situations. Based on his official reports, as well as other archival data, this paper analyzes the ECD's attempt at applying a modern sanitary vision in an unhealthy area.

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ACTIVITATEA SPITALULUI DIN SULINA LA SFÂRŞITUL SECOLULUI XIX ŞI ÎNCEPUTUL SECOLULUI XX

Author(s): Ionuţ-Alexandru DRĂGHICI / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 13/2020

In the late XIXth century, Sulina Harbor was important through its strategic position. It was just a few hours away from Odessa and Constantinople, as well as a gateway to Europe. Therefore, it was a meeting point for both epidemic propagation and prevention policies. The European Commission of the Danube adopted a series of measures that gave a new dimension to public health at the mouths of the river. Combining social and medical models, these were based on the findings and regulations made by doctor Petrescu Hadji Stoica, chief doctor of the ECD Hospital in Sulina, and by Romanian authorities. Our study looks at the hospital’s activity from the end of the XIXth century up to World War One. In this period, it responded to the purpose for which it had been created, offering a growing number of consultations and diverse medical services. This prolific activity is presented in the extensive annual reports prepared by Dr. Stoica since 1890. His records also provided recommendations on improving public health at the mouths of the Danube. After the outbreak of WW1, the ECD experienced difficult times. Both navigation along the Lower Danube and the financial situation of the organization were affected. However, the hospital in Sulina remained busy, given that there were military operations in the region. This paper analyzes the ECD’s attempts to provide medical services to its employees and to local inhabitants. Our main source of information were the annual reports submitted by chief physician Petrescu H. Stoica. Together, the international organization and the Romanian authorities provided not only medical, but also social services, and a series of measures taken during the war gave a new dimension to public health in a strategic hub for the transportation infrastructure of the Danube and the Black Sea.

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Sait Halim Paşa’dan Etkilenen Bir İngiliz Yazar ve Düşünür; Marmaduke W. Pickthall

Author(s): Kemal Kahraman / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2021

Prince Sait Halim Pasha was a man of state, idea and culture who had very important roles at the last years of the Ottoman Empire. While he played a decisive role at years in which the State was experiencing historical times, he had also been effective and followed closely in our country and at the Islamic World with his ideas and writings. This work is focusing on a man who was strongly affected by the ideas of Sait Halim Pasha and made them known among the Muslims in India and UK; Marmaduke W. Pickthall. As an English writer and man of literature, concerning his family and ideas, he is coming from the conservatist tradition in UK. He was influenced by the ideas of Pasha whom he had opportunity to meet in person at a young age. And reflected them in his later life in his Works and conferences. He has publishes many of them by translating into English. There are important similarities and parallels between the ideas of Sait Halim Pasha and Pickthall.

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Himaye-i Etfal Cemiyetinin Mali Durumu Hakkında Bir Değerlendirme

Author(s): Büşra Karataşer / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2020

Child is the future of the world, the most basic being of a society. Every country in the world has taken some precautions to protect children, who are the guarantee of their future. A child in need of protection means a child who is abandoned by his or her parents and who doesn't have parents. In Ottoman society, the issue of children was carefully emphasized, possible attention was paid to the protection, care, nutrition and education of children. Children were primarily taken care of within the family. In cases where the family was not available, it was a tradition that the care and protection of the child was provided by the family's immediate circle. It is known that the first application aimed at protecting children in Ottoman society was the inheritance notebooks. From this viewpoint, in the Ottoman, we first come across applications regarding child protection in inheritance notebooks. In the following periods, children in need of protection were cared for by foundations. In the following periods, children in need of protection were cared for by foundations. This study aims to reveal the effort to improve the conditions in the period when Himaye-i Etfal Society established to protect the orphans was founded, country conditions, the financial conditions of the society. The cause for the establishment of such an foundation was the orphans and effort to save them.

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Ankara Vilayetinde Yolsuzluk ve Kaçakçılık Üzerine Bazı Tespitler (1908-1918)

Author(s): Erciment Sarıay / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2020

In the historical process, as in every state, some corruption incidents have been witnessed in the Ottoman Empire. The state has always made some legal arrangementsto prevent corruption. In particular, the regulations made during the Tanzimat and Constitutional Monarchy periods are extremely important in terms of preventing corruption. However, these regulations could not prevent the incidents that damage public and social morality such as corruption, bribery, malversation, and perpetration. Another fact that harms the public order is smuggling. Although smuggling is common in coastal areas throughout the country, upcountry areas also affected by this. Ankara province, which has an important position within the Anatolian transportation network, has become one of the transition routes of smuggling. In this respect, in the province, although not very common, cases of smuggling have been witnessed, especially tobacco smuggling. However, it can be said that Ankara is also a market in terms of marketing and consumption of smuggled tobacco in the examined period. The fact of corruption and smuggling, which is a result of economic, social and moral decay, is one of the important problems for maintaining a healthy public order both in the center and in the rural during the dissolution process of the Ottoman Empire. These problems have been also seen occasionally in Ankara province and affected social peace negatively. The theoretical framework of this study, which examines the reflections of corruption and smuggling cases on Ankara province, has been built on the concepts of corruption, bribery, malversation, smuggling (especially tobacco smuggling). The main purpose of this study is to reveal the incidents of corruption and smuggling in the province of Ankara, the attitudes of the central government and the local government on thisissue and how the society is affected in the light of archive documents. This study evaluates the smuggling activities in Ankara, Aydin, and Trabzon provincesin general. However, no comparison was made for the corruptionsin Aydin and Trabzon provinces as there wasn’t sufficient data.

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Söğüt Hamidiye İdadisi

Author(s): Hakan Karşıyaka / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Spec.issue/2019

One of the schools opened in the western style starting with the Tanzimat Period is the idadis opened as high school equivalents. The main purpose of the activities determined by Maarif-i Umumiye Nizamnamesi was to mix the Muslim and Christian subjects and to raise a common culture. Although the curriculum and contents of the authorities are shaped by the Maarif-i Umumiye Nizamnamesi, no program was determined regarding the architectural arrangements of these new schools. The architectural arrangements of the schools, which started with the Tanzimat Period, show various similarities and differences between provinces and districts. These new buildings, which were evaluated in the late Ottoman architecture, are eclectic and contain both western-style architectural arrangements and classical elements. One of the administrative buildings built during this period is located in Söğüt. Söğüt Hamidiye İdadisi was built during the reign of Sultan Abdülhamid II, and was one of the applications of this new architectural understanding of that time. The aim of this study is to make the architectural definition of Hamidiye Idadisi in Söğüt and to determine its place in the architecture of the late Ottoman period by examining the material and ornamental features of it. In this study, in addition to the sources, based on archival documents and researches made up to date will be compared with other structures with similar characteristics in Ottoman architecture.

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CHRONICLE - GENDER, VIOLENCE, AND ANTI-SEMITISM IN INTERWAR POLAND

Author(s): Łukasz Hajdrych / Language(s): English Issue: 120/2019

The most recent ‘Łucja Charewiczowa’ Seminar meeting, another one in the series, was held on 30 May 2019 at the Warsaw headquarters of the Polish Academy of Sciences. The discussion was initiated by the speeches delivered by the historians Natalia Aleksiun of the Touro College, Graduate School of Jewish Studies, N.Y.C., and Iza Mrzygłód of the Institute of History, University of Warsaw.

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A DIRTY WAR: THE ARMED POLISH-LITHUANIAN CONFLICT AND ITS IMPACT ON NATION-MAKING IN LITHUANIA, 1919–23

Author(s): Tomas Balkelis / Language(s): English Issue: 121/2020

This article discusses the armed Polish-Lithuanian conflict during 1919–23. It flared in May 1919 when the first open clash between Lithuanian and Polish troops took place. It gradually escalated into an undeclared war and lasted until late November 1920 when, in Kaunas, both sides agreed to stop fighting along the neutral zone established by the League of Nations. However, there was no final peace agreement signed, only a truce, and low-scale paramilitary violence continued unabated in the neutral zone until as late as May 1923. The author argues that the conflict involved various paramilitary formations which terrorised the civilians in the disputed borderland. For the Lithuanian government, the war against Poland provided an opportunity for total mobilization of the Lithuanian society. The fact that, during the entire interwar period, the conflict remained open-ended, ensured that the paramilitary structures and military laws that emerged during it would remain in place for much longer.

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A REAL BRAIN TWISTER, OR, HOW TO OUTLINE THE EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT OF NATION BETWEEN THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE YEAR 1939?

Author(s): Maciej Janowski / Language(s): English Issue: 122/2020

Most historians studying the evolution of the concept of nation and national idea in East Central Europe, assume that through the nineteenth century the political meaning was gradually giving place to the ethnic understanding of ‘nation’. Without radically questioning this evolution of the meaning, I would like to stress that it is far from obvious. Starting with the Enlightenment, the term and concept of ‘nation’ were used so widely in the Polish public debates that it is relatively easy to find quotations to support any generalisation. Any decision about choosing some source materials and discarding some others is inevitably grounded in certain methodological and philosophical assumptions. Some assumptions have to be accepted (for otherwise, a historian would not be able to say anything), but we need to be conscious that their choice is, in the last resort, arbitrary.

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Organizing a peace conference

Author(s): Mihai Alexandrescu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The Paris Conference (1919) was the first experiment by states on five continents to develop a multilateral negotiation framework in the aftermath of the First World War. The old diplomacy was trying to adapt to an international system with several actors, in which the principle of balance of power changed its logic, and the great pre-war actors left seats to others. What was blamed on the Conference was the negotiation procedure, which reflected the differences in the rank of the participating states. This article presents the way in which this transformation of international politics has taken place. Without describing the Paris negotiation files, this paper will focus on how the framework for the negotiations that defined the Paris Conference was created.

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Passenger transport by the Reichspost vehicles during the interwar period, as exemplified by the Eastern Provinces

Author(s): Andrzej Mielcarek / Language(s): English Issue: 4/1/2018

Passenger transport by the Reichspost vehicles during the interwar period, as exemplified by the Eastern Provinces. The aim of the article is to present the way in which the Reichspost gained a dominant position in regular passenger transport outside cities. It is done by analysing archival sources, statistics, reports of companies and institutions, as well as the subject literature. After World War I, military vehicles were adapted for civil use. In 1919 automobile companies called KVGs (Kraftverkehrsgesellschaft) were created, operating in provinces and lands of the Reich. KVGs were also created in Prussian provinces of Eastern Prussia, Pomerania, Brandenburg and Silesia. They were owned by the Reich as well as local governments. For the German Post (Deutsche Reichspost – DRP) passenger transport connected with postal shipments was an important source of income. For this reason the DRP was interested in keeping the passenger transport services for itself. In its dispute with the KVGs the DRP presented itself as an institution opposing the decentralization tendencies within the Reich. Because of poor financial results KVG Marken and Schlesien were liquidated at the end of the 1920s. State legislation gave the DRP a privileged position since it did not have to obtain permission to create passenger routes. A matter of significance was to regulate the relationship with the Deutsche Reichsbahn (RB). The arrangements with the Railway in the second half of the 1930s gave the passenger vehicle transport to the DRP, while the RB maintained the vehicle transport of cargo with the exception of postal shipments. The DRP thus gained the dominant position in regular passenger transport outside cities. It was shown that the DRP achieved this position thanks to its agreement with the DR and the regulatory actions of the state.

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