JITKA MALEČKOVÁ: “The Turk” in the Czech Imagination (1870s–1923)
Review of: HALUK IHSAN TALAY - JITKA MALEČKOVÁ: “The Turk” in the Czech Imagination (1870s–1923) Leiden: Brill, 2021. 240 pp. ISBN: 978-90-04-44077-7
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Review of: HALUK IHSAN TALAY - JITKA MALEČKOVÁ: “The Turk” in the Czech Imagination (1870s–1923) Leiden: Brill, 2021. 240 pp. ISBN: 978-90-04-44077-7
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Professor Slăvescu is considered the most important historian of the Romania’s banking system. His meticulous monographs dedicated to the banking phenomenon, contributed decisively to the actual knowledge of the credit’s past in Romania. Victor Slăvescu has developed the most comprehensive monograph of the credit system in Romania in the context of postwar period. This event took place in 1922, when he published „Romania’s credit organization”, in which are clearly defined the program and the working methods for the country's reconstruction. In this study, are summarized the main coordinates considered appropriate for a credit institution. Thus: the objectives had to be compatible with public interests of the State, the bank having the duty to do everything possible to avoid to become an instrument of the political power; its activity should be directed towards a wider circle of interests, especially to finance productive economic enterprises; a credit institution should never deviate from two principles: prudence and balance; every bank should be aware that it has national and social obligations, both in relation to helping the many and deprived and developing national culture. These principles were developed as part of a comprehensive and original vision of the great Romanian finance’s role. It is structured in three dimensions: internal consolidation of the national capital, its permanent affirmation and the expansion ”by ourselves”. To achieve these goals, banking theoretical foundations had to be developed.
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In the Habsburg Bukovina, a province of the Austrian part of the dualist monarchy, until 1918, the population of German nationality – established in a number of villages, located mainly in the districts of Câmpulung, Gura Humorului, Rădăuți and Suceava, and in provincial cities, where it made up an important part of the urban bourgeoisie, as craftsmen, lawyers, pharmacists, teachers, officials etc. – had a somewhat privileged position, as one belonging to the ruling nation in the empire. This situation was fully reflected politically, with the Germans being an active presence in the public life of the Duchy of Bukovina, as some who always had a considerable number of representatives, especially elected from among the intellectual elite and officials, both in the Provincial Parliament and in the Central Parliament of Vienna. Thus, at the beginning of the 20th century, after the establishment in 1907 of the universal right of universal suffrage for the election of provincial representatives in the Vienna Chamber of Deputies, out of a number of 14 deputies, who belonged to Bukovina as a province, four mandates were assigned to the German-speaking population (Germans and German-speaking Jews). Although the approximately 70 000 Bukovinian Germans represented a small percentage in the province’s 800 000 inhabitants, they will gain an important position in the Provincial Parliament, through the Provincial Electoral Act of 1910, based on universal suffrage and the national cadaster, which will grant the German-speaking population a number of 15 deputies, out of a total of 61 elected deputies. This situation will change significantly after the First World War.
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The Central Library of Suceava is the creation of two cultural societies from the interwar period. Its establishment was a long-awaited moment which had been prepared since 1919 and was mostly possible due to the efforts of the Orthodox Oriental Gymnasium which through his representatives, i. e. fine intellectuals and pioneers of Romanianism, largely supported the cultural-educational activities, thus raising the level of national consciousness of the city of Suceava. The founder of the library was Eusebie Popovici, a high school teacher, mayor of Suceava and of its devoted citizens. He managed to raise the funds needed to open the library, buying about 2 000 volumes from 3 famous professors from Suceava, who owned important personal libraries. Over time, the only librarian, Cornel Soroceanu, also a teacher at the same high school, passionately dedicated his free time to the new institution. Having a vocation as a librarian, he managed to grow the collections annually, making the Central Library of Suceava a remarkable establishment, visited by many personalities. In 1944, during the refuge period, part of the inventory was moved to the former Câmpulung Moldovenesc county. Upon returning to Suceava, the inventory suffered significant losses through theft, destruction and burning. The Central Library of Suceava operated in the National House, a symbolic building of Suceava, demolished in the late 60s.
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Review of: Irina Calotă Beyond the Center. Housing Policies in Bucharest (1910-1944) Bucharest: Editura Ozalid, 2017, 408 pages, including illustrations, ISBN 978-606-93327-3-3
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The paper deals with the life and professional destinies of Marie Zdeňka Baborová (1877 – 1937), the first Czech woman-doctor of philosophy. It summarizes basic informations about the possibilities of higher study of women in the Czech lands at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. It recalls the regulations that allowed women access to universities in the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. Using the example of Marie Zdeňka Baborová it demonstrates the problems that the first female students of the university had to face with during their studies and in building a scientific career.
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In the Czechoslovakia the first women were gradually appointed extraordinary professors more than three decades since the first women had graduated from universities. Present research has paid attention mostly to biographies of first women-graduates, while first women-professors and especially the circumstances of their appointment were investigated to a lesser extent. Appointment of first women-professors was a momentous event not only for the university as such, but also within a broader political and social context, which has been reflected by researchers only marginally or not taken into consideration at all. By the year 1939, three women were appointed extraordinary professors, each of them at a different Czechoslovak university. In the following years the appointment procedure was only allowed at German universities in the Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia and the number of new women- extraordinary professors also amounted to three. After WWII five out of six women-professors further developed their university career in Czechoslovakia, Germany and Austria.
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During the restless 20th century, Jews from the Czech lands repeatedly faced emigration. While it was their voluntary choice during the period of the first Czechoslovak Republic until the second half of the 1930s, concerning mainly Zionists (national Jews who left for Palestine as pioneers), the emigration from respected Czechoslovakia in the course of the next years was a response to the worsening political, economic, and social possibilities. After World War II, the community faced two emigration waves (from 1945 to 1948 and after 1968). The choice after the defeat of the Prague Spring can be considered an individual decision caused by the contemporary political and social situation. The study focuses not only on the nature of these emigration waves, but mainly on an analysis of the debates on emigration conducted within the structured Jewish community. The said opinions were presented not only within Jewish, but also within Czech society where emigrants were no longer considered part of the nation, especially after the February coup. The analysis also covers the structured relationship between those who left for abroad and the ones who stayed at home.
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In 1942, a trial of almost 15 years ended, in which it was proved that the judges were still dominated by the memory of Alexandru Marghiloman’s personality, as shown by the long terms granted and the agreement with the wife of the great missing person, who was given the opportunity to solve in time the serious problems of succession. Unfortunately, his managerial incompetence and disinterest in some of the problems that overwhelmed her, caused the imposing Villa Albatros to be ruined, the facilities at the Hippodrome to be lost forever, and the famous stud farm, the pride of Alexandru Marghiloman, to be sold.
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Since the latest price increase for housing, the land issue is once again in the public attention. The demand for affordable housing is a recurring topic in the daily news and the need for new strategies in social housing has hence come into focus yet again. Under the pressure of these occurences, architects resume the exploration of new ideas for cooperative housing models and developers start their own respective initiatives in order to shape a new idea of community life.
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The prestigious world award has existed for more than 120 years, but there is still no Bulgarian winner. This report presents part of a study on this issue. Focusing on the personalities proposed until 1945 – Andrey Lyapchev, Pencho Slaveykov, Ivan Vazov, Ivan Grozev and Elisaveta Bagryana, the study traces the choice, motives and support they receive from the Bulgarian side. Presenting unknown facts from the archives, the report sheds light on another secret side – the intervention of secret societies in Bulgaria behind the candidacies and the formation of a lobby for the prestigious award. At the same time, public opinions, statements and statements that coincide with or differ from the actual facts are presented. For this purpose, examples from the pages of the Bulgarian and French press are attracted, as well as letters, memoirs and testimonies about the time.
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The myth of the promised land and the emphasis on superior race of the Jews increased their immigration to Palestine. By the 20th century, Zionism became an ideal for the Jews to establish a state rather than an ideology. Leaving the Palestine region to the British Mandate Administration after the First World War increased the Jewish migration to the region. After the British Mandate Administration established in Palestine after the First World War, the population structure in the region began to change with Jewish migration. The continuation of migration to the region brought along Arab-Jewish conflicts. While the Arab-Jewish conflicts between 1920 and 1933 generally remained local, immigration of Jews to Palestine increased remarkably as a result of Britain's attitude towards Jewish immigration and the coming to power of the Nazi administration in Germany in 1933. This migration movement was seen as dangerous by the Arabs and caused the reactions to intensify. In this context, the most severe Arab-Jewish conflict in the region emerged after 1936. This situation pushed Britain to seek a solution. In this context, the British Government established a commission called the Peel Commission (Palestine Royal Commission) to resolve the conflicts in the region. A report was prepared by this commission. With this report, also known as the Partition Report, the partition of Palestine was decided. This decision caused the reaction of the Arabs, rather than the Jews. In this context, this commission's decision was condemned and demonstrations were organised in Iraq and Syria, especially in Palestine. In Turkish archive documents, information was observed that slogans in favour of Turkey were shouted and posters were carried in these demonstrations. In addition, although the Arab communities that sought support at this point saw Turkey as the dominant power in the region and requested assistance from the Turkish Government, Turkey saw the issue as an internal matter of the British mandate administration within the framework of the Lausanne Treaty and remained out of the issue until 1947. In the study, the document analysis method, one of the qualitative research methods, was used. In the study, The Arab-Jewish conflicts in Palestine between 1929-1939 and the reaction of Arab and Jewish groups to these conflicts, the Arab calls for help from the Turkish government and its effects, the demonstrations in favor of Turkey in the region, the solution proposals presented by the British Mandate Administration and the results of all these developments was revealed.
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The aim of this study is two-fold; a) to examine the attendance of Turkey at the exhibitions, expositions and fairs held in the Balkans in order to develop commercial relations with the Balkan countries and to introduce the goods and products it produced, and b) to discuss the results achieved in this process. In this regard, Turkey’s approach to exhibitions, expositions and fairs held in Thessaloniki, Belgrade and Plovdiv, the preparation processes, and the political and economic factors that enabled this attendance were discussed. Turkey’s attendance at these economic organizations in the Balkans took place especially after the Balkan Conferences and the signing of the Balkan Pact. By attending these exhibitions, Turkey brought close political relations with the Balkan countries to the economic field. Thus, the Balkan Union was tried to be placed on an economic basis. The main sources of the study were the Republic Archive documents of Presidency State Archives and the periodical publications of the period.
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Although many European countries took sides during the Spanish Civil War, Turkey adopted the policy of “non-intervention”. In this context, Turkey forbid selling weapons to the parties in the Civil War and the Turkish civilians to join the war. Although Turkey was negatively affected by the Civil War particularly in terms of domestic and foreign politics, she demanded that the Civil War should be settled down through peaceful ways in accordance with her policy of “peace at home peace in the world”. Although the Civil War progressed against the Republicans, Turkey officially recognised the elected government of The Republicans during the Civil War. Only after the Civil War ended and it was recognised internationally, Turkey recognised the Nationalist government and sent diplomatic representative, which was a mutual act. As part of this policy, Turkey was closely concerned with the humanitarian side of the Civil War. In case of the most serious issue of the Civil War, that is the refugees, she decided to solve the problem of the Spanish Nationalist refugees in Madrid that took refuge in Turkey in line with her political tradition and took steps in the direction of bringing them to Turkey in 1937. In 1938, when the Republican Government interfered with the Spanish Nationalist Refugees that took refuge in Turkey, she showed numerous reactions. Although Turkey officially recognised the elected Republican Government, during the Civil War, when needed, she offered humanitarian help to both the Nationalist and the Republican sides. Although the Turkish media supported both sides, in line with Turkish foreign policy, it defended the idea that the Spanish domestic affairs should not be interfered with, the process of solution should be left to the Spanish people themselves and the problem should be solved peacefully.
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Having been under the sovereignty of many states throughout history, Azerbaijan had its first independence experiences as a republic between 1918-1920. Sefikurdski was one of the people who came to the forefront as a socialist figure among the intelligentsia working for the survival of the state in this period of independence of Azerbaijan. Having lost his father at a young age, he attended the Faculty of Law after receiving his primary education in Ganja and started his first political activities during his university education. He was the Minister of Post and Telegraph in the third government of the Republic of Azerbaijan, and the Minister of Justice and Labor in the fourth government. There are many studies conducted about Sefirkurdski’s life, however, there is no independent study about Sefirkurdski in Turkey. The study aims to introduce Sefikurdski, who was an important figure in Azerbaijan’s political history, and to understand his activities.
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The Romanian-Yugoslav diplomatic relations from the second half of 1932 materialized in: promoting the interests of the Romanian minority in Yugoslavia, based on the Romanian-Yugoslav bilateral relations and the conventions concluded between the two states, in several fields; the preoccupations of the states of the Little Entente with the German expansionist plans in the east of the continent, which aimed, in a first stage, at Austria; the concern aroused, within the Small Entente, by the strengthening of the alliance between the two rather marginalized states after the First World War (Germany and the Soviet Union); the position of the Little Understanding on the Congress of National Minorities, held in Vienna in June 1932; the approval of the French Herriot-Boncour plan on disarmament, which included all the essential elements international security, as well as the rejection of the idea of revising peace treaties by the states of the Little Entente, etc. The Romanian-Yugoslav economic relations of the same time period aimed mainly at: the closure of the navigation on the Bega by the Yugoslav authorities, which affected – dramatically - Romania's foreign trade; international wood conference (Vienna, June 12, 1932); the quota of the Romanian and Yugoslav wheat export to France (June 1932) and so on.
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Review of: Сандра Лукић - Српски историјски часопис II и III-IV. Удружење историчара Републике Српске „Милорад Екмечић“ 2019. и 2021, стр. 200 и стр. 254
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Abstract Many powers use art as a mean to transform social and political culture. The aim of this study is to examine approach and relationship between the ideological and social conditions of arts, culture and education policy with regard the power in the example of Sculpture Art Education in a eurasia state. This research has been done in accordance with document analysis, which is one of the qualitative research methods. In this direction, the document analysis covers the years 1923-1956. In the study, art education policies were set out based on the political and cultural influences of the period. In addition, the spread of revolution was examined from the point of how the art of sculpture come true and its interaction with western. The relationship between sculpture education and applied sculptures has been handled with the defined ideological dynamics.
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The paper focuses on the versions connected to the death of Stalin. Using the newest information and theories promoted during the last years, the paper offer to Romanian reader some myths or/ and antimyths as pointed out in nowadays in post-soviet Russia.
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The artistic union Devětsil was the most important cultural Czech inter-war group. The name literally translates to nine forces, the nine its founders, but Devětsil is the Czech name for the butterbur plant (Petasites hybridus). This association of avant-garde artists was founded in 1920 in Prague and activated till 1930. Members published several art magazines like ReD, Disk, Pásmo and organized a lot of exhibitions.
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