Łódź i łodzianie wobec wojny polsko-bolszewickiej 1920 roku

Author(s): Tomasz Matuszak,Przemysław Waingertner,Witold Jarno,Maciej Hubka,Jarosław Olbrychowski,Agnieszka Jędrzejewska,Leszek Olejnik,Krzysztof Lesiakowski,Maciej Tadeusz Mańkowski,Konrad A. Czernielewski,Bartosz Górecki / Language(s): Polish

The book contains texts of well-known historians, museologists and archivists of Łódź, who aimed at presenting the impact of the Polish-Soviet War (1919–1921) on the functioning of Łódź and its inhabitants as well as the participation of Łódź residents in this armed conflict. The authors present the role of the city as an administrative center and a center of socio-political, cultural and military life. They picture the activities of the Łódź community as well as the local political, intellectual and economic elites, confronted with the war with Bolshevik Russia. The authors draw expressive portraits of the Łódź politicians and social activists. At the same time, they are looking for traces of this dramatic period in the modern image of the city, its museums, archives and at the great necropolises of Łódź. They ask questions about the place of 1920 in the collective memory of generations of Łódź residents.

Les Conditions de l’apaisement Germano-Polonais

Author(s): Casimir Smogorzewski / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

People who follow international politics closely are generally of the opinion that, among the national conflicts currently manifesting themselves in the world, the tension observed on the German-Polish border must be considered one of the most acute. Some foreign observers think that nothing can ever bridge the abyss that ten centuries of open or hidden struggles have dug be-tween two neighbouring nations. This view seems to be corroborated by voices which rise on both sides of the border, and which assure that the Ger-man-Polish antagonism, carved in the ground and rooted in souls, will always remain, at least for a very long time to come. // We do not share these pes-simistic views. We believe that the German-Polish appeasement, necessary for Europe and beneficial to the higher interests of both countries, is achieva-ble. But whoever is looking for the means and the conditions to bring about reconciliation between Germany and Poland, it is above all important to dis-cern the causes of the oppositions which divide these two great nations.

La Tchécoslovaquie d’Avant-Munich 1918—1938

Author(s): Juri Křížek / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

A fundamental shift in research on the history of the pre-Munich Republic took place only after the liberation of Czechoslovakia by the Red Army. The expulsion of the occupiers and traitors, the establishment of the new people's democratic order, the seizure of government power by the workers, all this created the conditions for historical research to embark on a completely new path. It was finally possible to proceed to the true and correct scientific interpretation of the birth of the pre-Munich Republic, its development and its fall. Of considerable importance there was the fact that the people's governmental power undertook the systematic establishment of the vast corresponding archival funds, gradually making them accessible and updating them. During the first years of people's democratic Czechoslovakia, the development of historical research was hampered by a marked lack of workers specialized in the most recent history, the terrorist measures of the occupiers having made their professional training impossible until 1945.

Democracy Today and Tomorrow

Author(s): Edvard Beneš / Language(s): English

«This book contains, without any major changes, my lectures on the problems of democracy, which were delivered at the University of Chicago in March, April and May, 1939. I could wish that I had had more time to complete, or, at least, to adapt some chapters of rhe book for the enlightenment of European readers. Though that has not been possible, I am glad to have the opportunity this preface provides to add a few words for my British readers.» (from Beneš' Introduction) // Original Publication in 19349 by MACMILLAN & CO., LIMITED, London 1939

La Révolution Allemande et la Nouvelle Phase de la Politique Européenne. Les Questions Économiques de l’Europe Centrale

Author(s): Edvard Beneš / Language(s): French

Germany's recent decision to leave the Conference on Disarmament and its rupture with the League of Nations constitute an event of such significance that our government has deemed it necessary to tell our Legislative Assemblies at least the most essential on the attitude it adopts in the face of the current international situation. It is understandable that at a time when the situation is not completely clarified, when a general emotion reigns in public opinion, and given that it is our immediate neighbor, with whom we have had until now good neighborly relations, I will maintain a certain reserve in my presentation, asking the Members of the Foreign Affairs Committee to impose the same reserve in the discussion. Let us be keen not to further complicate the present situation and, on the contrary, to seek a reasonable solution. // Presentation by Edvard Beneš to the parliamentary Commission for Foreign Affairs on October 3, 1933 // Pusblished by ORBIS PUBLISHING HOUSE

Les Origines et l’ Œuvre de la Société des Nations

Author(s): / Language(s): English,French,German

Published 1923 in Copenhagen by Rask-Ørsted Fund. In 1921 the administrative committee of the Rask-Ørsted Fund decided to publish a scientific work on the League of Nations, due to the collaboration of authors from different countries. The purpose of this work was to give an account of the origins of the League of Nations, its activity and the divergent opinions which arose in the different countries belonging or not to the League of Nations, on the subject of its importance and its importance. character. The idea of such a work met with the greatest interest among the personalities who participated in the creation of the League of Nations, or who later took part in its work. Representatives of allied and associated states, defeated states and neutral states met here in common work, all inspired by the same desire to contribute to the creation of an international organization based on the principles of peace and justice.

L’Attitude des Pays-Bas envers la Société des Nations

Author(s): Antonius A. H. Struycken / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

The United States’ Refusal to join the League of Nations

Author(s): P. Schou / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Immediately after the Armistice President Wilson let it be known that he intended to go to Europe to represent the United States at the Peace Conference. This momentous decision constituted a breach of American constitutional practice, which had hitherto prevented the Presidents from leaving the country during their term of office; it was taken against the advice of the Secretary of State, Mr. Robert Lansing, and it did not fail to evoke a great deal of critical comment in the Press. So much so, that when opening the new Session of Congress on December 2nd, the President felt called upon to defend his decision: “I realize the great inconveniences that will attend my leaving the country, particularly at this time, but the conclusion that it was my paramount duty to go? has been forced upon me by considerations which I hope will seem as conclusive to others, as they have seemed to me”.

China and the League of Nations

Author(s): Vi Kyuin Wellington Koo / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

L’Entrée de la Norvège dans la Société des Nations

Author(s): Mikael Strøm Henriksen Lie / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

L’Entrée de la Suisse dans la Société des Nations

Author(s): William Emmanuel Rappard / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

From an international point of view, the entry of Switzerland into the League of Nations presented for the politics of the day, and will continue to present for history, a very particular interest. This interest is completely disproportionate to the size of the Swiss Confederation which, if it is by far the oldest of the republics of contemporary Europe, is at the same time one of the smallest. It is also disproportionate to the almost negligible part taken by Switzerland in the constitution of the League of Nations and to the real but necessarily limited influence that it can claim to exercise on its destiny. This interest is due to various circumstances that it seems useful to recall at the beginning of this study. While justifying its conception, in fact, they will at the same time serve to explain the complexity of the problem that we must examine and the difficulty of the task that the Swiss Government assumed in submitting the Pact of Versailles to popular judgment.

L’Entrée de la Suéde dans la Société des Nations

Author(s): Ernst Trygger / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

It is enough to consider that, for more than a hundred years, Sweden has not taken up arms, to realize that the previous centuries of its history have made war odious and taught it to see ever more clearly in peace the only assured foundation of progress and national prosperity. In this regard, it can be said without exaggeration that in this country public opinion is almost unanimous. Sweden therefore provided a particularly favorable terrain for pacifist ideas which, during the decades preceding the Great War, spread with increasing force throughout the civilized world. Therefore, it‘s surprising that the Swedish left parties believed they could claim for themselves the exclusive monopoly of attachment to these ideas and represent the entire right, if not as the party of war, at least as indifferent. to the peaceful solution, through agreements or arbitration, of international disputes. There is reason to believe, it is true, that they would agree today to recognize that the differences existing between them and their adversaries related, in reality, not to the very idea of peace, but to the conditions for maintaining of national independence and sovereignty.

Das Deutsche Volk und der Völkerbund.

Author(s): Hans Wehberg / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

Germany turned to the idea of the League of Nations relatively late. Its attitude in the pre-war period, particularly at the Hague Peace Conferences, is too well known. that it requires some form of representation in this context. It can be said that, by and large, the government and the ruling classes were united in their reluctance to embrace pacifism. The outbreak of war, serious as its consequences were, did not change that. When the German Chancellor declared on November 9, 1916 that Germany was ready to lead a League of Nations, it was a grand gesture, not a confession from his innermost soul. The Canossa walk of the majority of the German people in this regard - sad as this confession is - only took place on the day when the German front began to waver before the onslaught of the enemy. Only then did people turn to the idea of law as the last resort. The Erzberger League of Nations draft and the League of Nations draft of the German Society for International Law were created, and the once ridiculed ideas of the League of Nations found greater recognition in the press for the first time.

L’ Œuvre du Conseil de la Société des Nations

Author(s): Paul Louis Adrien Louis Hymans / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

L’État actuel de la Société des Nations

Author(s): Léon Victor Auguste Bourgeois / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

Le Projet du 14 Février 1919. Le Pacte

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English,French Publication Year: 0

The 1923 Greco-Turkish Population Exchange: An Assessment of its History and Long Shadow at its Centennial

Author(s): Aytek Soner Alpan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Nation-building is ipso facto accompanied by ethnic homogenization and demographic engineering operations, including exchanging or transferring populations. This method was considered a standard part of the policy repertoire of the nation-states to manage the so-called minority question in the period from 1875 to 1949, constituting a continuum in the history of greater Europe marked by ethnoreligious conflicts, ethnic cleansing, and genocidal violence. As predicted, this period was also defined by a miasma of forced displacements and refugee waves. Consequently, the minority question was coupled with an extensional phenomenon observed in the form of another question, the refugee issue.

Agreements and Friendship between Greece and Turkey in 1930: Multifaceted Official Nationalist Discourses and Opposing Voices

Author(s): Anna Vakali / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Following ten years of animosity and war, starting with the Balkan Wars, and culminating with the Greek-Turkish War between 1919 and 1922, as well as the enforced population exchange between Greece and Turkey mainly during 1924, the “friendship era” between the two countries was established by the prime ministers Eleftherios Venizelos and İsmet İnönü with agreements signed in June and October 1930. While scholarly work often refers to 1930 as a milestone in the relations between the two countries, existing literature has mainly dealt with the motives urging the latter to change their foreign policy and follow the rapprochement of 1930. Instead, in this chapter, I will focus on the discursive strategies employed by the Greek and Turkish governments, as well as by their loyal press, in order to justify the new policy of “forgetting the past” for the sake of a “brand new world” towards the international and mainly their domestic audiences. More importantly, I will provide space for opposing, as well as for silenced voices and even contradictory elements existing within the official discourses themselves. I will thereby argue that a complete understanding of the rapprochement of 1930, as well as of the later developments in Greek-Turkish relations, includes an analysis of the different national imaginaries existing at that time, the underlying ethnic tensions, as well as the unfulfilled demands for the compensation of material losses stemming from the preceding war period.

Greek-Turkish Relations in the Shadow of World War II

Author(s): Zuhal Mert Uzuner / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the long history of Greek-Turkish relations, good and bad memories about each other coexist. Especially after the creation of the modern Turkish state in 1923, the two nation-states started to have diplomatic relations. International order and relative power positions in the eastern Mediterranean have been vital to bilateral relations. In other words, the foreign policies of both states evolved under the shadow of great power politics. So, the contemporary needs of countries shaped the policies more than ideational factors that othering each other. Significantly, the rise of a common external threat against both countries promoted a political perspective to see the common worries of both people. It is possible to explain it within an analogy: when the photographer focuses on a tree, the camera may not see it as part of a whole forest behind it in a blurred background. Specific disagreements exacerbated with prejudices fed by grand national narrative create the illusion that the photographer disregards the rest of the relationship that is full of compassion on the common civility of Turks and Greeks in the Eastern Mediterranean. The role of the third actors in bilateral relations together with the international system is another significant factor in blurring the picture. Greek-Turkish relations before and during World War II present the limits of the impact of international order on foreign policy priorities and the impact of the perception of the two nations.

Teror na Balkanu

Author(s): Albert Londres / Language(s): Croatian

published in Zagreb 1933 by Nakladna knjižara Epoha