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The forgotten Karol Andel (1897-1977) and his contribution to the development of Ethnography, Archaeology and Museology in Slovakia

Author(s): Martin Priecko / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

The paper is an evaluation study of the biographical work of Karol Andel, who, as a civil servant in the interwar and post-war periods, devoted himself to the amateur collection of ethnographic material and the search for archaeological sites. His work refuted opinions of the prehistoric sterility of many regions, and also laid the foundations of many ethnographic and archaeological collections in Slovakia – in Kysuce Záhorie, Levoča and Bojnice, and at the Slovak National Museum in Bratislava. In his fieldwork he collaborated with respected authorities of archaeology and ethnography in Slovakia, including J. Eisner, V. Budinský-Krička, Š. Janšák, B. Szöke, R. Bednárik and M. Markuš. Thanks to his lifelong professional work and passion, he eventually became a researcher at the Ethnographic Institute, and later the Archaeological Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences.

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Between Ideological Loyalty and Political Adaptation: The “Agrarian Question” in the Development of Bulgarian Social Democracy, 1891–1912

Author(s): Kristian Stefanov / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2023

At the end of the nineteenth century, European social democracy found acceptance among some circles of the Bulgarian intelligentsia. However, the social base of this new ideology, including industrialization and urbanization, was almost missing. This contradiction confronted the young party with the challenge of adapting to local social reality, not only leading it to a chain of internal ideological dilemmas questioning its social democratic identity, but also stimulating various political interactions with the public environment, culminating in a change of national politics. The present article lays out the problem of social democracy’s political adaptation by focusing first on the “Agrarian Question” debates among the party elite through investigation of the public discussions in the congresses, newspapers, and letters, and second, on political practice in the field of electoral politics through analyses of electoral statistics and mobilization discourses. The article’s main conclusions are that (1) dialectics between the intensive transfer of modern ideas and the complex process of their adaptation to national conditions is one of the “moving contradictions” of Bulgarian social democracy’s development in the Balkan peripheral context, (2) the Bulgarian Workers’ Social Democratic Party’s (BWSDP) experience confirms the more general tendency in Second International social democracy of a strong interdependence between electoral politics and ideological debates, and (3) the efforts for political mobilization of the petty peasants and artisans through Marxist language led to its evolution into a socialist-populist discourse that stimulated massification of political participation and encouraged but also opposed the early Agrarian movement.

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Underestimated Ally: Ukraine during the Polish–Soviet War of 1920 in Polish Underground Publications (1976–1989)

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Underestimated Ally: Ukraine during the Polish–Soviet War of 1920 in Polish Underground Publications (1976–1989)

Author(s): Vitalii Borymskyi / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2023

This article examines Polish underground publications (samizdat) interpreting Ukraine’s role in the Polish–Soviet war of 1920. The research analyzes a large number of underground journals, newspapers, and books. It shows the relationship between the political thought of Polish émigrés and the opposition within the Polish People’s Republic. The article argues that the Polish oppositionists considered rethinking the history of relations with Poland’s eastern neighbors an essential precondition for gaining its sovereignty. They regarded the Polish–Soviet war of 1920 as one of the most critical episodes in Polish–Ukrainian–Russian relations in recent history. A common feature of most opposition publications on the Polish–Soviet war was emphasizing the joint struggle of Ukrainians and Poles against the Bolsheviks. The authors often emphasized the combat value of Ukrainian units and stressed that Poland did not correctly appreciate their contribution to the common struggle. They also believe that the conditions of Polish aid were too painful for Ukraine. The defeat of the project for an independent Ukraine laid the foundations for the Soviet attack on Poland in 1939. The main conclusion from this historical episode, for most Polish oppositionists, was that supporting Ukraine’s independence was of strategic interest for Poland. In turn, Poland must abandon competition with Russia for Ukraine as a sphere of influence in the future. Only equal relations with its eastern neighbors will give Poland lasting security.

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Housing Cooperatives in Slovakia 1918-1969: the Case of Avion

Author(s): Katarína Haberlandová / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2022

Housing represented a field of interest that gradually acquired wider significance within the framework of social policy in the interwar Czechoslovak Republic. While until the creation of the independent state in 1918, discussions on social housing focused primarily on the working class, the rise of a new middle class in the interwar years created the need to secure accessible housing for this social group as well. One of the most valuable projects of this type of cooperative housing in Bratislava is Avion, the work of architect Josef Marek (1889-1965) from 1932. Using this building as an example, we illustrate the principles of founding similar cooperatives as well as their organisation and operations across time, through which various historical and political circumstances during World War II and afterward shaped and altered the original idea of cooperative housing.

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Healthcare and Recreation: The Infrastructure of Summer Colonies for Children in Lithuania in 1918-1940

Author(s): Brigita Tranavičiūtė / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2022

After the First World War, the protection of children’s health and recreation became one of the most important activities taken up by various voluntary associations. For this purpose, charities – with the financial backing of philanthropists – began to establish summer colonies for children in resort areas, which provided an opportunity for sick Lithuanian children to recover and rest. However, in the late 1930s, the protection of children’s health became a state priority. With the state, charities and philanthropists working together, children’s health and recreation reached a new level of quality through the development of a network of summer colonies and the creation of infrastructure.

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EPISCOPIA ORTODOXĂ DIN ARAD ȘI ORADEA-MARE ÎN PERIOADA PRIMULUI RĂZBOI MONDIAL

Author(s): Anton Ilica / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 5/2023

Highlighting some data about the Bishopric of Arad during the First World War.

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Этнические и социальные группы Самарканда и их визуальные репрезентации в эпоху Российской империи

Author(s): Azim Malikov,Tereza Hejzlarová,Kenzhe Torlanbayeva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2022

The main purpose of the article is to study the discourses, the context of the production and the perception of the images of the ethnic "different" in the photographs of the Russian Empire on the example of the Samarkand region in the second half of the 19th and early 20th century. The study of photographs, publications of scholars-orientalists and archival documents shows contradictions in the ethnic classification of the population. The classification of the population by the central government differed from the submissions of some regional officials. In the first decade after the annexation of the region, the authorities seeking to ensure the loyalty of ethnic minorities, in the context of ethnic diversity, studied ethnic and social groups in detail, as reflected in photographs. From the beginning of the twentieth century, pursuing certain objectives, some representatives of the authorities tried to simplify the external categorization of the population of the region, which was reflected in the preferential use of the term “sart” in photographs instead of local social and ethnic self-descriptions. The ideas of Panturkism and Panislamism, seen as a threat to the security, influenced the perceptions of officials.

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O potrzebie i początkach turystyki robotniczej na Śląsku Cieszyńskim w świetle programu i działalności Stowarzyszenia Polskich Robotników i Robotnic „Siła” (1908–1939)

Author(s): Grzegorz Studnicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The article focuses on the popularisation of tourism and sports among the working-class youth of Cieszyn Silesia in the first three decades of the 20th century. The author attempts to demon- strate how physical activity took on a political dimension and how its forms, for example sport and tourism, were understood as a tool for the education and emancipation of the working class. For this purpose, press articles on physical activity published in “Oświata”, a monthly journal of Polskie Stowarzyszenie Robotnicze Oświatowo-Gimnastyczne “Siła” (Polish Worker’s Association for Education and Gymnastics “Siła”), were analysed.

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REMEK DJELO ENGLESKOG KLASIKA PRVI PUT PRED NAMA

Author(s): Žarko Milenić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1-2/2023

William Olaf Stapledon (1886. - 1950.), poznat kao Olaf Stapledon bio je engleski pisac, filozof, psiholog i sveučilišni profesor. Rođen je u Seacombeu, Wallasey, na poluotoku Wirral u Cheshireu. Prvih šest godina svog života proveo je s roditeljima u Port Saidu u Egiptu. Obrazovao se u Abbotsholme School i Balliol Collegeu u Oxfordu, gdje je 1909. godine stekao diplomu iz moderne povijesti, a 1913. je promoviran u magistra. Nakon kratkog staža kao nastavnik u gimnaziji u Manchesteru radio je u brodarskim uredima u Liverpoolu i Port Saidu od 1910. do 1912. Od 1912. do 1915. Stapledon je radio s liverpulskim ogrankom Radničke obrazovne udruge. Tijekom Prvog svjetskog rata služio je kao prigovarač savjesti. Postao je vozač u jedinici hitne pomoći prijatelja u Francuskoj i Belgiji od srpnja 1915. do siječnja 1919. Ratna iskustva su utjecala na njegova pacifistička uvjerenja. Stapledon je dobio doktorat iz filozofije na Sveučilištu u Liverpoolu 1925. i koristio je svoju doktorsku tezu kao osnovu za svoju prvu objavljenu knjigu “Modernu teoriju etike” (A Modern Theory of Ethics: A study of the Relations of Ethics and Psychology, 1929.) Međutim, ubrzo se okrenuo beletristici u nadi da će svoje ideje predstaviti široj javnosti. Relativni uspjeh romana “Posljednji i prvi ljudi” (Last and First Men, 1930.) potaknuo ga je da se više posveti pisanju. Napisao je nastavak, “Posljednji ljudi u Londonu” (Last Men in London, 1932.), te još mnogo knjiga proze, poezije i filozofije. Nakon 1945. godine Stapledon je mnogo putovao na predavanja, posjećujući Nizozemsku, Švedsku i Francusku, a 1948. govorio je na Svjetskom kongresu intelektualaca za mir u Wrocławu, Poljska. Sudjelovao je na Konferenciji za svjetski mir održanoj u New Yorku 1949. godine. Godine 1950. uključio se u pokret protiv aparthejda. Nakon tjedan dana predavanja u Parizu, otkazao je planirano putovanje u Jugoslaviju i vratio se u svoj dom u Caldyju, gdje je iznenada preminuo od srčanog udara.

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OLAF STEJPLDON

Author(s): Milan M. Ćirković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1-2/2023

Olaf Stejpldon je gotovo u potpunosti bio hombre invisible, nevidljivi čovek. I to stanje traje i danas. Tu nedavno je jedan od najistaknutijih naučnika današnjice, dobitnik Nobelove nagrade za fiziku i sjajan popularizator nauke Frenk Vilcek, u intervjuu izjavio da je na čelu liste najznačajnijih knjiga u njegovom životu Stejpldonov The Star Maker (ispred naslova ser Bertranda Rasela, Hermana Vejla i Ričarda Fajnmena!), što je izazvalo pravu poplavu čuđenja i preslišavanja među naučnim blogovima, gde većina prisutnih za Stejpldona nikad nije čula. Izuzetak od ovog opšteg zaborava su donekle fanovi naučnofantastične književnosti koji često čuju mantru da su pioniri ovog žanra Vels i Stejpldon (ponekad im se dodaje i Karel Čapek), ali i pored tog verbalnog odavanja pošte, činjenica je da njegovi romani nisu mnogo čitani. Drugi izuzetak jesu transhumanistički krugovi, koji u njemu vide, kao što ćemo videti sa punim pravom, jednog od najeksplicitnijih preteča ovog pokreta.

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DIE ENTSTEHUNG DER UKRAINISCHEN STAATLICHKEIT IN DEN JAHREN 1917-1918 IM KONTEXT DER BEZIEHUNGEN ZU RUSSLAND

Author(s): Olena Syniavska / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2023

Die ukrainisch-russischen Beziehungen spielten eine wichtige Rolle für die Aussichten und die Zukunft der ukrainischen Nationalrevolution 1917-1921, und in der Endphase des Ersten Weltkriegs wurden sie von zwei wichtigen Komponenten bestimmt: den Beziehungen der ukrainischen Befreiungsbewegung zur Provisorischen Regierung und dem Krieg des bolschewistischen Russlands gegen die Ukrainische Volksrepublik. Ziel des Artikels ist es, die wichtigsten Aspekte der Interaktion zwischen der ukrainischen und der russischen Regierung im Zusammenhang mit der Legitimierung der Macht der Zentralrada während des nationalen Befreiungskampfes von 1917- 1918 zu ermitteln. Es wird festgestellt, dass der Ausbruch der Februarrevolution in Russland den ukrainischen Führern Hoffnung gab, im postimperialen Raum einen Kompromiss für eine gleichberechtigte Koexistenz aller slawischen Völker zu finden. Leider scheiterten die Versuche, mit der Provisorischen Regierung einen Kompromiss über die Definition des staatlichen Status der Ukraine zu finden. Auch die Beziehungen zur bolschewistischen Regierung waren angespannt. Nach dem Oktoberputsch machten die russischen Bolschewiki deutlich, dass sie die ukrainische Staatlichkeit ablehnten. Sie setzten eine Alternativregierung in Charkiw ein und begannen einen Krieg gegen die Ukraine, der nur mit Hilfe der Mittelmächte gestoppt werden konnte.

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A kritikus kritikusai. Ravasz László első prédikációs kötete és annak kritikai visszhangja

Author(s): Árpád Kulcsár / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2022

In this paper I examine the first collection of sermons of László Ravasz, published by him between 1903–1910 in several journals, such as the Református Szemle, the Protestáns Prédikátori Tár, the Protestáns Szemle, and later in his book entitled Ez ama Jézus. These sermons stage the first steps of Ravasz in the field of homiletics and preaching, being influenced and inspired by well-known Western European preachers, as well as his Transylvanian mentors. His preaching from this period testifies to the influence of liberal theology, but he also brings in new and original perspectives into the content, structure and style, furnishing some long-term perspectives for the Hungarian Reformed preaching.

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III Dywizjon Lotniczy w walce z 1 Armią Konną na przedpolach Lwowa (9–19 sierpnia 1920 roku)

Author(s): Mariusz Niestrawski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2020

In August 1920 the turning-point operations of the Polish-Soviet war took place. A battle was fought at the Wkra, Vistula and Wieprz rivers, which led to pushing back the Western Front troops of komandarm Mikhail Tukhachevsky from Warsaw and breaking up of part of his forces. The same month, in the southern section of the front, the Polish Army defended Lviv against the attempts of komandarms Alexander Yegorov and Semyon Budyonny. In the fights for Lviv, the Polish troops confronted the forces of the South-Western Front, including the legendary 1st Cavalry Army, which was the main force of the Bolsheviks intending to conquer the capital of Galicia. The Polish command, having no reserves at its disposal, directed the 3rd Air Squadron of Major Pilot Cedric Faunt le Roy to fight against the „Horsearmy”. Despite the strength of even four escadrilles at its peak (5th and 6th Reconnaissance Escadrilles, 7th Fighter Escadrille and, with time, 15th Fighter Escadrille), between 9–19 August it had in fact only a few operational planes. In spite of this, the Polish crews were tirelessly performing their tasks: reconnoitering enemy forces – their intentions and composition – and, most importantly, delaying their march. In this article the author describes the composition and tasks of the 3rd Air Squadron, and the course of its fights against the 1st Cavalry Army in August 9–19, 1920. He also drew attention to the combat tactics of Polish aviators, which he analyzed accordingly.

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Jan Kotyza, żołnierz Armii Krajowej, Batalionów Chłopskich, ludowego Wojska Polskiego – zarys biograficzny

Author(s): Wojciech Paduchowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2020

The article presents a biographical outline of Jan Kotyza, a soldier of the Home Army, Peasants’ Battalions and the Polish People’s Army. He was born in Bieńczyce near Cracow in a peasant family. Thanks to the persistence of his parents and teachers he finished high school and then studied physical education at the Jagiellonian University. Just before the outbreak of World War II, Kotyza took over the position of manager of the newly built city stadium at 3 Maja Avenue in Cracow. He was a reserve officer but did not take part in the Polish campaign of 1939. During the occupation he got involved in underground work. Initially, it consisted only in the distribution of underground magazines. He joined the Union of Armed Struggle (ZWZ) and took pseudonym „Krzemień”. Initially he organized a platoon in the villages of Bieńczyce, Krzesławice and Mistrzejowice. Then he became the commander of the ZWZ post „Mogiła”, which included municipalities: Mogiła, Ruszcza and Węgrzce. He left the ZWZ to join the Peasants’ Battalions (BCh). At the same time he became a member of the underground People’s Party „Roch”. After the BCh where merged with the Home Army, he took command of the „Pająk” battalion. In 1943, he was promoted within the BCh and became commander of the Cracow district codenamed „Forest Inspectorate No. 6”. Shortly after the liberation from the Germans, he answered the call of the new authorities to join the so-called Polish People’s Army. Initially he was not sent to the front, eventually he was sent to the 2nd Army. He did not manage to take part in fights against the Germans. He was near Dresden, from where he was withdrawn through Wrocław to Rzeszów, where he took part in fights with the Ukrainian Insurgent Army. After being demobilized, he returned to his hometown.

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Polskie zagony pancerno-motorowe w czasie wojny 1920 roku

Author(s): Michał Kuchciak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2023

During the war with Bolshevik Russia, the Polish Army carried out raids by armored and motorized units three times, in which infantry units transported by trucks and supported by armored cars took part. In the first two raids, which were directed at Zhytomyr and Kovel, complete success was achieved. However, the last incursion, aimed at Lutsk, failed.

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Masa rotundă „Take Ionescu – viziune și destin. 100 de ani de la moartea marelui om politic și diplomat”, București, Cercul Militar Național, 16 iunie 2022

Author(s): Elena-Cristina Brăgea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3-4/2022

Report on roundtable "Take Ionescu – Vision and Destiny. 100 Years Since the Death of the Great Politician and Diplomat", held at Bucharest, National Military Club on 16th of June 2022.

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Romanian Military Attachés in the Ottoman Empire until the First World War

Author(s): Adrian-Bogdan Ceobanu,Silvana Rachieru / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2023

Between 1878 and 1918, around fifty military attachés were accredited by the Romanian state in various European capitals, and their reports*** remained unpublished for the most part. The history of this position began in Constantinople, where a military attaché was appointed for the first time in 1878, a mission that he kept only for a year. Gradually, attachés were established in other European capitals, too. The activity of Romanian military attachés in various European capitals in the late 19th century and the beginning of the subsequent century can represent the topic of more comprehensive analyses in Romanian historiography, and the names of those who served are worth retrieving. Among them are the Romanian military attachés in the Ottoman Empire, for whom short biographies are outlined in the following lines. The main focus is on the last of them, Lucian Trantomir, a Romanian military attaché in Constantinople between 1913-16. The sources for such research are diverse, ranging from documents kept in the Romanian Military Archives to the Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs or various county archives in Romania. The investigation of such detailed reports written abroad by seasoned military personnel can provide new perspectives, as in the case of other Romanian military attachés, for reconstructing the involvement in the conflicts marking the beginning of the 20th century.

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The Regime of General Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in the Analysis of the Office for Documentation and Administrative Studies of Romania (1941)

Author(s): Alin Spânu / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2023

At the beginning of 1941, the Office of Documentation and Administrative Studies in the Ministry of the Interior in Bucharest developed an analysis of Türkiye under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. The political evolution, doctrine, and institutions involved in implementing the reforms and the results obtained were analysed. The analysis is pertinent, it does not omit the delicate events in the evolution of Türkiye, but, as a whole, it is favourable to the regime of Kemal, which laid the foundations for Türkiye’s development into an important regional actor. It is possible that this analysis was requested by the Romanian Prime Minister, General Ion Antonescu, who wanted to know how a military man could successfully reform a state that was on the edge of the precipice. Maybe General Antonescu was thinking of following his example and initiating some necessary reforms for Romania at that time. The objective of the analysis was to identify the means that allowed the evolution of Türkiye to the level of an important regional political actor. The analytical material is appreciative of a man who changed a country through will, dedication, and effort. All the reforms initiated in the 1920s were the basis of Türkiye’s development, especially after the Second World War, when it became an extremely important actor in the Black Sea area, the Middle East, NATO, and South-Eastern Europe.

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Lina Ciobanu (1929 - )

Author(s): Mihai Florin Razvan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-2/2023

Lina Ciobanu (born 1929) was among the women promoted at the highest level of Romanian Communist Party (RCP). In November 1974, together with Elena Ceaușescu, she was appointed full member of Political Executive Committee of Central Committee (PEC of CC) of RCP. Until the end of the communist regime Ciobanu held many important positions in the party and the state, such as vice prime-minister of the Romanian Government, full member of PEC of CC of RPC (reelected at the XIVth Congress of RCP in 1989), vice-president of National Commission of Demography (1971-1989), president of Women’s National Committee (1974-1977), minister of Light Industry (1975-1984), member of Grand National Assembly (1965-1989). Former party comrades and historians consider that she represented a symbol of obedience to Ceaușescu family and especially to Elena Ceaușescu, whom she owed her ascension and professional career in the party.

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Camelia Dinu (coord.), Modernismul rus în Veacul de Argint

Author(s): Maria Lațchici / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2022

Review of: Camelia Dinu (coord.), Modernismul rus în Veacul de Argint, Oradea: Ratio et Revelatio, 2020, 348p., ISBN 978-606-9659-11-3

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