“Non alla fantasia ho fatto appello, ma alla mia memoria”. Emilio Lussu: la presa di coscienza individuale che diventa cultura comune

Author(s): Daniele Mannu / Language(s): Italian Issue: 2/2022

The purpose of this speech is to analyze the circumstances that led Sardinian writer Emilio Lussu to convey his experience across his writing. At the very beginning, Lussu was an interventionist, and he strongly supported the Italian military intervention against the German Empire and Austria-Hungary during World War I. After the war, he founded the political party Partito Șardo d’Azione (“Șardinian Action Party”), a social-democratic movement that promoted autonomy towards the ideal of independence. He considered himself an antifascist activist. Due to his radical political views, in 1927 he was sentenced to 5 years of confinement on the island of Lipari. However, he managed to escape two years later. Together with Carlo Rosselli, he founded <<Giustizia e Libertà>> (“Justice and Freedom”), an antifascist resistance movement. These events largely influenced Lussu’s subjects in literature. He could elaborate and turn them into a collective consciousness, without setting aside the importance of each individual’s experience. Lussu’s bibliography becomes thus a way to understand the tragedy of the war in Italy and Europe. The first part of this lecture will introduce these subjects and their correlation to Lussu’s historical memory. Then, we’ll analyze the major works that best reflect his literary legacy, such as La catena, Marcia su Roma e dintorni (Road to exile. The story of a Sardinian Patriot), Un anno sull’altipiano (Sardinian Brigade) and Un bombardamento notturno.

Уловка Д. С. Мережковского: какую статью критик писал для А. Г. Достоевской

Author(s): Elena A. Andruschenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2021

This paper is the first to analyze the typewritten copies of D. S. Merezhkovsky’s famous article “Prophet of the Russian revolution (For Dostoevsky’s anniversary)” (1906) with the author’s notes. The article is believed to have been written at the request of A. G. Dostoevskaya for the anniversary edition of F. M. Dostoevsky’s complete works (to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the writer’s death). After having read it and heard the opinions about D. S. Merezhkovsky’s lecture, given on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the writer’s death, A. G. Dostoevskaya turned down the article. D. S. Merezhkovsky immediately published it in the Vesy magazine, and subsequently as a separate brochure and then in both editions of his complete works. However, an examination of the article’s typewritten copies reveals that D. S. Merezhkovsky was working simultaneously on two versions of it: a short one for A. G. Dostoevskaya and an extended one for journal publication. Judging by the author’s notes, he intended to edit the article’s short version in accordance with A. G. Dostoevskaya’s comments, but she was unsatisfied with the result. Instead, the writer’s widow included S. N. Bulgakov’s biographical essay in the complete works. A textual analysis of the variants and revisions of D. S. Merezhkovsky’s article leads to conclusions about the evolution of his intent, the genre and semantics of the titles of the article, written under the influence of the events of the first Russian revolution as a polemically oriented journalistic text.

УЛОГА ДИЈАЛЕКТИЗАМА И ЛОКАЛИЗАМА У СРПСКОЈ КЊИЖЕВНОСТИ ДОБА РЕАЛИЗМА

Author(s): Radoje Simić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2017

Данашњи читалац може лако препознати књижевни текст из доба реализма, и то не само по његовој специфичној тематици и наративним особеностима, већ и по лексици, фразеологији и стилу. На извесном броју примера аутори намеравају потврдити ову чињеницу.

УЛОГА ЖЕНСКИХ СТРАНИХ МИСИЈА У СРБИЈИ ТОКОМ ВЕЛИКОГ РАТА: ТРАНСФЕР МЕДИКАЛИЗОВАНИХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЈА И РАЂАЊЕ БИОПОЛИТИКЕ

Author(s): Dušan Marinković,Lada Marinković,Dušan Ristić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2014

This paper is theoretically and methodologically limited to one narrow aspect of the First World War – to the role of the women’s foreign missions. The case of Serbia in this context is of particular importance not just in terms of the weight, dramatic and tragic consequences of the Great war, but because the international engagement of women in foreign missions served as a latent social mechanism – the transfer of medicalized political and social technologies and practices that at the time did not existed. In this paper we analyze the conditions and causes of the changes in social roles of women that were related to their activism, professionalism, mobilization and engagement in medical and humanitarian missions during the Great War. This historical event was also the turning point in regard to the social participation of women as well as the milestone for the changes in the culture of gender relations.

УЛОГА ЉУДСКЕ ГРЕШКЕ У ИСТОРИЈИ

Author(s): Mihailo V. Popović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3-4/2002

In the introductory parts of the study, the concept of "human mistake" and its main kinds are considered. Historical role of humane mistake is analysed in the case of constitution of the first Yugoslav state (1918). The Serbian govemement and its president, Nikola Pašić made cardinal mistake because they imposed the unitary monarchy to other Yugoslav peoples; Croation and Slovenian politicians commited basic error because they accepted the unitary monarchy that was opposite to the interats of their nations and to their political conception, federation or loose confederation between two states, the Serbian Monarchy and the State of Slovenians, Croats and Serbes that lived on the territory of the former Austria-Hungary.

УЛОГА МИХАИЛА КОНСТАНТИНОВИЋА У ДРЖАВНОМ ПРЕУРЕЂЕЊУ КРАЉЕВИНЕ ЈУГОСЛАВИЈЕ

Author(s): Tanasije Marinković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: Poseban/2022

Mihailo Konstantinović is well known to the Serbian and Yugoslav audience as one of the greatest civil law lawyers of his time. He was active in the state administration immediately before and after the Second World War: first, as a minister in the Cvetković–Maček Government, 1939–1941; then, as a chairman of the 1946 Constitution-Drafting Committee. Prior to the Second World War, he was also legal sciences teacher to Crown Prince Petar Karađorđević II. However, Mihailo Konstantinović was also a politician in the best meaning of that term, a true statesman, more specifically, the chief architect of the 1939 Cvetković-Maček Agreement, which represented an attempt to save the Kingdom of Yugoslavia from breaking up. This article aims to shed light on the role he played in the state redesigning of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and on the complexity of his personality, which was revealed through this role.

Ултиматум из 1914. у немачком и аустријском тумачењу кривице за Први светски рат

Author(s): Velibor Buha / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1-2/2015

The nature of the Austro-Hungarian ultimatum submitted in July 1914 to Serbia was one of relevant topics in debates on war guilt for the First World War that took place upon its completion. Already at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, in the context of perpetrators of the war, it was concluded that the Ultimatum was made in such a way to be rejected and therefore to serve as an excuse for an already prepared war of Austria-Hungary with her neighbor. It was also concluded that in these intentions Austria-Hungary had the full support of Berlin. In post-war Germany and Austria various activities were undertaken aiming at denying own responsibility for the war and its transfer to other countries of the former Entante. Interpretations of the Ultimatum were developed with an aim to weaken this accusation of Versailles. Many have written on this controversial documents: historians as w ell as participants of key events in the period prior to the war. They endeavored to prove that formulated demands were politically and legally well grounded and acceptable, and that Serbian rejection did not represent a desirable outcome of the undertaken action. Serbian reply was simultaneously the subject of their attention, particularly the rejection of the two most delicate points of the Ultimatum. In this decision they saw influence of Russia and in line with that her key role in provoking the war. Unreserved German support in the attitude to Serbia in 1914 was interpreted by convictions of the Emperor and the government that this was a question of vital interest for Austria-Hungary and that potential war conflict would not go beyond Balkan frontiers. These interpretations were not supported by many sources in contemporary archives, and were also rejected by some relevant voices from Germany who assessed Serbian reply as satisfactory and criticized an accelerated Austrian breaking of diplomatic relations with Serbia immediately upon its reception. Overall efforts to improve historical judgement of the Ultimatum have therefore not given proper results.

Уникална трилогия от нови документи за българщината в Македония и Тракия (в края на XIX и началото на XX век).

Author(s): Petar Shapkarev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/1996

Управлінські засади реалізації державної політики у сфері розвитку українського театрального мистецтва в добу національно-визвольної боротьби (1917-1920 рр.)

Author(s): V. M. Kupriychuk / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2012

The article reviews the state the development and implementation of state policy in theater during the liberation struggle in 1917-1920 revealed a role in this process Ukrainian governments, local authorities, public and cultural organizations.

Уровень потребления в оскудевшем центре России и причины русской революции

Author(s): Sergey Aleksandrovich Nefedov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 33/2020

The article shows that the general dynamics of consumption was oscillatory in nature and there were significant provincial differences. Two methods are used to identify these differences. The first method is based on a direct calculation of the grain remaining in the provinces by taking into account the crop, import and export. The second method is based on anthropometry data, on data on the growth of recruits in various provinces. This second method allows you to determine the dynamics of the standard of living in various provinces in the half-century before the revolution as well. Both methods indicate the existence of a large area of low consumption in the Central Black Earth region, and the standard of living in this area has a downward trend. These results are consistent with the findings of the 1901 Commission, which characterized the region as an “area of impoverishment”. Correlation analysis shows that “impoverishment” was due to the fact that in the first half of the 19th century this region had the largest percentage of serfs; it was an area of distribution of corvée latifundia. During the liberation, serfs received small allotments, which decreased with population growth. At the same time, the remaining large landowners exported their bread to other regions and outside the country. The combination of peasant low land and export-oriented large farms led to agrarian conflicts. Here was the epicenter of peasant uprisings in 1905 and 1917, and these provinces became Bolshevik “fortresses” during the Civil War.

Усилията на Димитър Марков като княжески дипломатически агент в Цариград за постигане на българските национални стремежи (1896 – 1899)

Author(s): Angel Zlatkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2021

The article examines the service of Dimitar Markov as a diplomatic representative of the Principality of Bulgaria in the capital of the Ottoman Empire in the period 1896 – 1899. The continuation of the Eastern Crisis, which began in the spring of 1894, created a number of opportunities for the Bulgarian foreign policy about the National question through appointment of Bulgarian Exarchate’s metropolitans in European Turkey, and introduction of reforms in Macedonia and Thrace in line with Article 23 of the Berlin Treaty. Faced with the firm refusal of the Sublime Porte to fulfil the Bulgarian demands, the government of Dr. Konstantin Stoilov had a choice whether to seek rapprochement and alliance with the Ottoman Empire or to take advantage of the fragile state of the empire to put additional pressure on it. In the final years of the 19th century, the leading Bulgarian factors chose a combined approach, and as a diplomatic representative in Constantinople, Dimitar Markov led the long negotiations with the Sublime Porte and the representatives of the Great Powers on the Bosphorus.

Ускршњи покољ Ирске

Author(s): Vladimir Dedijer / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1-2/2015

Сумњам да би „тамну психу Ирске“ психијатар могао боље објаснити од историчара, као што сматра писац чланка (од 7. априла). Изучавање историје показује да многе друге потлачене групе, када не могу да нађу други излаз, прибегавају саможртвовању. Тако је мучеништво добијало нови, оптимистичнији карактер. Оно је постајало предвиђање будућности. [...]

УСПОСТАВЉАЊЕ ПАРАЛЕЛНОГ СИСТЕМА УНУТАРЊЕ МАКЕДОНСКЕ РЕВОЛУЦИОНАРНЕ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЈЕ (ВМРО) 1893–1908

Author(s): Vančo Gorgiev / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 63-64/2014

ВМРО је 1893. године у Солуну основала група младих маке- донских интелектуалаца.2 Према званичним актима и другој доку- ментацији, основни циљ ВМРО је био извојевање „политичке ауто- номије“ за Македонију у оквирима Османске државе. Иако руково- диоци ВМРО нису у нормативним актима конкретно елаборисали питање аутономије, аутономију су више схватали као прелазну етапу ка независној македонској држави.3 Као средство за остваривање зацртане аутономије био је предвиђен „општи устанак“.

УСТАВ КРАЉЕВИНЕ СРБИЈЕ ИЗ 1901. ГОДИНЕ

Author(s): Đorđe Pavlović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 144/2013

The Constitution of the Kingdom of Serbia of 1901 is usually perceived from the standpoint of prejudices against the whole rule of King Aleksandar Obrenović or from the standpoint of his short implementation. This constitutional text should be, however, interpreted in accordance with the political situation in which it was implemented. This constitution was systematically supported by Progressive party, and it had relevant impact on the political life of the Kingdom. Therefore this paper presents the text, its implementation and main laws regarding important political questions.

УСТАНОВЛЕНИЕ АВТОРСТВА ДНЕВНИКОВ МОРЯКОВ 2-й ТИХООКЕАНСКОЙ ЭСКАДРЫ

Author(s): Mikhail R. Ivanchenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2021

Russian sailors wrote several diaries during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. Some of them, for various reasons, did not mention the names of their authors. To partially solve this pertinent research issue, the article examines the diaries of “unidentified persons” who served in the Second Pacific Squadron under the command of Vice Admiral Z. P. Rozhestvensky in order to recover their names. Using the diary entries, in which the authors revealed the facts of their biography, the authors made the conclusions about the hypothetical authorship of the diaries. Attention was also drawn to the names of seamen mentioned in the diaries in the third person, because excluding them made it possible to narrow the range of possible authors. Five diaries were studied, where there were mentioned four names of the possible authors of the manuscripts. The information obtained about the authors of these sources expanded what was already known about these diaries and about the events of the Russo-Japanese War in general. The successful attribution enabled using the diaries in the study of the biographies of Russian Navy sailors. The results of the research can be used by historians, archivist, librarians, and reference books or guidebooks compilers, which provides the sufficient level of the research novelty.

Установление советской власти в Лужском уезде Петроградской губернии

Author(s): V. I. Khrisanfov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 19/2017

Up to now the fact of coming to power in Russia in October, 1917 of the left bloc (RSDRP (b) and left socialist-revolutionary) is obviously underestimated in modern historical literature and human consciousness. However both parties recognized the soviet power and formed coalition government, even not at once. Such coalition had existed in local authorities. On the basis of contemporary records, memoirs and historical literature the author analyses how this coalition was realized in Luga’s region. The choice of the region is nonrandom. Luga’s region as a large railway junction in the nearest neighborhood to Petrograd played a strategic role in Autumn 1917. War contingents that were located in Luga and its surroundings also played significant role for those who proclaimed the Soviet power in Petrograd. The article contains the reconstruction of the history of the Luga Soviet and cooperation between bolsheviks and socialists-revolutionaries on the local level. It passed through several phases: December 1917 — March 1918, April–June 1918, July–August 1918. Analysis of relations between parties on the local level had made it possible to realize the process of curtailment of cooperation and transition to single-party system. Undoubtedly, conclusions made in the article enlighten the process of establishment of the Soviet statehood.

Участие Г. Е. Зиновьева в работе Петроградского Совета Рабочих и Солдатских депутатов в апреле – июле 1917 г.

Author(s): Vyacheslav Nikolayevich Samokhodkin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 21/2015

The given article is devoted to the activities of one of the most famous Bolsheviks G. Y. Zinovyev in the Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies after his return from emigration in April 1917 along with Lenin until the party was declared illegal. The author’s objective is to cover the role that G.Y. Zinovyev played in the relations between the RSDRP(b) and the Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies in between The February Revolution and the October Revolution.

Участие духовенства в политических партиях и надпартийных организациях на белом Юге в период Гражданской войны

Author(s): Yuliya Aleksandrovna Biryukova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 29/2019

This article examines the participation of representatives of the Russian Orthodox Church in public and political life in the White-controlled South. In particular, the motives and goals of church authorities’ interactions with political forces, activities of supra-party organizations with a wide representation of the Orthodox clergy, and the “church” aspects of their politics are examined. The significance attached by these organizations to union with the Orthodox Church and its place in the socio-political life of the country is described. The characteristic of the activity of the only Orthodox right-wing nationalist party “Brotherhood of the Holy Cross” and the identity of its organizer, Archpriest Vladimir Vostokov, are noted as well as the attitude of church authorities, clergy and the public to it. Put this way, the problem for the first time in historiography is subjected to a comprehensive study with a wide range of sources based on situation reports from the Fund of the Political office of the Chairperson of the special Meeting of the Volunteer army, and documentation of the Temporary higher Church administration and the periodicals of the South of Russia. Despite the wide participation of the clergy in political life, the organs of ecclesiastical administration studiously avoided politicization of the Church that would draw it into the political struggle. The Church saw its task only in national unity while preserving the balance of political forces under the authority of the Commander-in-chief as representative of the legitimate government — an ally of the Church in the face of Bolshevism.

Участие на дружини от състава на 11-и маршеви полк в боевете за овладяването на укрепените позиции в района на град Мачин през януари 1917 г.

Author(s): Manush Hristov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2021

The study is devoted to little-known facts related to the participation and contribution of the troops of the 11th Marching Regiment to the victory achieved in the battles for control of the heavily fortified area in the Machin. The data presented come to fill the gap in the researches regarding the participation of the marching formations and in particular of the 11th Marching Regiment in the battles as part of the 3rd Army. The presented information helps to clarify and supplement the general picture of the events on the front, by revealing specific details of the course of the hostilities, which so far have not fallen within the scope of attention of the scientific community. Also, a good basis is created for the formation of reasonable conclusions about the significance of the achieved victory. Archival materials have been put into circulation, which reveal new facts about the battles in the Dobrudzha region. The presented brief information about the marching regiments and the combat history of the regiment helps to clarify the nature and purpose of these units, taking into account the fact that the available information about them is more than modest and insufficient. The presented data are entirely based on materials from the State Military Historical Archives – Veliko Tarnovo.

Участь Південноукраїнських Істориків У Роботі Наукових З’їздів (Друга Половина ХІХ – Початок ХХ Ст.)

Author(s): Olexandr E. Muzychko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 28/2017

The purpose of this article is studying of participation of the South Ukrainian historians in work of scientific congresses which took place in the second half of 19th - the beginning of the 20th century both in the territory of the Southern Ukraine, and in other regions of the Russian Empire and beyond its limits. The research of a question of participation of the South Ukrainian historians in work of scientific congresses confirms the leading positions of Odesa in historiographic process of this region. On the other hand, it is obvious that Archaeological congresses which were held each third anniversary in the Russian Empire were a powerful tool of involvement in the scientific historiographic field not only the academic historians, but also historians of the second plan, often just fans of old times. It in turn promoted an exit of historical researches in the south of Ukraine from a provincial state. Congresses performed important communicative function of establishing contacts between the South Ukrainian historians, between them and their colleagues from other regions; promoted inflow to the South Ukrainian historical science of new forces; to increase in interest in local, South Ukrainian history, development of researches of history of Ukraine; to strengthening of potential of local scientific organizations and institutions. However, participation in foreign congresses was already elite business of which, even from especially financial reasons, only professors of the Odesa university, first of all those from them which researches were focused on studying of the Western European history were capable. Reports of the South Ukrainian historians and their participation in congresses brightly reflected the fact that the scientific interests of these historians were not limited only to the Southern Ukraine even if it is about those who are known for the corresponding reputation and interests. The congresses facilitated the establishment of closer cooperation between the southern Ukrainian historiographic centers. This is especially noticeable in the process of preparation for the Katerynoslav Congress. Preparatory committees were active in Odesa and Simferopol. Also, congresses have contributed to the strengthening of the scientific potential of the southern Ukrainian centers. Yes, it was the Katerynoslav Congress that contributed to the completion of the formation of the Museum of Antiquities by A. Pol. A common feature of the Odesa and Katerynoslav Congress was the organization of excursions of its participants to the Crimea. During the excursion of the Odesa Congress, one of its leaders was the Evpatorian priest Y. Chepurin, a member of the congress. During the visit to Khersones, participants of the Katerynoslav Congress met with the Head of the Kherson Museum and the excavations of K. Kosciuszko-Valiuzynych. Congresses had also important public, national value: in the conditions of deformations in national policy of the Russian Empire they allowed the Ukrainian national movement in the south of Ukraine in addition to declare oneself by lips of the leaders, and, on the other hand, participation in the international congresses in addition stimulated liberal views of historians which never avoided active participation in public life. In general, participation of historians from the territory of the Southern Ukraine in scientific congresses was main «platform» on which the «live» historical thought developed.