Rrugëtimi i Isa Boletinit Nga Mitrovica deri në Vlorë

Author(s): Xheladin Shala / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 45/2015

This paper is about the beginning of the First Balkan War, the Albanian resistance led by Isa Boletini in the north of Mitrovica, in Merdare, and about the withdrawal of the Ottoman army without resistance on the Serbia and Montenegro border. Then, the withdrawal of Isa Boletin and of many other warriors of Albanian lands to Vlora, whose journey lasted 35 days. Also, there is highlighted the cooperation of Isa Boletini with Ismail Qemali in defense of the Provisional Government of Vlora, giving importance except to the resistance, also to the maneuverability in the field of politics and diplomacy.

Mizoritë e Ushtrisë Serbe në Rajonin e Astrazubit më 1914

Author(s): Fitim Rifati / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 45/2015

Astrazubi is located in the southwestern region of the municipality of Malishevë, sur-rounding the axis Malishevë - Rahovec. During the period of the Ottoman reign, the administrative unit of the northern herald of Astrazubi existed within the realms of Priz-ren, which is why the contemporary sources of the time refer to it within the geograph-ical frames of the latter. The Albanians inhabiting the region, as well as the ones in the surrounding areas, could not come to terms with the foreign occupation, annexation and leadership of the Serbian Kingdom, and they could tolerate even less so the sys-tematic violence exerted towards them by the forces in power. It is generally accepted that the main reason as to why the locals revolted was to liberate these regions from the foreign Serbian-Montenegrin occupation and to unify the lands with Albania proper. According to documentary sources, it has been concluded that from 1380 houses built within the fringes of Astrazubi, 90% of those (1029) were burned down, whereas the number of victims appears to be 227, however taking into account the lack of sources regarding the matter, it can be assumed that the number of victims is much higher than the one provided, particularly when considering the magnitude of violence present in the battles between the Albanian insurgents and the Serbian military. Among the vic-tims there were women and children, whereas some cases documented in the village of Banjë, inform us that the wounded ones were buried alive. In the majority of these villages, the women and maidens were raped by the Serbian military. The unprotected families, including the elders, women and children, had fled their homes and managed to find refuge in the neighboring villages among their relatives. The remaining number of those fleeing had found refuge in the mountains. A destructive role in the develop-ment of these events was played by the Serbian minority on the rise, whose function was the colonization of Kosova, as well as to pillage and cause havoc within the Alba-nian villages. In such circumstances, the local Albanian population was defenseless in regards to organizing an uprising of large proportions when facing the Serbian military machinery, and even less so equipped to make strong resistance against the latter, which resistance would shaken the European chancelleries and convince them that the Serbian military and government forces were dedicated to cease any possible Al-banian resistance, even in the occasion when the Albanians were planning no such resistance.

Një Përmendore për Kontributin e Njërit nga Firmëtarët e Pavarësisë së Shqipërisë më 1912

Author(s): Nuridin Ahmeti / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 45/2015

Review of: Asqeri Llanajt, Thanas Floqi – Firmëtari i Pavarësisë Kombëtare, Vlorë, 2013, f. 212 Review of: Asqeri Llanajt, Thanas Floqi – Asqeri Llanaj, Thanas Floqi - Firmëtari of National Independence, Vlore 2013, p. 212

Basarabia la începutul secolului XX văzută de misionarii și slujitorii Bisericii Ortodoxe Ruse (după corespondența Mitropolitului Arsenie, aflată în fondurile Arhivelor de Stat ale Federației Ruse)

Author(s): Angela Colin,Aleksandr S. Stikalin / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 8/2016

Metropolitan Arsenius (A. Stadnitcky) (1862-1936), born in Bessarabia, was one of the prominent figures in the history of the Russian Orthodox Church of the beginning of the 20th century. He is known also as Church historian, the author of some important papers on the history of the Orthodox Church in Moldova and the Russian-Romanian church relations. The rich epistolary heritage of Metropolitan Arsenius stored in the State Archive of the Russian Federation includes his correspondence with the priests both in Romania and in the Russian Bessarabia, which reflects not only some aspects of the Russian-Romanian church relations, but also the situation in Bessarabia of the beginning of the 20th century, in particular national and inter-confessional relations in this region. The article is based on the correspondence of Arsenius with some Orthodox clergymen of Bessarabia and the missionaries sent to Bessarabia for propagating the Old Believers to join the Russian Orthodox Church. The public mood in Bessarabia in the beginning of the 20th century, the relations between the Old Believers and the official Church are reflected in the letters addressed from Bessarabia to Metropolitan Arsenius as well as some important events in the history of the region (including much talked about anti-Jewish pogrom in Chișinău in 1903).

O căsătorie prin corespondență. Scrisorile Annei Kiselkova către Cristian Racovski (1911-1912)

Author(s): Flavius Solomon,Mihail Stancev,Anatolii Tymonin,Anna Rudi / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 8/2016

Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok hadba lépése 1917-ben

Author(s): Tibor Glant / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 02/2017

This article reviews the main reasons why the United States abandoned her logical neutral position assumed in August 1914 and entered the First World War on the side of the Allies in April 1917. It analyzes American neutrality and the challenges it faced from within and without. It also explains why Wilson was so reluctant to go to war and why he decided to take that drastic step after all, 32 months into the global conflict. Special attention is devoted to submarine warfare, trade, sabotage, ethnic relations, diplomatic and military preparedness, and various US elections. The immediate causes of US entry into the war (Mexico and submarines) are used to show that national prestige was the key factor in the decision. By highlighting the philosophical differences between Republicans and Democrats over the conduct of American foreign affairs, we also place Wilson’s ideas and decisions in the broader context of twentieth-century international relations.

1917 – az orosz forradalom két arca

Author(s): Tibor Hajdú / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 02/2017

The 1917 “February” Russian Revolution started as a spontaneous revolt of Petrograd people, it was not “prepared” by anybody being rather a surprise for everybody. The socialist leaders convened the Petrograd Soviet only after the revolt, and sent the moderate socialist Kerensky into the Provisional Government, to represent there the Soviet. The Government was formed by the Duma. Thus, a dual power existed, at least until July. During April-May, the Soviet parties collaborated from the Bolsheviks to Kerensky. The Revolution had two different aims – ending the war, and establishing democracy and a constitutional Republic. For the people and the soldiers, peace stood on the first place. Foreign Minister Miliukov, in his note of May 1, assured the Allies that Russia's war policy remained as before. The Petrograd and Moscow workers and soldiers went on the streets with the slogan: “Down with Miliukov!” On May 18, the Cabinet was transformed: Miliukov resigned, Kerensky got the War Ministry, and the Socialists received six portfolios. Kerensky, after declaring that Russia has no territorial or other war aims, started a new offensive on the fronts. Thus, Kerensky lost the sympathy of both sides: the Generals kept to the Allies and the secret treaties, the Left demanded peace immediately, and the soldiers didn’t understand why they should fight without war aims. The Kerenskyoffensive collapsed in July. On July 3 and 4, the Petrograd soldiers’ armed demonstration against the Kerensky-offensive collapsed too. They were influenced by the Bolshevik agitation, but the latter were not ready yet to lead them to a risky coup d’état. Kerensky arrested some Bolshevik leaders, and on July 21 formed a new Cabinet, which convened the Constitutional Assembly, but it was soon late: on November 7, the Soviet seized power, preventing the Assembly elections. This move was of course contrary to the classical principles of democracy. There was no real majority on either side – instead a civil war was started, which lasted for three years.

A délszláv egység első hivatalos manifesztuma – a korfui nyilatkozat

Author(s): Árpád Hornyák / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 02/2017

The idea of Yugoslavism (creation of an united state of the South Slavs, the Serbs, Croats and Slovenians) dates back to the 16th century. In the 19th century there were serious attempts on the side of the Croatian and Serbian politicians to find a political solution for the establishment of a common state. Nevertheless, the real opportunity for creating such a state came by with the outbreak of World War I. During the war, there were two centres promoting the unified South Slav state. The Serbian Government on the one side and the Yugoslav Committee founded in Paris on the other side. The cooperation of the two bodies was rather strained due to the differences in their views regarding the form of the future state. Should it be a federation (the view of the Yugoslav Committee) or a centralist state (the Serbian point of view). During the whole period the Serbian Government was in a stronger position, however, due to some changes in the international relations, Pašić was forced to accept the Yugoslav Committee at least formally. This led to the Corfu conference, where after more than a month long negotiations the Serbian Government and the Yugoslav committee signed for the very first time a common declaration that envisioned a constitutional monarchy under Serbia’s ruling Karađorđević dynasty, the so-called Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

Erdély újjáalkotásának a magyar terve 1917/1918 során

Author(s): Zsolt K.Lengyel / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 02/2017

This study analyses the second phase of the Erdélyi Szövetség’s (Transylvanian Alliance’s) activity. From early 1917 it urged to represent Transylvania’s national political interests. The starting point for this endeavour was the idea that Budapest should have the last word in matters of the region’s business, but the government should pass on the handling of Transylvania’s problems in the hands of persons familiar with local affairs. The Alliance wanted foremost to prevent the Transylvanian Romanians from expanding any further. The old-Transylvanistic weekly “Új Erdély” (New Transylvania) from Cluj (Kolozsvár, Klausenburg), which appeared in the first half of 1918, also assessed identically the reform possibilities the region. At the same time, this journal sought the modus for a larger consensus, an arrangement extending also over the Transylvanian Romanians. In the early autumn of 1918, the Transylvanian Alliance defended the Hungarian Kingdom’s unity, while it could not even imagine that it might also look for Romanians among the Transylvanian persons designated for renewing the country’s system.

Sem kormányon, sem ellenzékben: Tisza István tevékenysége második miniszterelnökségét követően

Author(s): Zoltán Maruzsa / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 02/2017

Tisza István has become the prime minister of Hungary for the second time on June 10, 1913, as the leading figure of the National Work Party, which held the absolute majority within the House of Representative. After the outbreak of World War II, Tisza concentrated his attention on preserving the internal calm of the country and maximizing military potential, governing Hungary with and iron had. Since Tisza already counted as an adept of warlike policy, and Charles IV wished to see someone else as the prime minister of Hungary, the Hungarian prime minister handed in his resignation on May 23, 1917. Thus, the formerly stable government gave way to a new period: a prolonged governmental crisis followed, since the majority within the Parliament continued to belong to the party of Tisza István. The study presents the most important internal political events of the one and a half year period following the resignation of Tisza, with particular emphasis on the debates concerning the amendment of the electoral law.

Románia az osztrák–magyar vezérkar stratégiai tervezésében

Author(s): Ferenc Pollmann / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 02/2017

Since her debut as a sovereign European state, Romania caused great anxiety to Austria-Hungary’s military leadership. The hardly defendable Carpathian border of the Dual Monarchy would require permanently deployed troops in Transylvania and/or a chain of frontier forts. Austria-Hungary, however, could not afford either of them. Therefore, it was vital for Vienna to link the SE neighbour to the Triple Alliance established in 1882. The agreement between Romania and Austria-Hungary (1883) solved the security problems of Transylvania for a long time, converting Romania into an ally. In the era of General Beck (1881-1906), the Austro-Hungarian General Staff counted on the Romanian army’s help against Russia, and this attitude remained in effect during the tenure of Beck’s successor, General Conrad. After the Second Balkan War and the Peace of Bucharest (1913), however, the Austro-Hungarian Chief of Staff could not help but recognize Romania’s loss as an ally, and gave order to prepare deployment plans of an imminent war against Romania. These plans could not be finished before the outbreak of the Great War. Their basic principles, however, were the same as implemented in the 1916 campaign.

Carnegie Report on the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars 1912–1913. Could Report Authors and their Principals be Objective?

Author(s): Alexey Timofeev,Milana Živanović / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2016

One of the ϐirst examples of using non-governmental organizations for creating “humanitarian reasons” in order to press upon the vulnerable states occurred in the Balkans a century ago. The Carnegie Commission on the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913 was a group of highly paid “impartial experts” engaged to investigate and ϐind the results, which have already been known to the investigation customers.

The angels of war. The premature death of Prince Mircea

Author(s): Serinela Pintilie / Language(s): English Issue: 01+02/2016

Prince Mircea died of typhoid fever in the autumn of 1916, shortly after Romania had joined the war. The moment itself received little attention because of the extremely difficult period for the country and the royal family, at the time trying to cope with the imminent German occupation. Nevertheless, there are enough references to it, especially in memoirs. The references range from simple diary notes to elaborate descriptions infused with the mother’s pain, hope, or powerless resignation at the child’s disease and prolonged agony, a mother torn between her duty as Queen and the love for her son. These texts show a tragedy that reaches a new dimension in the context of the war. Queen Mary’s grief drew her closer to the hearts of the masses. The image of a sorrowful mother prevailed over that of queen and became a symbol for many other anonymous mothers with similar tragedies.

Titanicova tužna priča

Author(s): Anto Lončarić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1+2/2012

“Ovdje Titanic”!, “Ovdje Titanic”! U opasnosti smo, tonemo. Panično je u eter govorio telegrafist Jack Philips te kobne večeri 14. travnja 1912. godine. Kad je santa leda u 23.40 udarila u pramac broda ljudi iz 1. i 2. razreda bezbrižno su uživali u blagodati mondenog života na brodu. Ni slutili nisu da je počela prava drama za život. Na zapovijed kapetana Edwarda J. Smitha počela je evakuacija i spašavanje brodolomaca. Prvo je naređeno da u čamce ulaze žene i djeca. Međutim, nije sve teklo kako je naređeno. Prvi u pomoć brodolomcima stigao četiri sata kasnije je brod Carpathia u vlasništvu Cunard Linea koji je bio najbliže unesrećenima. O tome ćemo reći nešto kasnije. Ledena santa rasparala je brod u dužini od 75 metara; voda je prodrla u prvih pet vodootpornih spremnika od ukupno 16. Titanic je pukao na dva dijela između prvog i drugog dimnjaka. U 2.20 našao se na dnu Atlanskog oceana i sa sobom odnio oko 1600 ljudi u plavetnilo svoje dubine. No, vratimo se na početak prije izgradnje plovećeg gorostasa.

Variante și soluții politice în anii primului război mondial (România)

Author(s): Diana Mandache / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 8/1994

The paper present the period of neutrality of Romania 1914-1916, and the steps to joint the Entente and the period of the effective war 1917-1918

Propagandă în Suedia pentru Unirea Transilvaniei cu România

Author(s): Mariana Neguțu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 8/1994

The present paper deals a documents kept in the patrimony of National History Museum of Romania, written by the diplomat Emanuel Antonescu analised the situation of Romania before the Union of Transylvania

Valoroase documente din patrimoniul național evocatoare ale Marii Uniri de la 1 Decembrie 1918

Author(s): Cornelia Apostol,Emil Dumitrescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 8/1994

The study deals with tree of the most importants documents regarding the accomplishment of the unification ideal of the Romanians - the unification of Transylvania with Romania that was achieved on the 1 December 1918. The declaration of independence presented by Alexandru Vaida Voevod in Parlament of Budapest in octomber 18 1918, the Resolution of the National Assembly of Alba Iulia and the proclamation Act of the Unification.

Participări romînești la tîrguri și expoziții internaționale pînă la primul război mondial

Author(s): Stelian Popescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 7/1983

The presentation presents in summary some aspects concerning the participation of Romania, after 1859, in the main fairs and economic exhibitions organized in Europe until the eve of the First World War.It is noteworthy that the statement does not present the Romanian territories which after 1877-1878 were still under foreign domination (it is a question of those found under the domination of Austria-Hungary and Russia of the Tsar).

Activitatea unui pionier al aripilor românești, pilotul Nicolae Tănase, participant la războiul pentru întregirea neamului, reflectată în patrimoniul Muzeul de Istorie al R.S. România

Author(s): Șerban Constantinescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 7/1983

The heritage of the Roman History Museum of Romania was enriched during the year 1979 with many important objects concerning the activity of the pilot Nicolae Tănase, the thirty first pilot of our country. He was born in the town of Ploieşti in 1895; Since the age of 19 he has been attending the Bucharest Flying School, conducted at that time by Captain-Aviator Andrei Popovici. As a result of these courses, Nicolae Tănase also obtained a pilot's license. He also became a flight instructor and among his students may have mentioned Gheorghe Bănciulescu, the first airman in the world to have stolen with prostheses for both feet (following an accident in the Tatra mountains in 1926).

Az erdélyi hadjárat

Author(s): Győző Cholnoky / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2017

Magyarosi Sándor: Az 1916. évi erdélyi hadjárat. = Székelyföld, 21. évf. 2017. 6. sz. 22 – 97 p.