"Azerbaycan Dövri Metbuatı 1832-1920 Bibliyografiya" Adlı Yayına Göre Azerbaycan Dergileri (1832-1920)

Author(s): Fahri Sakal / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Spec.issue/2017

Press and one of its branches, articles are considered to be one of the main sources in all areas of history, not just for cultural issues. The press and journals which are very important for both political and cultural history of Azerbaijan are well known in Turkey and therefore are not used in studies. In this article, based on the work of the Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences entitled "Azerbaycan Dövri Metbuatı 1832-1920 Bibliyografiya, Bakı 1987", the journals published in Azerbaijan and Georgia in this period are briefly introduced. In the article, it is presented in alphabetical order the journals, their editorials, publisher and journalists and given information about the publishing policy of the journals, the types of articles and the ideological direction. As the bibliography was from the Soviet era, the nationalist intellectuals and authors was not included, but those who served the Bolsheviks were presented with delicate expressions. It is reminded to the reader in the footnotes in the text when necessary.

"Celotno posojilo Mestne hranilnice ljubljanske je šlo v žepe akcionarjev in po drugih napačnih potih." Mestna hranilnica ljubljanska in propad industrijske delniške družbe Karel Pollak

Author(s): Mitja Sunčič / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/2009

Ljubljana City Savings Bank and the Decline of Karel Pollak Industrial Joint-stock Company This year it is the 120'h anniversary of the establishment of Mestna hranilnica ljubljanska (Ljubljana City Savings Bank). On the basis of the archives of this monetary institution, the author of the following contribution explores the previously unknown event, never mentioned before in the historical overviews published to date, of the crediting of the major leather industry joint-stock company Karel Pollak in the period between both World Wars. The discussion focuses on the dynamics of the business relationships between the creditor and borrower with the emphasis on the increasingly tense relations in the time when the Karel Pollak company found itself in financial trouble. In the middle of 1920s the Ljubljana City Savings Bank granted a mortgage credit to the family joint-stock leather industry company Pollak in the amount of 25 million dinars, which was extremely generous for the circumstances of that time. The issue was not problematic until the Great Depression, which affected the Pollak leather company severely. A two-year conflict ensued between the City Savings Bank and this company, during which the owners of the company resorted to many dirty and unethical business moves. The dispute concluded with the bankruptcy of the Pollak joint-stock company and the takeover of its factories, carried out by the City Savings Bank. However, the consequences of the granting of this credit did not only affect the Pollak family - the Ljubljana City Savings Bank also suffered considerable financial losses.

"Czegoś podobnego dotychczas w Warszawie nie było". Wystawa Towarzystwa Polska Sztuka Stosowana w Zachęcie w 1908 r.

Author(s): Agata Wójcik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2019

In February and March 1908, the Zachęta Society for the Encouragement of Fine Arts in Warsaw presented a summing-up display of the activity of the Kraków Society of Polish Applied Art (TPSS), active from 1901. According to some comments: ‘The goal of the Exhibition was to demonstrate that Polish applied art existed, that there were already a number of artists who for the last several years had been aware of their purpose, thus demonstrating that when it came to decorating dwelling interiors, particularly when cabinetmaking and wall decorating were concerned (...), they were able to take an independent and thoroughly artistic stand in the full meaning of the term’. The display filled in ten rooms, seven of them being dwelling interior arrangements. The presented designs included those by: Karol Tichy (entryway), Edward Trojanowski (Władysław Reymont’s study, Papal bedroom), Stanisław Wyspiański (the Żeleń- skis’ dining- and drawing-rooms), Ludwik Wojtyczko (the Dziewulskis’ dining-room), and Józef Czajkowski (hall in the flat of Kraków’s Mayor; the Reymonts’dining-room). Arranging Zachęta’s spaces as a line of dwelling interiors aroused much interest of the critics, while Eligiusz Niewiadomski wrote: ‘Warsaw has never seen anything like it’...

"I ona bowiem wspierała wielu..." Ewangelicka diakonia żeńska na Śląsku na przykładzie Ewangelickiego Zakładu Diakonijnego w Ząbkowicach Śląskich w latach 1860–1914

Author(s): Kamil Pawłowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

In 1859 in Ząbkowice Śląskie, Evangelical Tabitha Foundation was created, which was a forerunner of Evangelical Diaconal Institution. This establishment performed vital tasks involving care for the sick and poor. Its founder was the local minister Hermann Graeve. In 1866, he brought to Ząbkowice Śląskie evangelical female deacons, who took over the Institution. On the course of years not only in Ząbkowice Śląskie, but also in the whole Silesia, many institutions were established, i.e. orphanages, schools, kindergartens, and nurseries. Running them was entrusted to female deacons. The first head deacon of the Mother House of female deacons in Ząbkowice Śląskie was Hedwig countess von Stosch. By the beginning of World War I, a compound on present day Krzywa Street was erected, which housed accommodation for the female deacons and administrative base, as well as a spacious chapel.

"İstenmeyen Rumlar": Odessa Ve Kırım’dan Yunanistan'a Göç Hareketleri, 1919

Author(s): Gürhan Yellice / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 57/2018

Shortly after the October Revolution of 1917, a civil war broke out in Russia between the Bolsheviks and the Tsarists, a war that lasted almost three years. The winners of the First World War, worried about a potential global revolution in the event of a Bolshevik victory, decided to send troops to Odessa and Crimea at the end of 1918 to support the Tsarists. For this purpose, they asked for help from Greece. The Greek Prime Minister Venizelos, who strongly desired full support from Britain and France for his plans concerning Izmir at the Paris Peace Conference, reluctantly agreed to help. Thus, French and Greek troops, at the end of 1918 and at the beginning 1919 respectively, were sent to the region. Nevertheless, shortly thereafter the operation ended in smoke, with the total withdrawal of the troops. Although the operation failed, Venizelos managed to gain the support of Britain and France at the Paris Peace Conference. This decision however, marked the beginning of a disastrous process for the Greek populations living in Odessa and Crimea. As an act of retaliation for Greek involvement, the Bolsheviks began to implement a policy of oppression and forced a violent displacement of the existing Greek element. Beginning in March and continuing intensively in April and May, this started a wave of immigration towards Greece which led to a serious crisis on the Greek political scene, right on the eve of the Greek army’s expedition to Izmir. Venizelos tried very hard to direct this immigration to a region other than Greece, locating it specifically in Istanbul, Trabzon and Izmir. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the above mentioned process and its effects on the Greek political life of that period. The study is mainly based on the Greek and British Foreign Ministry Archives, British and Greek newspapers and English sources.

"Izjava enega zanesljivega Slovenca zadostuje" Denunciacije pronemških elementov po razpadu habsburške monarhije v dokumentih okrajnega sodišča Slovenske Konjice

Author(s): Andrej Studen / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2009

After the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and the establishment of the new Yugoslav state, Germans in the Lower Styria were not ready to accept new political circumstances. They explicitly disapproved of the new "Southern Slavic" state and strove for their inclusion into the "German Austria". This spurred the Slovenian authorities to become even more severe and determined in the implementation of the systematic policy of "nationalisation". Slovenians hastened to "rectify" the old injustices. Slovenian newspapers demanded "unscrupulous cleansing" of anything that was German or in any way reminiscent of the old Austria and the former German dominion. In the initial post-war years the "ethos of vengeance" absolutely prevailed over the sense of justice. After the overturn "different elements which sow the seeds of discontent with Yugoslavia" also appear and "deliberately disseminate horrible fabricated news". The authorities called upon the people to denounce the anti-state elements. Practically that was supposed to be the duty of each reliable Slovenian. The following discussion focuses on the denunciations based on the speech against the state, preserved in the documents of the District Court in Slovenske Konjice, and on the incidents which reflected national intolerance in the everyday life in the new state after the World War I.

"KO HOĆE DA ŽIVI, NEK’ MRE" - SARAJEVSKI ATENTAT I DVIJE PJESME IZ KNJIŽEVNOSTI MLADE BOSNE

Author(s): Sanjin Kodrić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 2/2016

The paper deals with the role of culture, especially literature, in conceptual and ideological preparation, implementation and, particularly, the later textual memorialisation of the Sarajevo Assassination. Special attention was paid to the so-called Young Bosnia literature and its tradition, especially to two poems: Prva proljetna pjesma [The First Spring Poem] (1914) by Ivo Andric and Umiranje [Dying] (1914/1915?) by Gavrilo Princip. These two poems are two extremely important early examples of the memorialisation of the Sarajevo Assassination and the Young Bosnia generation in what is the literary practice of the Young Bosnia and its tradition. Both texts reveal some of the essentially important Young Bosnia self-representations, but also some of the important aspects related to the issue of the conceptual and ideological preparation, implementation and later memorial textualisation of the Sarajevo Assassination and the Young Bosnian movement.

"La Roumanie” Newspaper on the Romanian War Prisoners (1918-1919)

Author(s): Gherghina Boda / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

Starting with 1918, Paris becomes the center of Romanian propaganda abroad and the „La Roumanie” newspaper becomes the speaker for the Romanian interests. In the pages of this daily were reflected the suffering of Romanian war prisoners confined to prison camps. There are numerous testimonies proving cruel fate of those unfortunates who were abused both physically and mentally, despite international laws that compel the warring States to apply human treatments of prisoners of war.

"Metafizičke spekulacije" u etnologiji. Pred 150-godišnjicu rođenja, odnosno uz 70-godišnjicu smrti Adolfa Bastiana (Bremen 1826 - Port of Spain 1905)

Author(s): Vitomir Belaj / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 4/1974

Als Ausgangspungt wurde hier die Kontoverse Bastian-Haekel über die Evolutionslehre gewählt, in der Bastian Uber d ie methodisch unzulässigen Auslegungen auf Grund voreiliger Verallgemeinerungen mit recht spottete. Weiter wurde gezeigt, wie in jeder ethnologischen "Schule" zu solchen "metaphysischen" Trugschlüssen kommen kann. Das geschieht immer, wenn auf Grund ungenügender (oder gar falsch gemachter) Beobachtungen Schlüsse gezogen werden, in dessen "Gesetzm ässigkeit" dann geglaubt wird; in solchen Fällen wird in eine Fiktion geglaubt, in eine nicht vorhandene Gesetzmässigkeit (die eine gewisse Macht ausüben soll) , in etwas aussernatürliches, "uber-natürliches, meta-physisches, ganz egal was für "fortschrittliche" Ideen sonst der Gelehrte zu folgen meint. Solche Abschweifungen stehen nicht nur der richtigen wissenschaftlichen Arbeit im Wege, sondern können auch schwerwiegende politische Folgen haben. Gerade deshalb ist es wichtig, noch zu rechter Zeit die Unwissenschaftlichkeit einzelner "wissenschaftlichen" Versuche als solche zu erkennen und public zu machen.

"Militarizacija materinstva" - ženski "naravni poklic" in vélika vojna

Author(s): Ana Cergol Paradiž / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/2015

With the help of publications, legislation, memoranda and promotional materials, this article explores how various protagonists in the Slovenian-speaking territory during World War I addressed mothers, and whether the phenomenon of the »militarisation of motherhood«, typical of other European countries, was also apparent in their case. In the context of the »militarisation of motherhood« discourse, the article analyses the ways of how the female (national) identity was formed. It attempts to answer the question of what (patriotic) duties were imposed on women as mothers – for example, whether as a result of the declining birth rates at that time pronatalist incentives took place in Slovenia as well, especially the ones advocating the social and health protection of (illegitimate) mothers and children. The article also analyses the views on upbringing at the time when this task was, due to the absence of fathers, irregular school education and difficult war situation, even more challenging. At the same time the article studies the representation of women as mothers mourning the deaths of their sons-soldiers. In this context it establishes that during the war the motif of a mourning, but brave and proud mother was frequent also in the Slovenian press. A separate chapter presents the views of female authors on the topic of motherhood.

"Moja politika je kranjska klobasa."

par madežev kranjske klobase v slovenski politiki, zapackanih v slovenskem časopisju do prve svetovne vojne

Author(s): Jernej Mlekuž / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/2013

In the period between the Spring of Nations and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Carniolan sausage did not only fill stomachs. It was also a highly esteemed refreshment, a stimulant for what was initially nascent and later – in the final decades of the period under consideration – already completely awakened national identity. Carniolan sausage had a special place in the Slovenian society and culture. However, what about its place in the political life? It especially had a great symbolic potential and it was a strongly marked object, allowing for various uses. It was convenient, frequently available for various occasions and needs, among others also for a range of »political« applications. The following text limits itself to three Carniolan sausage stains in the Slovenian politics in the period under consideration, smearing the press: the wagging fingers of the Slovenski narod newspaper journalists at the »flexible« – the politicians of moderate national policy in the Taaffe period; the disputes within the socialist camp among Slovenians in the United States; and finally one of the biggest social-political scandals in Carniola before World War I, brought to the boiling point in the atmosphere of the ruthless liberal-clericalist struggle for authority during the so-called Theimer affair.

"Nieskończenie Niepodległa"

Author(s): Marcin Witkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2018

"Prima companie austriaca de naviga?ie cu piroscafe pe Dunare" in porturile romanesti (1829–1938)

Author(s): Cristian Constantin / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 30/2020

The times between the Treaty of Adrianople and World War II were favorable to the Danubian navigation growing within the Romanian area, except for some breaking intervals. The international commerce of the Danubian hinterland, mainly through the agency of foreign shipping companies, was characterized during the 19th century by a diplomatic war among the great European powers. Russophobia that London chancelleries kept internationally up during the second quarter of the 19th century was for the public opinion a subject as topical as controlling of any epidemics on the continent. The two British contractors John Andrews and Joseph Prichard had got in 1829 an exclusive privilege being allowed to navigate steamboats on the Danube, for three years. It was the context of “The First Austrian Steamboat Shipping Company on the Danube” (Erste österreichische Donau Dampfschiffahrts Gesellschaft – D.D.S.G.) coming into being. The steamboat “Francis I” made the test way between Vienna and Budapest in September 1830, and revolutionized so the European navigation. Soon after the regular navigation between Vienna and Constantinopole would better connect the Oriental world with the Occidental realities in the “century of nations”. For the present study I have used besides a series of works preponderately published in West Europe, unplublished documents from the Diplomatic Archives of the Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Bucharest, stock: Problema 68 (Societăţi de navigaţie fluvială, maritimă, aeriană: române şi străine). I might turn the readers’ attention to the fact that I won’t insist on the life and sociability on the ships that navigated on the Danube during the 19th century, however much exotic and captive would be such a subject.

"Psi s cvetlicami": slovenski vojaki in vojna s slovanskimi nasprotniki v slovenskem političnem časopisju 1914–1916

Author(s): Jurij Perovšek / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/2016

For a vast majority of Slovenians and Slovenian soldiers there was no doubt that the Slavic opponents of the Monarchy were, due to their undisputed Austrian patriotism, nothing but enemies to the Monarchy. In the period from 1914 to 1916, such sentiments were encouraged by two Slovenian political daily newspapers, i.e. Slovenec and Slovenski narod, whose attitude allowed no ideas about interaction between Slovenians and the other Slavic nations. Regarding the issue of Slavic identity, they found the front lines which ran between Austria-Hungary and Germany on the one side and Slavic countries fighting them on the other to be the deciding factor. Despite some articles in which no harsh words were shared concerning Slavic opponents, the path to considering the mutual Slavic identity was decisively closed at both newspapers. There were only the Austrian sense of self-worth and its narrow attitude towards the Slavic identity and culture. Both Slovenec and Slovenski narod significantly consolidated the position that Slovenians – just like other Slavs in the Habsburg Monarchy – were Austrians, and those who did not feel the same came from a different planet. This attitude was the result of the war, which made Slavic affiliation inferior to the interests of countries fighting in it.

"Rabovačky" v závere prvej svetovej vojny a ich ohlas na medzivojnovom Slovensku

Author(s): Miloslav Szabó / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2015

In the last days of the First World War soldiers returning home, along with civilians, attacked representatives of the Hungarian state and wealthy individuals, especially Jews. They expelled them from their homes and looted them, or they simply destroyed their property. In some places regular Hungarian troops executed the leaders of these rioters. This study seeks to offer an alternative to the prevailing interpretation of the looting, which emphasize the social or ethnic motivations of the economically and nationally oppressed Slovak rioters. Instead, it examines the reversal of the perpetrators and victims that was carried out not only immediately after the looting had occurred, but repeatedly throughout the whole interwar period. This is to be seen as an expression of the growing anti-Semitism, because the Jews were ultimately accused of the murder of allegedly innocent Slovaks.

"Rajš' ko Talijana, sem zbrala Slovana"

analiza preseljevanj Slovencev na ozemlje držav nekdanje Jugoslavije in njegove posledice

Author(s): Marina Lukšič Hacin,Boštjan Udovič / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/2014

The following contribution analyses the history of emigration from the Slovenian ethnic space to the countries of the former Yugoslavia and its contemporary consequences. The main thesis builds on the understanding that the Slovenian emigrant community in the “Yugoslav state” was largely neglected from the viewpoint of operative politics as well as from the scientific study perspective. The analysis is divided into four historical periods, which differed significantly as far as the migration dynamics is concerned: the first migration stage (1850–1914), dominated by economic reasons; the second migration stage (1919–1941), when the political and cultural reasons also became important; the third migration stage (1945–1991), when the main reasons for migration were economic and ideological; and, finally, the article is concluded with the analysis of policy towards the Slovenian immigrants to the Yugoslav territory in the time of the independent Slovenia, together with all of its advantages and shortcomings.

"Slovenski" prostor na Ogrskem po obnovi ustavnega življenja. Značilnosti (ne)demokratizacije in (ne)pluralizacije na levi strani Mure (1861-1918)

Author(s): Filip Čuček / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2009

In the following contribution the author analyses the "Slovenian part" of Hungary after the restoration of the constitutional life in the Habsburg Monarchy in the light of democracy and democratisation of society, when nationalism kept increasingly asserting itself in the political life. The author demonstrates that nationalism was far slower to affirm itself among the "Slovenians" on the left bank of the river Mura as among those on the right bank. The link between both banks has existed since the 1860s and was "established" by the Slovenian intellectuals from Carniola and Styria, who were actually only getting to know the people on the other side of Mura. In the time of democratisation, the developments were different in Hungary as in the Austrian part of the Monarchy. If before the turn of the century the Cisleithanian Slovanians acquired certain rights and "transformed" their initial unification policy into a modern plural political party life (in Carniola in the beginning of the 1890s and in Styria after the turn of the century), the "Slovenians" in Hungary have not organised themselves politically until the very dissolution of the double monarchy. Instead they were largely left to the Hungarian national "wave". Only after World War I can we really start talking about the linguistic and cultural unity of the Slovenians from the Prekmurje region with the other Slovenians.

"Tod sekla bridka bodo jekla"

arheološko dokumentiranje bojišča prve svetovne vojne ter oborožitev avstro-ogrske in italijanske armade na Rombonu

Author(s): Uroš Košir / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2014

The following contribution describes the results of the archaeological survey of the high mountain range battlefield at Mt Rombon, where the Austro-Hungarian and Italian Armies fought between 1915 and 1917. An analysis of modern aerial photographs, revealing numerous fire and communivcation trenches as well as terraces for military barracks, was carried out, while the field survey involved the photographic documenting and mapping of the various positions with the aid of the global positioning system (GPS). The author shows the situation at the individual selected areas of the former battlefield, and he also focuses on the certain aspects of structuring the military positions and their adaptation to the natural circumstances in the high mountain enviroment. On the basis of selected finds from private museum collections, an analysis and presentation of the armament of the Austro-Hungarian and Italian Armies at Rombon was also carried out. This was one of the few examples of the archaeological research of the Soča Front, which would also deserve more attention from the archaeological science.

"Ucieleśnienie" traumy w powieści historycznej Hägring 38 Kjella Westö

Author(s): Agata Teperek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2017

Applying close-reading the transdisciplinary article investigates the way in which trauma experi-enced by women during the Finnish civil war (1918) is presented in Kjell Westö’s novel Mirage 38. Focusing on the female body and working with the term “body memory” , it discusses symbolical literary representations of traumatic memories, which cannot be described verbally and are oft en hided from the other members of the community, as well as their destructive impact on the psy-che and social relations of the traumatised person – in this case the main character of the novel Milja Matilda Wiik. Th e human body is perceived here as a place of embodiment of suppressed memories. Consequently, the body can be also seen as a medium of memory.

"Vy máte iného ducha!" Žilinská deklarácia - národno-politický aspekt slovenského evanjelického reformného hnutia

Author(s): László Matus / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2015

The constitution of the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Kingdom of Hungary was established by the 1891-94 synod. This constitution had a tendency towards centralization and greatly restricted the autonomy of the church. The centralized administration rendered it possible for the leaders of the church to reduce the autonomy of Slovak Lutherans, who had majority in the Cis-Danubian district, by redrawing the borders of the districts. In the new districts the Slovak Lutherans found themselves in minority everywhere, losing their influence on decision making.This lead to the Žilina Declaration, which was signed by 68 north-west Hungarian Slovak congregations at the end of 1912 and the beginning of 1913. The declaration criticised the centralization and the concomitant tendencies towards Hungarian linguistic and the ideological nationalization of the church, and it even raised the issue of forming autonomous Slovak districts.The present study analyses the political context of the above mentioned document. The author uses primary sources because the topic lacks historiographical literature. The first research question of the study is whether the co-operation of the Slovak congregations was as an ad-hoc association or, rather, the result of the mobilisation of an institutionalized group. The second research question discusses the various representations of the relevance of the aforementioned congregational co-operation in the Slovak national narrative. In order to answer these questions the author relies on both political science theories and secularisation theories.