Батак - историко-живописни паралели и асоциации
The slaughter in Batak is one of the most controversial moments in Bulgarian history, but the guilt and the shame from this monstrous deed do not fall to the victims but to the executioners.
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The slaughter in Batak is one of the most controversial moments in Bulgarian history, but the guilt and the shame from this monstrous deed do not fall to the victims but to the executioners.
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The presented report in this article is valuable document that presents the true motives for the Russo-Turkish War form 1877.
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Roman Dmowski (1864 – 1939) was an outstanding political leader, and an evocative and efficient publicist; he authored works that had great influence on his generation’s way of thinking. He was one of those with greatest merits for Poland regaining her independence, but he lost the rivalry for power with Józef Piłsudski. However, when it comes to influencing people’s minds, the result of this competition is much more balanced.
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Alexandru Ciurcu was born at 29thJanuary 1854 inTransylvania (then in Austria-Hungary) where his Romanian parents took refuge after the 1848 revolution. Between 1876 and 1885, working as journalist in Bucharest, he invented a „jet cylinder”: a prototype of the future propulsion system he will make later in Paris with his friend Just Buisson. Ciurcu and Buisson tested the system on a boat, navigating upstream Seine River on 13thAugust 1886; so, 131 years ago, they tested the first manned vehicle ever powered by jet propulsion!On 12th October 1886, they received a French Patent for “Reactive propulsion system”.Before contract signing with French Civil Navigation Ministry, they made a last test on 16th December 1886; unfortunately, a pressurised container exploded, killing Buisson and anassistant. Ciurcu, wounded, survived. He later resumed testing the system on a railroad trolley; successfully, but not enough to develop an airship propulsion system.
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This article presents a comparative study on two levels. The theoretical one is inspired by the concept of “entangled histories” that operates on a supranational level for making cross-cultural parallels. The second level presents a case study of the reception of the French novel Les janissaires by Alphonse Royer in five languages – Greek, Romanian, Bulgarian, Karamanli, and Armenian, which took place in the Ottoman context from the 1840s to the 1870s. The goal of the study is to illustrate how under the same political reign the cultural transfer enabled a circulation of notions and an appropriation of new civilizational practices between different communities that later incorporated those notions in their nationalist discourses.
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Based on published and newly discovered unpublished sources, as well as the existing historical research on the topic, the author reconstructs the church-national struggle in Sofia in the years after the end of the Crimean War (1856). The events in Sofia are discussed in the context of the national struggle for an independent Bulgarian church and in comparison with the similar activities in Plovdiv at the same time. Two main moments in the church movement in Sofia attract the attention and form the cores around which the source material is focused: the reaction in the city after the secession from the Patriarchate of Constantinople on 3 April 1860 in the Bulgarian church „St. Stefan“ in Constantinople – two months later Sofia’s Bulgarians also renounced the Patriarchate and reinforced this with relevant changes in the municipal self-government; the dramatic events in Sofia in 1861 when the citizens of Sofia defended their previously stated position on the church issue by refusing to accept the patriarchal bishop – Bulgarian Dorotheos.
More...Нови данни за опити на български колонисти в Русия за репатриране в Османската империя от 1871–1872 г.
The article introduces several unknown documents from the Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivleri – Istanbul about intentions of some Bulgarian colonists settled in Russia during the first half of the 19th century to re-emigrate in the Ottoman Empire in the 1870s. This disposition of Bulgarian colonists was mainly caused by the decision of the Russian authorities to recruit them to military service as a result of the reform which equalized the rights of foreign colonists to those of other Russian peasants (1871). Unlike other well-known cases of re-emigration of Bulgarians from Russia to the Ottoman Empire, this episode has remained so far out of the researchers’ attention. The documents are written in French and are part of the official correspondence of senior diplomatic officials in Odessa, Braila and St. Petersburg with the Ottoman Minister of Foreign Affairs. They are published in French and are accompanied by а Bulgarian translation and historical commentary.
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The article describes the life of priest Edward Choma. He was born in 1889 in Zloczow in Eastern Galicia. In 1913 he was ordained a priest and began pastoral work in the diocese of Lviv. In 1917 he was appointed to the Austrian army, in which he served until October 1918. After returning to Lviv in November 1918, he volunteered for the Polish army. Initially, he was a chaplain in the 38th Infantry Regiment, and then he was a parish priest of the 4th Infantry Division. After the end of the Polish-Bolshevik war he became a chaplain of the military parish in Skierniewice (1921-1930), then a military parish in Słonim (1930-1936) and a military parish in Radom (1936-1939). In September 1939 in more unknown circumstances he got into Soviet captivity and was murdered in the Katyn forest in April 1940.
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Since the end of the 18th century, the economic assumptions shaped plenty of regulations in force in various constitutional systems operating in Poland. A good example are customs regulations referring to international trade, being a significant element of economic (trade) policy. The development of customs has been a reflection of the established economic goals in the acts of law being introduced and remaining in force from the days of King Stanisław, via the solutions applied in the Duchy of Warsaw, Kingdom of Poland and its autonomy, the Second Republic and in the customs instruments used in planned economy.
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The study follows the reforms’ development in the Ottoman Empire during its three main periods – the Tanzimat bureaucratic reformation, the European reform programs during the Hamidian autocracy and the Young Turks constitutional-parliamentary regime. Emphasizing the leading and unchanging motivation of the efforts to modernize the Ottoman administrative and political system by copying European models to save the Empire, the research highlights the specifics of this process through its various stages. The different manifestations of European influence in the imperial center and the Balkan periphery, the Islamic tradition as a sustainable context of the Ottoman reform, the deepening fragmentation of society and the increasing dependence on the Great powers resulting from the application of the “European recipes” are among the main features of the process. One of the accents in the study is the transformation of Ottomanism as an essential element reflecting the internal contradiction, eclecticism, inadequacy of the reform ideology, policy and practice and ultimately the historical vindication of the idea of the Ottoman Revival.
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Modern mountaineering (mountain tourism) is an urban socio-cultural phenomenon that originated in Western Europe in the middle of the 19th century. The South Slavic mountaineers followed the basic European model, while enriching it with their national peculiarities. The contacts between Slovenian, Croatian, Bulgarian and Serbian mountaineers became particularly intense in the first decade of the twentieth century in the context of the Neo-Slav movement (Neo-Slavism). Through this movement, the topic of mountaineering with its actual or alleged Slavic peculiarities and dimensions was included in the agenda of the First Slavic Congress in Prague in 1908 and the Second Slavic Congress in Sofia in 1910. Steps have been undertaken to establish a Union of the Slavic Tourist Organizations that was to promote their mutual knowledge and cooperation. The Balkan and the First World War put an end to the projects of all-Slavic unity. Despite the strained political relations between Bulgaria and Yugoslavia in the interwar period, the connections between the South Slavic mountaineers were not interrupted. They developed mainly within the Association of Slavic Mountaineering Societies, a collective member of the Union Internationale des Associations d’Alpinisme. Two of the congresses of this organization were held in Sofia (1929 and 1936) and that enabled the Slovenian and the Croatian mountaineers to get to know Bulgarian mountains and establish organizational and personal ties with their Bulgarian counterparts. The Bulgarian mountaineers also visited Ljubljana and Zagreb. Despite the attempts at ideologization and politicization, on the eve and during the Second World War the links between South Slavic Bulgarian mountaineers remained a beautiful page in the relations between the two nations that enriched their cultural cooperation and deserves to be studied and popularized.
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Professor Francesco Guida’s lecture, delivered in connection with his election as Doctor Honoris Causa of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, is a synthesis of the historical relations of Italy with the peoples and states in the Balkan Peninsula at the time of the struggles for national unification, for liberation and for political emancipation in the 19th and 20th century. The author examines successively Italy’s relations with Greece, with Serbia, with Bulgaria, Albania, Montenegro and Romania. The stages of Italian-Balkan relations are outlined: from the interaction in the struggle for national liberation to the political and diplomatic relations after the formation of national states and their inclusion in military and political blocs on the eve of World War I, shedding light on the Italian economic interest in the region as well.Guida also discusses the ideas of Garibaldi and Mazzini, which had a wide impact in the Balkans, too, at the time of national-liberation movements. In conclusion, he points out that the national revival movement of Italy (Risorgimento) and the national revival movements of the Balkan peoples had close and important ties. However, these ties should not be overestimated, because the ideas and the political figures of Italy did not exercise a greater influence on the political fate of the Balkan peoples than the Russian Pan-Slavism or than the political and diplomatic initiative of Austria-Hungary.
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The author analyses the functioning of the muftis in Bulgaria, one of the most important institution of the Muslim religious-administrative autonomy in that Balkan country during the Third State period (1878–1944). The presented three cases of Afiz M. Mustafow, Afiz Suleymanov, and Sali Effendi illustrated series of phenomenon linked to the functioning of mufti and Muslim autonomous institutions in Bulgaria in the turn of the 19th and 20th century. The case studies are based on the materials from the Central State Archive of Bulgaria in Sofia.
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The paper examines perceptions and self-perceptions of national identities in 19th century Balkans using the history of the merchant family of Rombi or Робев as a case study. According to Greek and Bulgarian historians the family appeared to be of Greek-Wlach or Bulgarian origin. Preliminary research, mainly based on the family archive preserved in the National Library in Sofia, shows changing attitudes in terms of ethnic identity. Despite their Greek education certain members of the family identified themselves as Bulgarians and support the Bulgarian independent movement against the Greeks.
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The archives of Bulgarian entrepreneurs from the National revival period contain valuable primary sources that allow us to investigate different issues. Such is the situation with the documentary collections of brothers Hristo, Nichola and Ivan Todorovi Pulievi, and their relatives Evlogi and Hristo Georgievi. One can find in those primary sources information concerning the division of the Bulgarian lands in the production of certain agricultural and craft goods; for little-known or unknown businessmen, for commercial practices, for certain events of regional and national scale. Some of the problems mentioned above have been the subject of scientific interest and research, but there are still “white fields” that deserve attention.
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The author publishes in her article the marginal notes left by the hand of priest Bonne Stoychov of Belchin village. The notes are excerpted from three sources – “The Gospel of Enlightenment” (1856) and “New Testament” (1859) from the collection “Bulgarian Old Printed Books 1806–1878” of the National Library “St. St. Cyril and Methodius “ and from a book with an unknown title kept in a church in the village of Belchin. An attempt is made to present Bonne Stoychov as an author of marginal notes by his choice of topics in them and his appraisal of their value expressed in his decision to rewrite some of them. The presented source material gives an opportunity to outline the personality and the life path of a Bulgarian priest – Bonne Stoychov.
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The paper deals with the complex relationship between Ivan Naydenov (1834– 1910) and Petko R. Slaveykov (1827–1895) – two active participants in the struggle for independent Bulgarian Church, establishing the Bulgarian Exarchate, and in the social life in 1870’s. The debates in the newspapers and the collaboration between these two prominent newspaper editors are in the focus of the study. The unpublished letters of Naydenov to Svetoslav Milarov (1849–1892) are among the important sources used in the paper. The research aims at offering a more precise picture of that time and of the attitude towards the so-called “enlighteners”.
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The article discusses the fundamental problems of the history of Poland’s collapse and Polish-Russian relations of that period in the historiosophical concept of Nikolai I. Kareev (one of the main Russian historians of the liberal trend at the turn of the 20th century) in this aspect of the work of a Russian scholar in Polish historical science (primarily in works by Tadeusz Korzon, Aleksander Rembowski, Juliusz Bardach and Marian Henryk Serejski).
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