Килийская каменная крепость

Author(s): Mariana Şlapac / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2009

The port of Kilia known as well as Cetatea Alba, “the gate of Christianity” and “the key for the whole Moldavia Land, Hungary and the Danube countries”, becomes the object of competition between Muntenia, Moldavia, Hungary, Poland and the Ottoman Empire in the Middle Ages.The fortified core of the settlement at that time is represented by a stone fortress, which includes the Genoese citadel and the Moldavian fortress. The former represents a rectangular building. It is well known in the Genoese region as well as across Italy. The second fortress, built by Stefan the Great in 1479, represents the “Constantinople type”, often met in Byzantine lands and in those under Byzantine influence. The author discovered a topographic document in the State Military-Historical Archive of Russia, elaborated in 1794 by the French engineer Kauffer, who fixed the moment of disappearance of the stone fortress. The article shows all of the Kilia fortresses: the Genoese citadel, the Moldavian fortress and the bastion fortress built by the Ottomans later.

Молдавские, валашские и турецкие названия монет и денежно-счетных единиц в письменных источниках Русского воеводства Польши (XV – начало XVIII в.)

Author(s): V. E. Shlapinsky / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2004

The written records of the Ruthenian province (wojewódstwo ruskie) in Poland (15th – early 18th century) mention Moldavian, Wallachian and Turkish names of money and monetary-counting units.Some of them: aspr-akche, ban, ban dysputowany, lewkowy and constant signified the respective coins, while some were used to signify monetary-counting units as well, for example the triad lewkowy, constant, ban, and still other coins were exclusively used for money counting purposes: the Turkish, Tartar and Wallachian gold coins.These names were primarily mentioned in the proceedings of court trials between Polish, Moldavian and Italian merchants. Such monetary and monetary-counting units as aspres, the Turkish, the Tartar and the Wallachian gold coins were widely used in Danube principalities, not in the Ruthenian province in Poland.

Германское общество в XVI – начале XIX вв. и переселенческое движение немцев в Российскую империю

Author(s): Serghei V. Kapustin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2004

The article sets a question of social-anthropological approach to research of the situation in German society in 16th – early 19th cc. to reveal the reasons behind peculiarities of massive migration of Germans into the Russian Empire, in particular, into southern Bessarabia. The author draws attention to a deep psychological affect caused by an endless row of different disasters in Germany.Political and economic shocks accompanied by death of many people from Reformation till Napoleonic wars brought to changes in mentality and way of life. Laymen reduced to beggary and desperation were setting off to nowhere, regardless of counteractions undertaken by idle and ignorant nobility. Coming to Russia almost “naked” as they were, the Germans were given the status of colonists. The Czar’s administration ensured such conditions for the emigrants that enabled quick transformation of yesterday’s refugees into exemplary proprietors and law-abiding citizens.

Жизнь в науке: во имя своих и чужих

Author(s): Nicolaj D. Russev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2002

Список опубликованных научных работ П.В. Советова

Author(s): / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2002

Этнографические материалы для изучения древнерусского костюма Верхневолжья

Author(s): Yulia V. Stepanova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2010

The elements of Ancient Russian female costume are considered in the article. They are reconstructed by using evidence collected from the burials in the Upper Volga area dated by 11—13 cc. The ancient costume elements find analogies in ethnographic costume of Tver area in 18—19 cc. Headdresses with high front part and cylindrical are localized in the western part of Upper Volga territory, proved by both archeological, and ethnographic material. Sarafan-like clothes were found in the burials of the western and eastern part of the Upper Volga area. In this territory dresses with straps (18—19 cc.) preserved the archaic cut. In the east of the Upper Volga region the archaic clothes with straps can be connected with the Finno-Ugric component in the rural population, both in 11—13, and 16—19 centuries.

Slaviškos šaknies žodžių vartojimo kitimai Jono Jaknavičiaus - Ewangelie Polskie y Litewskie 1647, 1674, 1679, 1690 ir 1705 m. leidimuose

Author(s): Anželika Smetonienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 76/2017

Ewangelie Polskie y Litewskie (hereinafter referred to as JE) by Jonas Jaknavičius was released numerous times since 1647. First JE edition, as mentioned, is dated 1647 (JEI), the second 1674 (JEII), the third 1679 (JEIII), the fourth 1690 (JEIV) and the fifth 1705 (JEV). This is very helpful, because same text, released in several decades, may reflect some changes in a language. The object of the article is Slavic-root words in the first five editions of Ewangelie Polskie y Litewskie. The aim of the article is to determine how usage of loanwords and hybrids was changing in JE during decades: which loanwords or hybrids in same position were changed to other loanwords and hybrids or indigenous Lithuanian words, and vice versa – what indigenous Lithuanian words were replaced with loanwords and hybrids, and determine is there a connection between origin of loanwords and changes in original Polish texts and the alternation of loanwords and hybrids in first five editions of Ewangelie Polskie y Litewskie. To achieve the aim the texts in Lithuanian language in mentioned editions of Ewangelie Polskie y Litewskie were compared with Polish original texts. Although number of words of foreign origin as units in all JE editions is almost the same, there are differences in usage frequencies. Furthermore, in some cases the indigenous word in later editions is replaced by loanword, sometimes on the contrary a single loanword is replaced by indigenous word or even by another loanword. All cases of alternation of words in JE can be classified: 1. Word of foreign origin in later editions of JE is replaced by indigenous word; 2. Indigenous word in later editions is replaced by word of foreign origin; 3. Loanword is replaced by other loanword. The analysis of records in JE leads to the conclusion that there is no connection between origin of loanword and its usage in later (1674, 1679, 1690, 1705) editions of JE. Furthermore, alternation of some words in first five editions of JE wasn’t determined by changes in original Polish texts.

Divisible Atoms Are Not Atoms

Author(s): Stanislav Južnič / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

The aim of the article is to help change the self-contradictory term ‘atom’. In this project, the support of modern Chinese scientists is expected. The contributions of Chinese to some researches in sciences are focused on finding out the preferences and most frequent stages of (European) paradigms involved in Chinese networks. Some predictions of future interests of Chinese sciences are provided. The Chinese holistic Confucian distrust in atoms is discussed as a possible new paradigm which could rename atoms as the destructible divisible entities of future physics, and with more difficulties also of chemistry.The word ‘atom’ meaning an indivisible not a compound entity is basically in contradiction with the characteristics of the item it is supposed to describe. The suffix ‘a (ἄ)’ provides a negation in Ancient Greek language. The suffix should be omitted to use tom (τομος) to manage the actual situation of a-toms (toms) as compound of elementary particles. In the late 19th century after the European Spring of Nations, two basically different concepts of atoms of chemists and physicists accomplished a kind of symbiosis. The suggestion is put forward that while indivisible atoms soon became contradictions in physics, they still retain some value in chemistry, which should be important for the panning strategy of attempt to change the name of atom.

ЗНАЧИМОСТЬ И МНОГОЗНАЧНОСТЬ ЛЕКСЕМЫ НАСЛЕДНИК В РУССКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

Author(s): Timur Ildarovich Galeev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2017

The paper is devoted to the analysis of the decline of polysemy of the lexeme naslednik (наследник ‘heir’) and its derivatives. In accordance with the purpose of the study, the following objectives have been set: to describe the semantic structure of the studied lexeme and its derivatives in the historical perspective for the considered time intervals; to trace the major changes in the morphemic and semantic structure of words; to describe the potential of the studied lexemes in terms of education of phraseology. The following methods have been used to achieve the above objectives: lexicographic analysis, derivational analysis. Particular attention has been paid to the connotative content of the investigated words and to the peculiarities of their use in artistic and religious texts, legal documents and publicism. Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions have been made: in the Ancient Rus, the lexeme was polysemantic and used in the domestic and religious spheres. In the 18th – 19th centuries, the polysemy of the lexeme developed in politics and law. In the 21st century, the word again, as in the pre-Petrine era, was basically used in the meaning of preemnik (преемник ‘successor’). The paper gives a number of examples proving that in the era when the title naslednik was common this lexeme acquired a different meaning, i.e., the heir of property, in legal documents. In speech, the usual nominations of naslednik and naslednitsa (наследница ‘heiress’) functioned (heirs to the traditions). The obtained results are important for further study of particular sections of etymology, historical lexicology.

El-Mantıku fî’l-Karneyni’s-Sâbi’i ve’s-Sâmini el-Hicriyeyni Metnü’l-Cümeli fî’l-Mantık

Author(s): Ramy MAHMOUD / Language(s): Arabic Issue: 1/2018

The science of logic has occupied an important role in Islamic history. Especially when al-Gazali 505-1111 has come and claimed that who learned Islamic sciences, without learning the Logic we cannot trust in his knowledge. From this time The science of logic has been flourished and quietly began to include in many sciences even Tefsir and Fiqh. After that, Al-razzi 606/1210 has established a big school in Islamic philosophy in general and in logic in particular. al-Khonaji 646/1248 one of his important students. Who moved from Iran to Egypt and became Qadi al-Qudat (Chief Islamic justice). He has improved The science of logic by his books; like Keshf al-Asrar. In the sixth/twelfth one of his books has been spread in Muslim world and became the first step for who wanted to learn Logic. Beside that we have a lot of scholars has made commentaries on this book. In this article we focused on (Metn al-Jumal) by al-Konaji with his spreading in the Sixth. Seventh h.centuries.

Жертви, беглеци, престъпници: неинтегрираните роби в Румелия (XVI – средата на XVIII век)

Author(s): Olga Todorova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3-4/2017

The study is dedicated to the various factors which prevented the successful integration of some domestic slaves and ex-slaves into the Ottoman society as well as to the two main forms of slaves’ societal self-exclusion – slave fugitivism and slave criminality. An attempt was made to delineate some characteristic features of these phenomena. Slave integration and slave exclusion are viewed as a reverberation of the very ambivalent essence of pre-modern Islamic slavery that regarded slaves as both things and persons. The porous boundaries between integration and exclusion are illustrated with several examples of fugitive slaves or slaves involved in heavy crimes who despite acting in violation of the law appeared to be well incorporated in the (marginal) segments of the Ottoman society. The text is based on multiple sources but mostly on documents derived from the kadi registers.

İngiltere’nin Akdeniz Siyasetinde Kıbrıs (1580-1878)

Author(s): İsmail Şahin / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 07/2016

The aim of this study is to investigate the Britain’s interest on Cyprus in the context of Mediterranean policy between the years of 1580 - 1878. At the beginning of the study, Cyprus’ role in the Levant region throughout the history is mentioned. Then, the importance of Cyprus in the relations between East and West throughout the Middle Ages is discussed. Afterwards, focus is given to Britain's Cyprus policy. The study emphasizes that firstly Britain attributed a commercial meaning to Cyprus and explains the developments in this process. Due to the changing conditions of the Mediterranean’s re-entry into the international affairs, it is found that over time the interest became a political interest on Cyprus. Therefore, the increasing importance of Britain's Mediterranean policy in parallel with Cyprus’ increased value in the eyes of Britain, forms the basis of this study. As a result, a number of factors that can be listed as the security of international trade routes, the threat posed by Russia in the Mediterranean and the debates about the future of the Ottoman Empire, are seen as reasons for the Island's occupation by the British.

Osmanlı Hapishaneleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme: Karesi Hapishanesi Örneği

Author(s): Özgür Yıldız / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 17/2015

First prison in cities was established in 1555 and quickly, became widespread in the European continent. The prisons that were first setup in Europe then in America in 1773, have developed new forms in limiting freedoms. Before the modern prisons, Ottomans have imposed fines to mild to moderate crimes while, heavy offences were punished by rowing in the empire’s galleys or by being confined to a fortress. During the Ottoman period, the other form of punishment was shackling. This was defined in the documents of the Ottoman Archives with a phrase “confinement to iron” and it has been noted that this punishment was also imposed in the late Ottoman period. In general, the research informs about the prison establishment as one of the the Westernization attempts of the Empire. Karesi Prison was singled out as an example to illuminate the escapes, bribery and corruption that prevailed under the light of the documents of the archives.

Kolekcja rękopisów symfonii Carla Dittersa von Dittersdorfa z Sächsische Landesbibliothek – Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden

Author(s): Miłosz Kula / Language(s): Polish Issue: 04 (35)/2017

Dresden played no role in Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf’s life, but history made this city one of the most significant places regarding preserved sources of his works. In the Department of Special Collections (German: Sondersammlungen) of the Sächsische Landesbibliothek—Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek in Dresden (English: Saxon State and University Library Dresden, abbr.: SLUB), there are, among others, more than thirty archival sources containing Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf’s symphonies. That makes it the third richest collection of symphonic works by this composer. The majority of them comes from court’s theatre of Duke Frederick August Braunschweig-Oels in Oels (Öls, Polish: Oleśnica). It is one of the most representative collections of Dittersdorf’s symphonies from all known archives. There are several composer’s autographs, partial autographs, a large variety of works from all periods of his activity, and a few unique copies of symphonies as well. A minor body of Dittersdorf’s symphonies comes from two different sources, until recently unknown. One group is the set of partbooks (contemporary with Dittersdorf), including—apart from Dittersdorf’s works—several dozen movements of serenades, symphonies, string quartets etc. of G.B. Sammartini, J.G. Graun, J.Ph. Rameau, the Stamitz family and J. Haydn, apparently used in performances on the occasion of court activities, not in concerts. The second, from 1860s, is the set of scores, prepared by C. Mehner.

The Collection of Manuscripts of Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf’s Symphonies from Sächsische Landesbibliothek— Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden

Author(s): Miłosz Kula / Language(s): English Issue: 04 (35)/2017

Dresden played no role in Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf’s life, but history made this city one of the most significant places regarding preserved sources of his works. In the Department of Special Collections (German: Sondersammlungen) of the Sächsische Landesbibliothek—Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek in Dresden (English: Saxon State and University Library Dresden, abbr.: SLUB), there are, among others, more than thirty archival sources containing Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf’s symphonies. That makes it the third richest collection of symphonic works by this composer. The majority of them comes from court’s theatre of Duke Frederick August Braunschweig-Oels in Oels (Öls, Polish: Oleśnica). It is one of the most representative collections of Dittersdorf’s symphonies from all known archives. There are several composer’s autographs, partial autographs, a large variety of works from all periods of his activity, and a few unique copies of symphonies as well. A minor body of Dittersdorf’s symphonies comes from two different sources, until recently unknown. One group is the set of partbooks (contemporary with Dittersdorf), including—apart from Dittersdorf’s works—several dozen movements of serenades, symphonies, string quartets etc. of G.B. Sammartini, J.G. Graun, J.Ph. Rameau, the Stamitz family and J. Haydn, apparently used in performances on the occasion of court activities, not in concerts. The second, from 1860s, is the set of scores, prepared by C. Mehner.

Kol isza be-lakasz vs mulier taceat in ecclesia. Głos kobiecy w judaizmie i chrześcijaństwie

Author(s): Bożena Muszkalska / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 51/2018

The object of the considerations in the present study is the prohibition of the use of female voice in Orthodox synagogues and similar restrictions which were in force in the Christian Church, as well as changes that have taken place in this regard While in the female monasteries religious music began to flourish relatively early, the Jewish women could turn to perform liturgical chants only in effect of resistance against the dictum called in brief Kol isha. Beginning of these changes coincides with the period of the Jewish Enlightenment, Haskalah, in the nineteenth century, and they have been proceeding to modern times.

O. Grzegorz Gdański OFM, reformata. Pomorski charyzmatyk czasu Tridentinum

Author(s): Jan P. Dettlaff / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 51/2018

Royal Prussia experienced a complex transformation time in the 17th century, experienced by the socio-religious crisis, wars and plague. The religious phenomenon of northern Pomerania is primarily an indication of emerging new places of Marian cult, passion, wake up of the pilgrimage movement. The Sanctuary of the Mother of God in Swarzewo and Calvary of Wejherowo played a crucial role in creating spiritual life. The integration of the Catholic community of northern Royal Prussia around the Passion and Marian mysteries in the context of the implemented reforms of the Church and the problems of the still active reformation took on a new culture-forming significance. Catholicism based on the Tridentian foundation of faith in the renewal of the Pomeranian Church was realized thanks to unique personalities. To them, undoubtedly, the Franciscan Father Grzegorz Gdański devoted himself immensely to the cause of the Church in the difficult social reality that he had the courage to contest. For whom loyalty to Christ and patriotism was the principle of understanding life’s mission.

Auto-da-fe in Lwów in 1728: The Jan Filipowicz Trial and Jewish Re-Conversion to Judaism in the Early Modern Poland

Author(s): Adam Kaźmierczyk / Language(s): English Issue: 116/2017

This article discusses the question of neophytes’ return to Judaism, especially the case of Jan Filipowicz, who was condemned to death for this crime in 1728 in Lwów. The return of Jewish converts to their religion of origin was a relatively frequent occurrence in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, but those charged with this crime, especially Jews from Lwów accused of persuading the neophytes to return, were not usually treated as harshly as Filipowicz. The exceptionally harsh sentence given to the rabbis responsible for the return of Filipowicz to Judaism resulted from the judges’ belief in the existence of a ritual of dechristianization, a special blasphemy against Christianity. The relationship of the courts and the Church in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to the problem of apostasy among converts from Judaism is addressed. The penitential practices described in the court documents are similar to those described by the inquisitor Bernard Gui in the fourteenth century and to the ritual of dechristianization described by Jan Serafinowicz, the most famous eighteenth century convert.

Летописни бележки на Поп Христо от 1760 година

Author(s): Denitsa Petrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5-6/2017

In the National Library in Sofia under the signature of Rц ХVІІ.2 a Russian Prayer printed book from the 17th century is preserved. On pages added later there are three groups of notes written by priest Hristo. The third group of notes from 1760 have the character of a short chronicle. The first nine notes indicate the number of years passed between important Biblical events. The following eight notes are dedicated to historical events from the creating of the Slavonic alphabet to the capture of Constantinople in 1453. Probably the source of the evidence is a Serbian short chronicle. Priest Hristo is one of the last writers who follow the medieval model of describing history.

Crkvenoslavensko i narodno u bosanskohercegovačkim epigrafskim spomenicima od 12. do 18. st.

Author(s): Darija Gabrić-Bagarić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 2/2005

Medieval Bosnian inscriptions were written in the vernacular with infiltrations of Church Slavonic forms which have a stylistic role. Because of its correspondence with the language of legal documents, we can suppose that a special usage norm of the language of non-literary texts existed. After the fall of Bosnia under the Turkish power, the Bosnian redaction of Church Slavonic died out, and literary language disintegrated into Serbian Church Slavonic in the Orthodox and štokavian vernacular in the Catholic cultural circle.