A nagyváradi római katolikus püspökök 18. századi régi rezidenciája

Author(s): Mónika Kémenes / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: VIII/2013

One of the significant moments of the 18th century reorganising of the Roman Catholic diocese of Nagyvárad (Oradea, RO) was the building of the first bishop’s residence. Bishop Miklós Csáky (1737–1747), differently from his predecessor’s only partly or not at all achieved ideas, built his palace in the New City (“Újváros”), pertaining to the chapter. The one-storey building built with two inner courtyards through the uniting of several houses and plots was created presumably based on chamber architect Fortunato de Prati’s plans or suggestions, between 1737 and 1744, in several phases. Its major expansions took place during Bishop Adam Patachich’s first years, when in the second courtyard, a second floor was built for the Consilium Basilitarum of the Greek Catholic clergy. The activity of the local and foreign craftsmen, who took place in its building and the creating of its interiors can be clearly followed from the available resources. Thus besides the names of stonemasons who arrived under bishop Csáky and those of the Italian stonemasons and German carpenters from Budapest, who were invited under Forgách and Patachich, the names of local craftsmen, who took part in the leading of neighbourhoods also emerge. After the completion of the new baroque bishop’s palace designed by Franz Anton Hillebrandt, the old building gave place to different educational institutions, then workshops. Its demolition took place in 1901, yielding space for the new City Hall. Its appearance and layout can be reconstructed in detail, based on the 18th century drawings of the group of buildings.

A palócokról

Gondolatok, megjegyzések

Author(s): István Majoros / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2016

The author writes a monograph (Palóc Land) about a strange people, the Palóc, living in the northern part of Hungary and in southern Slovakia. Material poverty and spiritual riches are the main characteristics of the Palóc. They speak a special and interesting dialect. This study is a part of the mentioned monograph. In this study the author presents the meaning of the Palóc and he presents the regions where they live. And he presents also different opinions of these questions.

A Polyphony of Stories from 17th and 18th-century Southeastern Europe

Author(s): Jelena Mrgic / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2015

The aim of this paper is to present a selected ensemble of narrative and documentary sources – diaries, memoirs, chronicles, travelogues, business letters, and one confidential report – in order to pursue a sort of polyphonic path in historical research. Connecting these histories, i.e. personal stories from different, at times confronting, yet overlapping Kulturkreisen, shows a less visible web of liaisons between people. They belonged to different social strata – bellatores, oratores, nobility and the emerging third class of entrepreneurs, and stemmed from Catholic, Orthodox and Muslim religious and cultural environments. Differences in their educational, professional or cultural backgrounds seem to diminish while their interconnectedness, in the space of Southeastern Europe, comes to the fore.

A Quest for Originality in Latin Poetry of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Observed in Manuscripts of the Seventeenth-Eighteenth Centuries

Author(s): Živile Nedzinskaite / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2018

The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were the time when literature in Latin written by professors and students of Jesuit colleges flourished in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This trend was the outcome of the Jesuit educational model. The main disciplines in colleges were poetics and rhetoric. The classes of these two disciplines not only aimed at teaching theoretical rules, acquainting the students with the prevailing literary canon, and pointing out the differences between genres, but also encouraged students’ individual creative work, as it was independent writing that was a proof of students’ ability to apply theory in practice. Student writing was strongly influenced by the theory of imitation, which was very popular at the time. Resorting to manuscript material from the colleges of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the article focuses on varying degrees of influence of the imitation theory on students’ individual creative work: it shows the relation between imitation and the literary tradition, the rules of rhetoric, and imitation of canonical authors; it also places emphasis on the quest for individual expression. The author observes that some texts composed by students are on a par with the best poetic works of the well-known poets of that time.

A szakítások és kiegyezések évszázada: a Magyar Királyság 17. századi története új megvilágításban

Author(s): Géza Pálffy / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 01/2015

The long 17th century, extending from the Peace of Vienna in 1606 to the Treaty of Szatmár in 1711, occupies a special place within the history of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its interpretation has traditionally been determined by the independentist approach of Hungarian romantic national historiography, which was born in the second half of the 19th century. Consequently, as late as the 1950s and 1970s the 17th century was still regarded as the most decisive period of the Hungarian struggles for independence, while in the 1980s and 1990s its most salient feature was identified in the alleged attempts launched from the Principality of Transylvania at the unification of the Hungarian Kingdom. On the basis of several years of archival research, and following in the footsteps of such historians as Robert Evans from Oxford, Thomas Winkelbauer from Vienna and Jean Bérenger from Paris, the author of the present study rather examines the history of the Hungarian Kingdom in the 17th century as part of a relationship between the Central European Habsburg Monarchy and the Kingdom of Hungary, the Habsburg court of Vienna and the Hungarian political elite. Within such a framework, the history of Hungary between 1606 and 1711 can be regarded as the century of ruptures and compromises. For the course of the century was determined by five important compromise-systems (1608: Pozsony/Pressburg, 1622: Sopron/Ödenburg, 1647: Pozsony, 1681: Sopron, 1711: Szatmár), practically all of which were elaborated at the Hungarian diet, and were accompanied by ruler coronations (1608: Hungarian King Matthias II, 1622: Queen Eleonora Gonzaga, 1647: King Ferdinand IV, 1681: Queen Eleonora Magdalena Theresia of Pfalz-Neuburg, 1712: King Charles III). Each of these compromises guaranteed the privileges and liberties of the Hungarian estates, and secured for the Hungarian political elite a decisive role in shaping the domestic politics, local administration and judicial system of Hungary. As a result, among all the constituents of the Habsburg Monarchy in the 17th and 18th centuries Hungary was one of the strongest in terms of sovereignty and estate state formation, and absolutism could not be introduced east of the Leitha river. In the light of recent research the topos which regards the Hungarians as “perennial rebels” should also be nuanced. With regard to the 17th century the term of “perennial compromise-seekers” could be applied to them as well. And, finally, the study draws attention to the fact that the history of the Kingdom of Hungary and that of the Principality of Transylvania in the 17th century, despite the manifold contacts between them, cannot be described within the framework of one and the same model or concept, for whereas the former was an important part of the Central European Habsburg Monarchy, the latter belonged to the sphere of interest of one of the strongest states of the contemporary world, namely the Ottoman Empire.

A szárnysegédi státusz szabályozása a francia haderőben a forradalomtól a császárságig

Author(s): Zsolt Forgó / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

A székelyudvarhelyi Jézus-kápolna

Author(s): András Sófalvi / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: VIII/2013

The Jesus Chapel is located at the south entrance of the town Odorheiu Secuiesc. This ecclesiastical building belongs to the group of four-lobe chapels with analogies in the west and north of the Carpatian-basin and Transylvania. Traditional belief dated the building of the Jesus Chapel to the 13th century. The chapel was mentioned in the written sources for the first time in 1602. There are no carved stone elements in its structure. The special technical components of its altar date from the end of the 17th century – beginning of the 18th century. The central picture of the altar, representing Jesus with His bleeding heart and the lamb, are strongly connected with the Jesuit order which appeared in Odorhei at the end of the 16th century. The painted wood ceiling was made in 1677, originally the chapel was probably vaulted. The archaeological researches made in 1973 and 2011 have also given postmedieval dating. Stratigraphical data proved the building of the chapel post quem the middle of the 15th century. The stone and brick crypts discovered in the centre of the building are directly linked to the foundation of the chapel, which was probably a miraculous healing. Although it has been used later as a burial chapel, there are no written documents concerning the founder’s person or their family. The chapels in Gheorgheni (Szent Anna/Saint Anne Chapel) and Sânzieni (Szent István/Saint Stephen Chapel) are in Szeklerland the closest architectural analogies of the Jesus Chapel. Their newest research dated them to the 17th century and marked them as being votive or private chapels.

A szentföldi konfliktus – világrendszer-szemléletben

Author(s): Gyozo Lugosi / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

A társadalom összetétele a függetlenné váló Dél-Amerikában: Argentína, Brazília, Paraguay, Uruguay

Author(s): Ágnes Judit Szilágyi / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 2/2013

This paper focuses on four Latin American countries, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay, and it provides an overview of their societies in the early nineteenth-century. The aim of a comparative analysis is to touch the social conditions and to describe the greatest continuities and discontinuities between the colonial and national periods. Also examined the impact of independence of La Plata region from Spain and Portugal.

A város, a boszorkány és a kancellária

Horváth Mátyásné esete a nagy szegedi boszorkányüldözés idején (1728–1729)

Author(s): Gergely Brandl / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 3/2015

The Szeged witch trials held between 1728 and 1744 included several proceedings, the most prominent period of which was the witch-craze of 1728–1729. This latter can be regarded not only one of the biggest but also well researched legal proceeding of the kind. The events have been thoroughly studied and we have a significant amount of literature and source publications at our disposal, but historians have not provided comprehensive explanations yet. Not even this paper can answer all the questions related to the great Szeged witch trial. Accordingly, it focuses on the triple relationship between a single defendant, the city conducting the trial and the chancellery that ordered the witchcraft investigation. Through this, it attempts to present how the events of the trial unfolded and how the economic and political interests of the city came into conflict with the centralizing reform efforts of the central government. It is especially interesting that it does so from a “low viewpoint” to let personal motivations and social roles manifest more sharply. In accordance with this, it explores the case of an accused woman: “Bogadussánné, Horváth Mátyásné Ilona aliter Eörse”. Through her trial we can also examine those social motivations and interests that were the driving force behind the largest Hungarian witch hunt. The life of Mrs. Mátyás Horváth is suitable for such an analysis as she was present at all the stages of the events and the vast majority of sources related her are available. Accordingly, the paper intends to discuss four topics in detail: the history of the trial according to the stages of the legal proceedings, the history of the town in the period preceding the trials, Mrs. Mátyás Horváth's role in the trial and her fate, as well as the investigation of the Hungarian Chancellery in the witch hunt case. Her case does not only raise the possibility of corrupt legal proceedings, which were a consequence of the city's internal discord, but it also pinpoints the reasons for the failure of the investigation by the court.

A Walachian Testament from the 18th Century

Author(s): Doina Rusti / Language(s): English / Issue: 01/2007

The essay comments on an 18th century private document. A merchant woman of Bucharest called Stanca records her final intentions in her will, which partially recomposes an attitude towards life, and the mentalities and values of the century. She establishes a church called Silvestru that still exists today and leaves her entire fortune in the trust of a bead merchant, putting him in charge of managing the church. The message expressed by Stanca’s story is both essentially human and surprising, considering her social and historical envionment; the fear of death, the sense of guilt, the dread of failure and her faith in God motivate her endeavor.

A zulu és kosza dicsérő ének (izibongo/iibongo) tegnap és ma

Author(s): Szilárd Biernaczky / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

Abiejų tautų policijos komisijos lokalinių padalinių steigimas Kaune 1792 m. gegužės mėn.

Author(s): Liudas Glemža / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 15/2015

About Diagnostics at the Mental Asylum of Riga Citadel in 1787–1790

Author(s): Vladimirs Kuznecovs / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2013

The first mental asylum, or madhouse, in the Baltic provinces was opened in 1787 in Riga by the Livonian Board for Social Care (Livlandische Collegium für allgemeine Fürsorge), which started its activities on 20 February 1784 in Riga. In addition to the mental asylum, the board acted as patron of some other charity facilities which were situated in the same building at the Riga Citadel (since 1786). The madhouse (Tollhaus or Dollhaus, долгауз) constituted about a fifth of the board’s institutions. The insane were separated by gender, occupying rooms on the upper floors of the building. Only a corridor separated women’s rooms from the female prisoners’ rooms in the correction house (Zuchthaus, смирительный дом). The guard (Zuchtmeisterin) for female prisoners was in charge of inmates of both genders and was assisted by a female prisoner. Other floors accommodated the jail (Gefängnis), workhouse (Arbeitshaus, рабочий дом), and the general and venereal diseases hospitals. At that time, the close coexistence of the asylum and the punitive institution was expressed in mixed terms such as “Doll-haus beim Zucht und Arbeithaus” (Schott & Tolle, 2006). The police doctor (Kreisarzt, городовой врач) of Riga took medical care of inmates and was assisted by two disciples. One of them dwelled permanently in the board’s building in the citadel (Kuzņecovs, 2007).

Adalékok a Fekete-templom 1689-es tűzvész utáni újjáépítésének történetéhez

Egyházgondnoki számadáskönyv 1693-ból

Author(s): Ágnes Bálint / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: I/2006

Der erste Schritt der Wiederherstellung der im Jahre 1689 durch Brand schwer beschadigten evangelischen Stadtpfarrkirche A.B. in Kronstadt ist die Wiederherstellung des Dachstuhls gewesen. Aus der ersten Phase der Arbeiten, die wahrscheinlich schon im Jahre 1691 begonnen habén, besitzen wir nur geringe Quellen, die entweder allgemein gehalten sind, oder in ihrer Glaubwürdigkeit angezweifelt werden können. Das letzte Jahr der Dachstuhlarbeiten (1693) ist durch einen Rechungsbucheintrag gut dokumentiert. Im Folgenden werden gemeiusam mit der erstmaligen Veröffentlichung der genannten Quelle, der Kirchenrechnung des Johannes Retsch (Kirchenkurator 1693-1694) von 1693, einige Probleme zur Bauchronologie, zu Malínahmen an der Dachstuhlkonstruktion, zu einzelnen Aspekten der Zimmermannswerkstátte und zur Ablauforganisation der Arbeiten beleuchtet. Die Veröffentlichung der Rechnung ist in erster Linie für die Erforschung der Wiederherstellungsarbeiten an der Schwarzen Kirche von wesentlicher Bedeutung. Neben den Informationen über den Wiederaufbau des Daches bietet sie Aufschluli über den Zustand von Kirche, Nebengebaude und Pfarrhof und die daran vorgenommenen kleineren Restaurierungsmalinahmen in den Jahren unmittelbar nach dem groBen Brand.

Adalékok a kolozsvári lengyel unitáriusok történetéhez. A lengyel imaház és paplak története a dokumentumok tükrében

Author(s): Norbert Zsolt Rácz / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 3/2016

Adam Kaźmierczyk, Rodziłem się Żydem… Konwersje Żydów w Rzeczypospolitej XVII–XVIII wieku

Author(s): Kamil Kijek / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 40/2017

Review of: Adam Kaźmierczyk, "Rodziłem się Żydem… Konwersje Żydów w RzeczypospolitejXVII–XVIII wieku"; Księgarnia Akademicka, Kraków2015, ss. 324. Studia Judaica Cracoviensia. Series Dissertationum V,cura et directione Andrzej K. Link-Lenczowski by: Kamil Kijek

Ahmet Kankal: Türkmen'in Kaidesi Kastamonu (XV-XVIII. Yüzyıllar Arası Şehir Hayatı)

Author(s): Deniz Sefaattin / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 11/2006

Review of: Ahmet Kankal "Türkmen'in Kaidesi Kastamonu (XV-XVIII. Yüzyıllar Arası Şehir Hayatı)", Ankara 2004, 387 pages, by: Şefaattin Deniz

Aktywność jezuickich kapelanów nadwornych prowincji litewskiej. Między ustawodawstwem zakonnym a praktyką

Author(s): Andrea Mariani / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2015

This article analyzes the activity of Jesuit preachers, confessors and private teachers at the king’s and noblemen’s courts in the Early Modern Poland. The first part focuses on the legislation concerning court chaplains at the turn of the 16th century. The author sketches then a collective portrait of court preachers, confessors and teachers belonging to the Lithuanian Province throughout the 17th and 18th century. In doing so, he presents the reciprocal influence between the Jesuit Order and its benefactors and proofs how far general rules were applied in this specific context. In spite of the marginalization of Lithuanian Jesuits at the royal court, the number of chaplains remained high. This was possible thanks to an increasing presence in the entourage of high nobility. Within this social layer many confessors and preachers were associated with the Radziwiłł and the Sapieha families. Even though in some cases Jesuit priests were engaged at court for many years, the tasks of confessor and preacher were usually performed for a short time by relatively young members of the Society of Jesus. Pastoral activity in the entourage of aristocracy represented therefore an early stage of the religious career. Among the features that made a certain Jesuit suitable to the post of court chaplain there were allegiance to his patron, relatively low social origin as well as a good knowledge of foreign languages, in particular French. In the end some aspects of the life of Jesuit court priests are sketched, such as the tasks unrelated to pastoral activity performed on behalf of their protectors and the emotional side of their relationship with them.

Albanski vojnici u mletačkim prekojadranskim kopnenim postrojbama (18. stoljeće)

Author(s): Lovorka Coralic / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 54/2018

During the Early Modern Period and especially the Venetian-Ottoman wars in the 17th and 18th centuries, the axis of the Venetian land army across the Adriatic were the troops known as Fanti oltramarini and Croati a cavallo (Cavalleria Croati). They were primarily manned with soldiers and officers originating from the Venetian lands, from Istria to Albania and Greece, but there were also many soldiers from other areas, mostly those bordering on the Venetian territories. This paper focuses on the soldiers from Venetian Albania (Albania Veneta) and their role in these troops. It is based on an analysis of original documents preserved at the Archivio di Stato di Venezia, more precisely the collection of Inquisitori sopra l’amministrazione dei pubblici ruoli – a magistracy in charge of recruiting soldiers and sending them to the wider area controlled by Venice, from Veneto to Greece. The documents include lists of officers, commanders, and common soldiers, made at regular intervals during the recruitment or supervision of troops. At this stage of research, 75 Albanian soldiers have been identified in the Venetian infantry and cavalry during the 18th century. The sources refer to them as d’Albania or Albanese, only rarely mentioning their exact place of origin. Albanians were present in infantry and cavalry throughout the 18th century (especially its first half) and mostly served in infantry troops.