A közjó fogalma a kora újkori politikai diskurzusokban

Author(s): István M. Szijártó / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 04/2016

Papers presented originally at a conference at Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest in 2015, these four studies explore the usages of the term ’common good’ in early modern politics. Since this term was interpreted differently in various ages and different discourses, analyses of these usages of the expression offer a convenient starting point to explore the characteristics of the political discourses. This short introduction to this unit of four articles mentions some of the usages in 18th-century Hungarian politics, especially those by representatives of the enlightened absolutism on the one hand and the estates on the other, the latter using the political language of republicanism.

A közlekedés története Magyarországon (1700-2000)

Author(s): Richárd Bércesi / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2017

Majdán­ János:­ A közlekedés­ története­ Ma­gyarországon­ (1700–2000).­ Pécs,­ Pro­ Pan­nonia­ Kiadói­ Alapítvány,­ Pannónia­ Könyvek, 2014,­ 244­ p.

A levélküldés nehézségei a lengyel örökösödési háború dél-itáliai frontján

Author(s): Tamás Szemethy / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 63/2016

The War of Succession which broke out after the death of Polish king, Augustus II, in 1733 is mentioned in Hungarian scholarship mostly on account of the treaty that ended the conflict: Francis of Lorraine, Maria Theresa’s husband, renounced his claims to Lorraine as his inheritance which in turn entitled him to appropriate Tuscany after the death of the last Medici. The present study, however, focuses on a different aspect of the war and its progress. Szemethy examines the Csáky correspondence held at the National Archives of Austria to reconstruct the available means of communication connecting officers of the Csáky Regiment in the remote and hard-to-access southern Italian areas and their general, György Csáky residing in Sopron and Vienna. The corpus, especially the letters smuggled across the frontline after the defeat at Bitonto on 25 May, 1734, reveals substantial changes in the mode and content of the hussars’ communication with their regiment owner.

A magyarországi zsidóság áttérési gyakorlata Buda, Óbuda, Pest településeken és Bécsben 1746 és 1850 között

Author(s): Erzsébet Mislovics / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2015

The study focuses on the conversion of Jews in Buda, Óbuda, Pest and Vienna between 1746 and 1850. The converts belong to two main groups: those converting in Hungary and those who converted in Vienna, but were residents of Hungary. Although the number of converts was not really significant, the fact and the phenomenon of conversion raise several demographic, economic and social issues and had an influence on both the Jewish and the Christian society. On the basis of the converts' background we can observe two societies: a traditional society and a transitional society, in which the framework of the traditional society lives on, but the beginnings of a new, modern society are also visible. In the traditional society, conversion was the choice of underprivileged people, whereas in the transitional one was also chosen by those who were hoping to economically and socially benefit from it. Many Jews chose to convert to Christianity in order to climb the social ladder. In Buda, Óbuda, Pest, the conversion could be interpreted as an expression of Hungarian nationalism

A marosvásárhelyi barokk mesterkör kutatásának újabb eredményei

Author(s): János Orbán / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: III-V/2010

Our study analyses the 18th century Marosvásárhely (Târgu-Mures) craftsman society through an approach from the perspective of architectural history based on archival sources, and with special emphasis on the development of the status of masons, not ignoring however the situation of carpenters, joiners, locksmiths and potters, who were in close relation with the construction industry. The results of the study unequivocally state that from the mid 18th century onwards there is a definite headcount increase within the construction industry and pertaining to this, within masonry as well. A key role in this process is held by the mostly German craftsmen migrating to the city. Their linguistic and religious separation makes them clearly distinguishable within the society of the city in this period, bringing thus validation and also a special connotation to the concept of “Craftsman Circle”. Hence, the linguistically isolated, mostly Catholic immigrants (especially in the first decades) have necessarily formed a sort of separated community in the predominantly Hungarian and typically reformat society of the city. We must emphasize that the immigration processes in Marosvásárhely are in line with the contemporary phenomena specified by Margit B. Nagy in other Transylvanian cities such as Kolozsvár (Cluj-Napoca) or Szamosújvár (Gherla). In comparison with Kolozsvár discrepancy can be determined only in the intensity of immigration (number of the immigrants) or in the temporal distribution of the process. The Baroque patterns have permanently spread in Marosvásárhely as a result of the activity of these craftsmen. Arriving from Austria, Bavaria, Silesia, Hungary and from various regions of the German linguistic areas, these craftsmen had already been familiar with the forms and technical solutions of the Baroque, and this knowledge was continuously refreshed and enriched by other influences (even if springing from similar artistic roots) of the various craftsman centers of Transylvania, here it is enough if we mention Anton Schuchbauer working at the Toldalagi-palace, or Romanus Lehr the stucco-modeler from Szamosújvár, or the inevitable import of the products delivered by the stone-cutter workshops from Kolozsvár. Being aware of the rather obsolete architectural circumstances previously prevailing in Marosvásárhely, these immigrants, bearers of a new kind of architectural knowledge, must unquestionably be considered factors of modernization. This basically Late Baroque architectural tradition established due to the 18th century craftsmen was afterwards successfully conserved and prevailed firmly in the city even in the first decades of the 19th century.

A miklósvári templomfoglalás narratívái

Author(s): Kinga Papp / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 2/2018

The paper collects the narratives on the seizing of the Calvinist church in Miklósvár/Micloşoara and the forced confession change of the local community in the 18th century. The sources gathered show that the situation of the Calvinist of Miklósvár repeatedly gained public attention during the 18th century, through various written requests, letters, public hearings and ecclesiastical history works. These sources not only document the facts but also show how this event became part of the community’s collective memory and was later transformed, after its de-personalization, into a place of memory.

A Monarchia: örökség és emlékezet

Author(s): András Gerő / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

A nagybányai önkormányzati testület szerkezete a 16–18. században

Author(s): Kálmán Zsolt Sütő / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2018

The aim of the study is to present the structure of the local government of Baia Mare. During the 16th–18th centuries the free royal mining town of Baia Mare was led by an inner and an outer council. The outer council was made up of sixty members. They elected the judge and the twelve jurors of the inner council. The first and the second juror were called consul jurors, they acted as the judge’s substitutes. From the end of the 17th century the central power was trying to narrow the self-government of the town.

A nagyváradi római katolikus püspökök 18. századi régi rezidenciája

Author(s): Mónika Kémenes / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: VIII/2013

One of the significant moments of the 18th century reorganising of the Roman Catholic diocese of Nagyvárad (Oradea, RO) was the building of the first bishop’s residence. Bishop Miklós Csáky (1737–1747), differently from his predecessor’s only partly or not at all achieved ideas, built his palace in the New City (“Újváros”), pertaining to the chapter. The one-storey building built with two inner courtyards through the uniting of several houses and plots was created presumably based on chamber architect Fortunato de Prati’s plans or suggestions, between 1737 and 1744, in several phases. Its major expansions took place during Bishop Adam Patachich’s first years, when in the second courtyard, a second floor was built for the Consilium Basilitarum of the Greek Catholic clergy. The activity of the local and foreign craftsmen, who took place in its building and the creating of its interiors can be clearly followed from the available resources. Thus besides the names of stonemasons who arrived under bishop Csáky and those of the Italian stonemasons and German carpenters from Budapest, who were invited under Forgách and Patachich, the names of local craftsmen, who took part in the leading of neighbourhoods also emerge. After the completion of the new baroque bishop’s palace designed by Franz Anton Hillebrandt, the old building gave place to different educational institutions, then workshops. Its demolition took place in 1901, yielding space for the new City Hall. Its appearance and layout can be reconstructed in detail, based on the 18th century drawings of the group of buildings.

A palócokról

Gondolatok, megjegyzések

Author(s): István Majoros / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2016

The author writes a monograph (Palóc Land) about a strange people, the Palóc, living in the northern part of Hungary and in southern Slovakia. Material poverty and spiritual riches are the main characteristics of the Palóc. They speak a special and interesting dialect. This study is a part of the mentioned monograph. In this study the author presents the meaning of the Palóc and he presents the regions where they live. And he presents also different opinions of these questions.

A Polyphony of Stories from 17th and 18th-century Southeastern Europe

Author(s): Jelena Mrgić / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2015

The aim of this paper is to present a selected ensemble of narrative and documentary sources – diaries, memoirs, chronicles, travelogues, business letters, and one confidential report – in order to pursue a sort of polyphonic path in historical research. Connecting these histories, i.e. personal stories from different, at times confronting, yet overlapping Kulturkreisen, shows a less visible web of liaisons between people. They belonged to different social strata – bellatores, oratores, nobility and the emerging third class of entrepreneurs, and stemmed from Catholic, Orthodox and Muslim religious and cultural environments. Differences in their educational, professional or cultural backgrounds seem to diminish while their interconnectedness, in the space of Southeastern Europe, comes to the fore.

A Quest for Originality in Latin Poetry of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Observed in Manuscripts of the Seventeenth-Eighteenth Centuries

Author(s): Živilė Nedzinskaitė / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2018

The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were the time when literature in Latin written by professors and students of Jesuit colleges flourished in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This trend was the outcome of the Jesuit educational model. The main disciplines in colleges were poetics and rhetoric. The classes of these two disciplines not only aimed at teaching theoretical rules, acquainting the students with the prevailing literary canon, and pointing out the differences between genres, but also encouraged students’ individual creative work, as it was independent writing that was a proof of students’ ability to apply theory in practice. Student writing was strongly influenced by the theory of imitation, which was very popular at the time. Resorting to manuscript material from the colleges of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the article focuses on varying degrees of influence of the imitation theory on students’ individual creative work: it shows the relation between imitation and the literary tradition, the rules of rhetoric, and imitation of canonical authors; it also places emphasis on the quest for individual expression. The author observes that some texts composed by students are on a par with the best poetic works of the well-known poets of that time.

A szakítások és kiegyezések évszázada: a Magyar Királyság 17. századi története új megvilágításban

Author(s): Géza Pálffy / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 01/2015

The long 17th century, extending from the Peace of Vienna in 1606 to the Treaty of Szatmár in 1711, occupies a special place within the history of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its interpretation has traditionally been determined by the independentist approach of Hungarian romantic national historiography, which was born in the second half of the 19th century. Consequently, as late as the 1950s and 1970s the 17th century was still regarded as the most decisive period of the Hungarian struggles for independence, while in the 1980s and 1990s its most salient feature was identified in the alleged attempts launched from the Principality of Transylvania at the unification of the Hungarian Kingdom. On the basis of several years of archival research, and following in the footsteps of such historians as Robert Evans from Oxford, Thomas Winkelbauer from Vienna and Jean Bérenger from Paris, the author of the present study rather examines the history of the Hungarian Kingdom in the 17th century as part of a relationship between the Central European Habsburg Monarchy and the Kingdom of Hungary, the Habsburg court of Vienna and the Hungarian political elite. Within such a framework, the history of Hungary between 1606 and 1711 can be regarded as the century of ruptures and compromises. For the course of the century was determined by five important compromise-systems (1608: Pozsony/Pressburg, 1622: Sopron/Ödenburg, 1647: Pozsony, 1681: Sopron, 1711: Szatmár), practically all of which were elaborated at the Hungarian diet, and were accompanied by ruler coronations (1608: Hungarian King Matthias II, 1622: Queen Eleonora Gonzaga, 1647: King Ferdinand IV, 1681: Queen Eleonora Magdalena Theresia of Pfalz-Neuburg, 1712: King Charles III). Each of these compromises guaranteed the privileges and liberties of the Hungarian estates, and secured for the Hungarian political elite a decisive role in shaping the domestic politics, local administration and judicial system of Hungary. As a result, among all the constituents of the Habsburg Monarchy in the 17th and 18th centuries Hungary was one of the strongest in terms of sovereignty and estate state formation, and absolutism could not be introduced east of the Leitha river. In the light of recent research the topos which regards the Hungarians as “perennial rebels” should also be nuanced. With regard to the 17th century the term of “perennial compromise-seekers” could be applied to them as well. And, finally, the study draws attention to the fact that the history of the Kingdom of Hungary and that of the Principality of Transylvania in the 17th century, despite the manifold contacts between them, cannot be described within the framework of one and the same model or concept, for whereas the former was an important part of the Central European Habsburg Monarchy, the latter belonged to the sphere of interest of one of the strongest states of the contemporary world, namely the Ottoman Empire.

A szárnysegédi státusz szabályozása a francia haderőben a forradalomtól a császárságig

Author(s): Zsolt Forgó / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

A székelyudvarhelyi Jézus-kápolna

Author(s): András Sófalvi / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: VIII/2013

The Jesus Chapel is located at the south entrance of the town Odorheiu Secuiesc. This ecclesiastical building belongs to the group of four-lobe chapels with analogies in the west and north of the Carpatian-basin and Transylvania. Traditional belief dated the building of the Jesus Chapel to the 13th century. The chapel was mentioned in the written sources for the first time in 1602. There are no carved stone elements in its structure. The special technical components of its altar date from the end of the 17th century – beginning of the 18th century. The central picture of the altar, representing Jesus with His bleeding heart and the lamb, are strongly connected with the Jesuit order which appeared in Odorhei at the end of the 16th century. The painted wood ceiling was made in 1677, originally the chapel was probably vaulted. The archaeological researches made in 1973 and 2011 have also given postmedieval dating. Stratigraphical data proved the building of the chapel post quem the middle of the 15th century. The stone and brick crypts discovered in the centre of the building are directly linked to the foundation of the chapel, which was probably a miraculous healing. Although it has been used later as a burial chapel, there are no written documents concerning the founder’s person or their family. The chapels in Gheorgheni (Szent Anna/Saint Anne Chapel) and Sânzieni (Szent István/Saint Stephen Chapel) are in Szeklerland the closest architectural analogies of the Jesus Chapel. Their newest research dated them to the 17th century and marked them as being votive or private chapels.

A szentföldi konfliktus – világrendszer-szemléletben

Author(s): Győző Lugosi / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

A társadalom összetétele a függetlenné váló Dél-Amerikában: Argentína, Brazília, Paraguay, Uruguay

Author(s): Ágnes Judit Szilágyi / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 2/2013

This paper focuses on four Latin American countries, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay, and it provides an overview of their societies in the early nineteenth-century. The aim of a comparative analysis is to touch the social conditions and to describe the greatest continuities and discontinuities between the colonial and national periods. Also examined the impact of independence of La Plata region from Spain and Portugal.

A város, a boszorkány és a kancellária

Horváth Mátyásné esete a nagy szegedi boszorkányüldözés idején (1728–1729)

Author(s): Gergely Brandl / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 3/2015

The Szeged witch trials held between 1728 and 1744 included several proceedings, the most prominent period of which was the witch-craze of 1728–1729. This latter can be regarded not only one of the biggest but also well researched legal proceeding of the kind. The events have been thoroughly studied and we have a significant amount of literature and source publications at our disposal, but historians have not provided comprehensive explanations yet. Not even this paper can answer all the questions related to the great Szeged witch trial. Accordingly, it focuses on the triple relationship between a single defendant, the city conducting the trial and the chancellery that ordered the witchcraft investigation. Through this, it attempts to present how the events of the trial unfolded and how the economic and political interests of the city came into conflict with the centralizing reform efforts of the central government. It is especially interesting that it does so from a “low viewpoint” to let personal motivations and social roles manifest more sharply. In accordance with this, it explores the case of an accused woman: “Bogadussánné, Horváth Mátyásné Ilona aliter Eörse”. Through her trial we can also examine those social motivations and interests that were the driving force behind the largest Hungarian witch hunt. The life of Mrs. Mátyás Horváth is suitable for such an analysis as she was present at all the stages of the events and the vast majority of sources related her are available. Accordingly, the paper intends to discuss four topics in detail: the history of the trial according to the stages of the legal proceedings, the history of the town in the period preceding the trials, Mrs. Mátyás Horváth's role in the trial and her fate, as well as the investigation of the Hungarian Chancellery in the witch hunt case. Her case does not only raise the possibility of corrupt legal proceedings, which were a consequence of the city's internal discord, but it also pinpoints the reasons for the failure of the investigation by the court.

A Walachian Testament from the 18th Century

Author(s): Doina Ruşti / Language(s): English / Issue: 01/2007

The essay comments on an 18th century private document. A merchant woman of Bucharest called Stanca records her final intentions in her will, which partially recomposes an attitude towards life, and the mentalities and values of the century. She establishes a church called Silvestru that still exists today and leaves her entire fortune in the trust of a bead merchant, putting him in charge of managing the church. The message expressed by Stanca’s story is both essentially human and surprising, considering her social and historical envionment; the fear of death, the sense of guilt, the dread of failure and her faith in God motivate her endeavor.

A zulu és kosza dicsérő ének (izibongo/iibongo) tegnap és ma

Author(s): Szilárd Biernaczky / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0