Communities and Their Temples: Orthodox, Jewish, Protestant, and Catholic: Religious Delimitations in the Historical Topography of Słuck

Author(s): Maria Cieśla / Language(s): English Issue: 116/2017

The article analyses the religious topography of Słuck (today, Sluck in Belarus). Słuck was an important hub of Orthodoxy and Protestantism in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania; moreover, 38 percent of its population was Jewish. Detailed analysis of legal documents and urban inventories showed that there were areas within the town bounds which were reserved for the Christian communities active there. The spatial balance was upset in the former half of the eighteenth century, with Catholic orders brought into the town. The Jews were the only group that was legally barred from choosing a place to reside. The municipal authorities endeavoured to restrict the Jewish settlement to one street. Members of Jewish financial elite were the only ones to succeed in crossing the legal boundaries and settle down at the ‘Christian’ streets ofSłuck.

Court Chapels in Saxony between 1697 and 1733: Augustus II the Strong between Catholicism and Protestantism

Author(s): Kristina Friedrichs / Language(s): English Issue: 116/2017

When Augustus II the Strong (1670–1733) converted from the Protestant to the Catholic confession, he guaranteed his subjects – all Lutheran – the free exercise of their religion and belief. He also respected their wish not to allow the ‘new’ old confession emerge too overtly in the motherland of Martin Luther and the Reformation. Consequently, the Catholic chapels he built during his reign in Saxony were constructed in private in order to assure the peaceful co-existence of the confessions. What may appear to be a tolerant religious policy was in fact almost the contrary: This article will briefly illuminate the historical and political background of Augustus’ decisions, while the main focus will be to examine the newly installed Catholic court chapels.

Status i prestiż oświeceniowej polszczyzny w świetle uwag Adama Kazimierza Czartoryskiego

Author(s): Magdalena Hawrysz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2018

The aim of the study is to reconstruct the views on the status and prestige of the Polish language in the end of the 18th century in the light of the book by Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski „Myśli o pismach polskich”. The work is cognitively attractive, as it gives a testimony to the status and prestige of the Polish language in the breakthrough period for the Polish state, i.e. just after the Third Partition, and even before the intensification of the tendencies to deprive Poles their national identity. In his book „Myśli o pismach polskich”, the author expresses an unshakable view of the high status of Polish and the shattered prestige. Institutions such as stable state power, capital, intellectual elites, scientific and critical publishing houses, periodicals, schools, theaters, the family can be distinguished among the factors shaping both spheres.

Uwagi o „fabryce” kolegiaty sandomierskiej w XVII i XVIII wieku – na marginesie książki Krzysztofa Rafała Prokopa, „Fabrica ecclesiae”. Budowa i utrzymanie katolickich miejsc kultu w diecezji krakowskiej w czasach nowożytnych"

Author(s): Agata Dworzak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2015

„Hamis barátok rebelliója”. Szűcs Jenő Dózsa-tanulmányai – 40 év után

Author(s): Pál Ács / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 04/2014

Jenő Szűcs (1928−1988) was a historian of great influence in the 1970s and 1980s, one of the renewers of Hungarian historical studies but has since been partially forgotten. In the 1970s, he wrote several important works on the „ideology” of Dózsa’s peasant war, that is, on the religious-intellectual background of the revolt. In striking opposition to the Marxist political understanding of the era, he did not pinpoint the real motives of the Dózsa revolt in economic and social tensions but in the peculiar spiritualism of Franciscan intellectuals. He saw the concepts of the Franciscan opposition as a kind of „pre-Reformation”. It was in connection to the Dózsa revolt that Jenő Szűcs elaborated his famous and much disputed thesis on the roots of Hungarian Protestant movements in the Franciscan opposition. The present essay seeks to weigh Szűcs’s four-decade old theses: it studies them in the light of the latest international trends in the research of Reformation and Millenarism.

Pozagrobowy żywot Rzeczypospolitej

Author(s): Tomasz Kizwalter / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2018

Nowe wiadomości dotyczące wyposażenia wnętrz pałacu w Krystynopolu w świetle nieznanego inwentarza z roku 1775

Author(s): Dagny Nestorow / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2014

The present paper is concerned with the pałace at Krystynopol, ownedby Franciszek Salezy Potocki (1700-1772), the Voivode of Kiev, which in the eighteenthcentury was one of the most sumptuous aristocratic residences located in Crown Ruthenia.The pałace, built in 1691 by Szczęsny Kazimierz Potocki (1630-1720), who had foundedalso the city, was later expanded, probably by his son, Józef Felicjan, the Great Guard ofthe Crown. In the next stage, begun on the initiative of Franciszek Salezy Potocki before1755, the old edifice was completely remodelled, likely according to the plans of the architect Pierre Ricaud de Tirregaille, and transformed into a magnificent aristocratic residence. After Franciszek Salezy Potockis death, his son, Stanisław Szczęsny, continuedthe expansion.The paper offers an attempt at recreating the layout of the apartments in the residence atKrystynopol, as well as their interior decoration and furnishings, on the basis of a hithertounknown and unpublished inventory of 1775, preserved in the Central State HistoricalArchives in Kiev. Very few objects from the once rich furnishings of the Krystynopolpałace have survived. Among them are: the stately bed of Anna Elżbieta Potocka, now onshow in the permanent exhibition at the castle in Pieskowa Skała, apparently identicalwhich the one mentioned in the inventory, as well as four tapestries in the same collection,from a series depicting The History of Alexander the Great (Battle ofthe Granicus, Battle ofArbela [Gaugamela], Triumphal Entry of Alexander the Great into Babylon, and King Porusbefore Alexander the Great). The Krystynopol pałace may have possessed also another setof tapestries, this time representing the episodes from The Trojan War, sińce the inventorymentions wali hangings depicting such themes. It may be assumed with some degree ofconfidence that also the two tapestries from The Trojan War series, from the collection ofthe Potocki family at Peczara and now part of the holdings of the Wawel Castle in Cracow(The Abduction of Helena and the Battle ofGreeks and Trojans), initially decorated the wallsof the Krystynopol

Wokół kontraktów artystycznych dominikanów lwowskich w epoce nowożytnej (XVII-XVIII w.)

Author(s): Anna Markiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2014

For many years, the publishing of archival materials has been an importantand recurring research objective, of vital importance both for historians and art historians. This is eąually relevant to the research on the history, art history and culture of the easternlands of the former Commonwealth of the Two Nations in the early modern era, whichexperienced intensive development in the past few years.The present publication of archival materials presents selected contracts for art commissions concluded by the Dominicans of Lviv in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries,that is, documents of paramount importance for the research on old Lviv and the former Ruthenian voivodeship. The Archive of the Dominican Order in Cracow preserves a collection of extremely interesting and hitherto unpublished materials (ref. no. Tw 437), in thecatalogue described generically as documents related to the renovation and refurbishmentof the Corpus Christi Church in Lvov, with a scope extending from medieval times to thetwentieth century. It includes also loose documents, moved here from other collections,of contracts concluded by the authorities of the Order for artistic commissions related to the Lvov Corpus Christi friary in the second half of the seventeenth and in the eighteenth century. The present publication concentrates above all on highly interesting contracts,important especially for our understanding of the local art of the period, concluded between the Dominicans and the following artists: Sebastian Fesinger, Maciej Muller, Kasper Kolert, Krzysztof Rakowski, Wawrzyniec Sokołowski, Jan Gertner, Jan Filipowicz, KlemensKsawery Fesinger, Franciszek Olędzki and Marcin Urbanik, among

Крепости и города под прицелом исследователя.

Author(s): Svetlana V. Palamarchuk / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2018

[Rev.] A. V. Krasnozhon. North-West Black Sea Fortresses and Cities (15—18th centuries). Odessa: Chornomorie, 2018. — P. 312, il. 206

Wyznania protestanckie na obszarze dystryktu podlaskiego

Author(s): Jan Mironczuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

The article is divided into an introduction, three subchapters, and a conclusion. The introduction explains the purposes of the study, and the terminology used as well as presents the source basis. In the first subchapter, a genesis of the Reformation in Podlasie Region is outlined, with a role played by Mikołaj “The Black” Radziwiłł. Next, a list of Protestant churches is presented in the district of Podlasie existing in 1560–1796, together with the vicissitudes of the Protestants under the protection of the Radziwiłłs. The study closes with a conclusion containing the answers to the research questions posed in the introduction.

Próba zimnej wody (pławienie) w oskarżeniach i procesach o czary w państwie polsko-litewskim w XVI–XVIII wieku

Author(s): Jacek Wijaczka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

One of the medieval trials by ordeal, the cold water ordeal, regained popularity in the Early Modern Period and served as an important element in witchcraft trials. Floating on water was seen as a decisive proof of guilt and resulted in the accused being handed over to the torturer. This paper discusses the use of the water ordeal in Poland in the 16th–18th century, primarily by municipal courts. Among the issues mentioned in the paper there is also the question of the stage of the trial in which the water ordeal was used and whether the accused were undressed before being subjected to the ordeal.

Demografski i konfesionalni trendovi u srednoj Bosni od početka 17. do sredine 19. stoljeća

Author(s): Aladin Husić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 67/2018

Historical processes lead to significant changes in specific areas and in specific periods of time. This paper focuses on demographic and religious changes that took place in the greater region of Central Bosnia from the beginning of the 17th century until mid-19th century. In terms of territory, the paper focuses on the area of the valley of the River Lašva, with comparison of the processes in a wider context, particularly in terms of territory. The analysis covers almost three centuries and it examines causes, factors and methods that led to the changes. By analysing specific populated areas as well as the region as a whole, the paper establishes the exact time of certain changes, the pace and the reflection of those changes in the field. The corpus includes documents of different origin, from Ottoman as well as church sources. They are not contradictory in terms of basic demographic indicators, and there are no major discrepancies. The level of correspondence between Ottoman sources and those produced by visitors may be deemed very high. On the other hand, interpretation of travel writing and other sources mainly established through oral tradition are rich in free assessment and often shows no correspondence, and such sources cannot sustain critical analysis.

Miasta prywatne w Polsce od XIV wieku do 1772 roku – chronologia lokacji, właściciele, pełnione funkcje

Author(s): Ryszard Szczygieł / Language(s): Polish Issue: 77/2016

Colonisation under German law and the beginnings of the town foundation movement. Foundation programme, phases and stages of the chartering process. Their changes over the following centuries. Cityforming factors. Increase in the number of private towns in the territory of Poland from the 14th until the 18th century – speed of the process, its regional variations, numerical data. Town owners and their importance for the development of the urban network of the country.

Sądownictwo w miastach prywatnych w Polsce XVI–XVIII wieku. Problem odrębności postępowania w sprawach kryminalnych

Author(s): Marian Mikołajczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 77/2016

The paper presents the systemic and legal disparities of private towns. Most emphasis is placed on the differences of criminal proceedings in royal and private townsand on determining whether these disparities were significant enough for the criminal process in private towns to be considered a separate manner of criminal proceeding. In case of the former, the municipal judiciary was often subject to interventions from starosts or other “third-party” entities. A characteristic feature of the legal system of private towns, on the other hand, was the influence of their owners on the municipal judiciary and their participation in each stage of criminal proceedings. The paper also discusses the extent to which the owners interfered with the operation of the municipal legal system.

NEKE SPECIFIČNOSTI ISTORIJE BOSNE POD TURCIMA

Author(s): Avdo Sućeska / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 4/1968

Among the greatest peculiarities in the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina under the Turkish rule belongs the formation of a separate Moslem society in Bosnia from which the Moslem people descends. The author has endeavoured to elucidate the process of coming into existence of this society and how the Moslem people shaped itself, Islamic ideology — regardless of class differences — was tied into a unified whole, and as a whole this Islamic community had separate interests and aspirations. To differentiate from other peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Croats, Srbs, Jews) the Moslem people, as part and parcel of the Moslem Turkish Empire as the whole, was composed of all states, strata and social groups, i. e. feudal landowners (spahije), dependent peasants (raja), free youmanry, tradesmen and merchants, paid soldiers (janjičari) and clergy (ulma). The higher circles of the Moslem community consisted of feudal masters (spahije) of local descent, paid soldiers of local descent (janjičari) and the higher representatives of clergy. The highest representatives of that social stratum constituted the political, state forming, body of the Moslem people (vilajetski ajani). This body became specially prominent in the time of decline and fall of the Turkish empire in the course of the 18th and 19th centuries. More than in previous times they played the decisive role in the political life of the country.

Etničke promene Albanaca u XVII i XVIII stoleću

Author(s): Jašar Redžepagić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 6/1968

Transformations ethniques et ethnopsychologiques de la population albanaise et de l’autre population sur le territoire de la Turquie européenne sont en général la conséquence de la propagation de l’islam et de la migration de cette population. Aux XVII et X V III siècles les régions épiro-albanaises ont été beaucoup changées, à l’exception de quelques tribus albanaises du nord qui ont fait la résistance. Dans ce travail on a expliqué d'abord le procès de l’islamisation des Albanais et ensuite leurs migrations. Se basant sur les informations des missionnaires catholiques et les autres sources, à l'exemple des Albanais en Monténégro, Albanie du nord, sur la plaine de Kosovo, en Macédoine et ailleurs, l’auteur prouve qu’on ne peut pas accepter l’affirmation que l'islam s'était élargi très lentement dans ces régions jusqu’ au X V III siècle. L’islamisation de la population locale et de l’autre population dans cette région dans la première période, c’est-à-dire au XV et en partie au XVI siècle, tant que l’état turc a été mieux formé, s’était faite sans les méthodes forcées et elle n’a pas été expresive comme c’était le cas au cour de deux siècles suivants. Les représentants de la classe féodale ont accepté les premiers de tous les Albanais catholiques et orthodoxes cette nouvelle foi et cette idéologie et dans certaines régions c'étaient les masses de la population. Les motifs en sont politiques, économiques et réligieux. En acceptant l’islam leur sûreté individuelle a été plus assurée et ils ont été libérés de maints tributs. La désorganisation de l’église et l’ignorance des prêtres ont accéléré en outre la propagation de cette religion parmi les Albanais. Parlant de la valeur de l’islam dans la période de la domination turque, l’auteur signale que la valeur de cette période chez nous a été souvent négligée et qu’on a accentué seulement ses conséquences négatives. Entre outre, étant contraints par l’influence des institutions réli gieuses et par la langue turque, les Albanais islamisés dans les villes ont dû renoncer à leur langue maternelle et par le temps perdre encore quelques caractéristiques de leur nationalité. Il y avait des auteurs qui ont remarqué certaines conséquences positives de la période turque ce que prouvent les faits suivants: au moyen de l’islam on a propagé la culture orientale parmi les différents peuples, surtout parmi les Albanais, les édifices qu’on a construits (hôpitaux, bains, aqueducs, tours de l’horloge, cuisines gratuites, fontaines etc), ont eu l’importance biologique et une grande valeur. Propageant l’islam, à côté des institutions proprement réligieuses, on a -ouvert aussi les écoles turques — medresa et mekteb, qui ont fait ainsi que la littérature en arabe, perse et turc qu'on a eu parmi les Albanais et les autres peuples un certain nombre d’éminents savants et de travailleurs culturels. En analysant le sujet du Coran on a souligné entre outre que les grammairiens, philosophes, juristes, théologiens, éthiques et pédagogues ont puisé le matériel de ce livre religieux de l’islam, qui a été en même temps renseignement fondamentale dans les écoles. On a expliqué certaines sentences sur la morale, l’instruction et l’école et enfin on peut conclure que les sentences didactiques citées ci-dessus, analysées sous l’aspect des sciences pédagogiques contemporaines, sont imbus des défauts suivants: le caractère général des normes morales, leur soumission exclusive aux connaissances morales et aussi l'identification du savoir et de l’éducation morale et les dogmes religieux de l’islam. Dans le deuxième passage de ce travail on parle de l’influence des migrations des Albanais sur leurs transformations ethniques et sur les autres transformations. On a accentué que ces migrations méthanastasiques ont été plus en masse aux XVII et: X V III siècles, mais le fait en est que cette population avait déjà peuplé les différents pays: Grèce, Italie, Roumanie, Bulgarie, Russie, Turquie, Amérique et sur le territoire de la Yougoslavie: Macédoine, Kosovo et Metohija,, Monténégro, Serbie au sens plus étroit, Srem, Istrie et Dalrnatie. On a analysé à part certains pays cités ci-dessus et les migrations des Albanais, commençant par les migrations en Grèce. Il est très intéressant que les Albanais de la Macédoine ont immigré en Grèce déjà aux XIV et XV siècles. Un regard plus détaillé sur les migrations des Albanais dans les régions italiennes Calabre, Sicile et Apulie montre que ce peuple n’a pas commencé à y immigrer après la mort d’Iskander-bey, mais aussi de son vivant et môme avant sa naissance. Il y a de données qui prouvent que les Italo-Albanais s’occupaient des problèmes albanais, ce que prouve aussi une donnée statistique. On parle aussi des Albanais qui ont peuplé les autres pays européens et les pays qui ne sont pas européens et on parle aussi de leurs migrations en Macédoine. Kosovo et Metohija. Serbie au sens plus étroit, Srem, Monténégro, Dalrnatie et Istrie. L’extrait où l’on parie des motifs et des conséquences de la migration des Albanais donne une description complète, sans laquelle on ne pourrait pas comprendre les transformations ethniques de cette population. Les motifs de la migration des Albanais sont hétérogènes et on les range dans les classes suivantes; militaires-historiques, économiques· -politiques, sanitaires, psychologiques-pédagogiques et religieux —. coutumiers. On dit que les moments psychologiques-pédagogiques ont accéléré le procès de migration de ce peuple. Dans ce groupe on peut mettre aussi l’idée de l’avenir, la peur des envahisseurs et la haine pour eux, le motif de certaines familles de prendre exemple des chefs des tribus ou des villages a été souvent un facteur décisif pour les migrations en masse qui on été imbus du sentiment du chagrin à cause de l’abandon du pays natal. Il y faut ajouter qu’on a défendu les écoles et l’enseignement en langue albanaise et qu’il existait une attitude passive de l'état otoman pour l'infériorité de la population albanaise du village. De la même façon on a traité les autres motifs et les conséquences des transformations ethniques des Albanais, qui ont été nombreuses et d’une grande importance. Leurs migrations ont eu une grande valeur sociale, culturelle, de langue etc. Etant en contact avec les autochtones, les Albanais ont eu le rôle du réceptionnaire et du donneur au sens culturel, dont le procès de l’adaptation a dépendu du nombre des immigrés, du temps de la migration, de la distance du pays natal et de la région colonisée, du nombre des autochtones, du niveau économique et culturel de cette population, leur entendement du moral et du degré de l’intérêt pour les immigrés et aussi des qualités du travail, des sentiments sociaux et de l’intérêt des immigrés pour les coutumes des autochtones.

Biblioteki stowarzyszeniowe we Włocławku w latach 1815–1918

Author(s): Bernardeta Iwańska-Cieślik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2018

In Włocławek, as in other towns of the Polish Kingdom, there were formed organizations whose one aspect of the action was to build national identity through the book and the press. This could be trade unions, voluntary organizations, social organizations, cooperatives and business associations. In their premises or specially designed for these purposes premises created libraries closed only to their members, or open – social. In the nineteenth and early twentieth century in the capital of East Kujawy worked: charitable societies, educational organizations, an association of mutual assistance, cultural organizations, associations of libraries, volunteer company for fire-fighting, food associations, credit societies and sports-touristic and other social organizations. Unfortunately, only some of them have made the creation of a public library. There were 94 organizations, but only 22 had libraries and two reading rooms.

Научна конференция и издание на тема „Институциите и българското сто¬панско развитие през вековете“ (Великотърновски университет „Св. св. Кирил и Методий“ – 28 и 29 септември 2018 г.)

Author(s): Emilia Vacheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2019

Nekoliko podataka o lingvističkom uticaju Dubrovnika na govor gradova u hercegovačkom zaleđu (XVI— XVIII vijek)

Author(s): Edina Alirejsović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 17/1978

L’auteur de cette contribution a examiné quelques documents dans les Archives historiques à Dubrovnik se rapportant aux rapports de cette ville et les villes à l’intérieur en Herzégovine. Il est connu que ces rapports ont été intensifs et qu’ils ont laissé leurs traces remarquables dans la langue de ces régions. Ces rapports ont été surtout commerciaux, c’est-à--dire les villes Trebinje, Stolac et Ljubinje ont été situées sur la route connue qui a mené de Dubrovnik jusqu’à Constantinople. Les commerçants de ces villes ont procuré les marchandises à Dubrovnik et inversement. Les médecins de Dubrovnik venaient en Herzégovine, ensuite les Herzégoviniens étaient engagés comme serviteurs, apprentis à Dubrovnik. Les mots, les plus souvents employés, sont les suivants : afermat, avizat, bastat, kastigat, konfin, kredit, oblegati, pasati, užanca. Quelques de ces mots sont aujourd’hui en emploi dans ces régions.

Ličani doseljeni na vinkovačko područje

Author(s): Ljubica Gligorević / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 22/1999

The area of Vinkovci, as well as the whole of Eastern Croatia, after the departure of Turks from these regions - in late 17th century, and until the end of the forties of the 20th century, but later as well - was colonized by the population from different regions. Roman Catholic population was mostly colonized from Dalmatia, Lika, Gorski Kotar, Herzegovina, Bosnia, Zagorje, Bačka and Kordun. For the people from Lika it is said that they are our most persevering and the best colonists, and that they are everywhere - wherever there was the opportunity to settle down. Numerous movements from Lika occurred at the very beginning of the 18th century, after the rebellion in Lika and great movements in border-lands of Lika, Otočac and Ogulin in 1714. They were attracted to the new regions by the rumors spread about the fertility and abundance of arable land suitable for settlement. In the early part of the 19th century, Military Border authorities, where there were the appropriate conditions, officially associated a number of newly colonized families from Lika with elder families without children, or with those with small number of children (i.e., in Andrijaševci and Ivankovo) - so the colonists as a rule lost their surnames and took over the new ones. The colonists from Lika brought to the new environment ikavian dialect with new accentuation. The colonists of previous movements • had fully assimilated in time with the indigenous population, accepting their speech, way of living and culture as their own traditional characteristics. A large number of such families make up the indigenous population of the area of Vinkovci with vague remembrance of their origin and old home-land. The awareness of the old home-land and origin is more present with the colonists after 1918 and 1945.