Wyrazy pobożności eliańskiej karmelitów w dobie nowożytnej

Author(s): Szymon Sułecki / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2015

Der Prophet Elija gilt in der karmelitanischen Tradition für den geistlichen Stifter des Ordens. Seit Beginn, also der Behauptung des Karmelitenordens im 13. Jahrhundert, ist er der geistliche Führer der Karmeliten. Die Frömmigkeit des Ordens, die an Elija gerichtet wurde, intensivierte sich im 17. Jahrhundert auf der Grundlage der historiographischen Werke der Karmeliten sowie deren Kritik durch Bollandisten. Zu Ausdrücken elianischer Tradition gehörten die Elemente des Ordenskleides und des Ordenswappens, die Ikonografie, die Annahme von Ordensnamen, die Literatur und die Liturgie. /Prorok Eliasz w tradycji karmelitańskiej uchodzi za duchowego założyciela zakonu. Od początków sformalizowania zakonu karmelitów w XIII wieku jest on dla nich przewodnikiem duchowym. Pobożność zakonna skierowana ku Eliaszowi zintensyfikowała się w XVII wieku na skutek karmelitańskich prac historiograficznych, a także ich krytyki przez bollandystów. Wyrazem eliańskiej tradycji były elementy habitu i herbu zakonnego, ikonografia, przybieranie imion zakonnych, piśmiennictwo oraz liturgia.

Městské kanceláře a jejich význam pro studium středověkých a raně novověkých urbánních dějin (na příkladu Čech a Moravy)

Author(s): Jana Vojtíšková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2016

The study presented sets its aim as setting out the key themes and significance of the complex research of the municipal offices, using the example of Bohemia and Moravia, so the knowledge gained could become an indispensable base for further study of urban history. Despite the undoubted difficulty, which is placed on the researcher of research focused in this way, the reconstruction of the Hradec (Králové) municipal office activities to 1620 for instance proved that even with the greatly fragmentary nature of the material, it is possible to reach quite fundamental knowledge on the development of the Bohemian urban milieu, especially thanks to overcoming the formal diplomatics analysis and studies of the isolated sources and thanks to the use of knowledge from a number of historical disciplines. Another indisputable advantage is monitoring a longer time period of the development of the relevant office, which can easily reveal the progress or regress of the individual towns, that had not yet formed a homogeneous whole in Bohemia and Moravia even in the period of the Early Modern Period, namely not even in the case of royal towns. This certain individual nature is typical also for the area of municipal offices, the organizational structure of which and the method of keeping the documents reflect the importance and emancipation of the relevant urban milieu and generally also the number of its denizens. It was only the reform interventions of Maria Theresia and especially then Joseph II that created the new conditions for the development of municipal office practices and for their unification, which arose from the new classification of Bohemian and Moravian towns.

TÜRKİYE VE AZERBAYCAN AYDINLANMA EDEBİ HAREKATINA KARŞILIKLI BİR BAKIŞ

Author(s): Hüseyin Karahan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 28/2015

Enlightenment. It made its noble formation in the 18 th century, in spite of the emergency as its social, cultural ,philosophical,literary flows in the 17 th century. Most politicians and ideologues, educators of the country took part in this movement and foresaw the way for salvation from the tutelage lasting for centuries at the notification of enlightenment and training them based on social, cultural, literary, economic and political assets spirutually, at the increasing of new conscious awareness. The enlightenment campaign began to spread rapidly in the two big countries of East, Azerbaijan and Turkey in the second half of 19th century. The people considering the liberation at enlightment principles and developing those thought flows were A. A. Bakikhanov, Mirza Fatali Akhundzade, Hasan Bay Zardabi, Seyid Azim Shirvani and Ibrahim Shinasi , Namik Kemal, Ziya Pasha, and others in Turkey.

TÜRKİYE İÇİN SAVAŞ VAKTİ

Author(s): Sait Yılmaz / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 3/2009

Savaşlar tarihin kırılma noktalarını bazen de en önemli gelişme aşamalarını oluşturur. Türklere Orta Doğu’nun kapısını açan Dandanakan (1040), Orta Avrupa’da durmamızı temsil eden Viyana Kuşatması (1683) ya da Türk Devrimin askeri zaferi olan Başkomutanlık Meydan Muharebesi (1922) gibi savaşlar tarihin köşe taşları, yol kavşaklarıdır. Savaşlar tarihin en katı gerçekleridir ve tarih boyunca barışa ancak savaşlardan geçerek ulaşıldı. Savaş; barışın, özgürlüğün, bir şeylere sahip olabilmenin ödenen ağır bedelidir. Uğrunda savaşmaya değer şeylere sahip oldukça savaşı beklemek gerekir. Türk tarihi savaş, göç ve kültür tarihidir. Türkler coğrafyaya ve zamana meydan okuyan bir millettir; zamanın bilinen bütün coğrafyalarında savaştılar, devletler kurarak yaşadılar. Türk tarihinde siyasi olgular, kültürel gelişmeler, sosyal aşamalar savaşlar ile başlar ve savaşlarla sonlanırlar. Sık sık yaşanan savaşlar Türk tarihinin en belirleyici öğesi olagelmiştir.

Leone Leoni – zapomniany kompozytor wczesnego baroku

Author(s): Róża Zuzanna Różańska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01 (32)/2017

The article is a pioneer attempt in Polish literature to develop a syn- thetic resume and the characteristics of the work of the Italian Baroque composer Leone Leoni. Leoni was highly valued in his time; also, he is said to be one of the creators of dramma per musica genre, and his religious compositions served as model examples of counterpoint for many centuries. e rst part of the text presents the state of research concerning the life and work of the artist; then, the second part con- tains his biography. e last part discusses Leoni’s works. Finally, the rank of his output is regarded.

Създаване и запазване на колективната памет за военни конфликти в османската погранична периферия: битките на Михай Витязул с Османската империя по време на войната със Свещената лига (1593–1606)

Author(s): Stefka Parveva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3-4/2015

This study focuses on some aspects of the ways and mechanisms for preserving the memory of traumatic events during military conflicts among the subjects of the Sultan. These aspects have to do with the functioning of the Ottoman bureaucratic, judicial and military institutions on local and central level, and communication with the local population. For this purpose, the study analyzes the case with the citizens of Silistra and their conduct, as well as that of the Ottoman authorities, during and after the war with the Holy League in 1593–1606 and the late 17th century. The analysis of the sources reveals that the process of preserving and passing on the information involved functionaries from all levels of the Ottoman hierarchy and that various bureaucratic practices were applied related to the registration and taxation of the population, and to the creation of formal and informal archival collections. There were several ways of preserving and passing on of the memory: by means of written communication among the institutions (through document flow toward the centre and back to the provinces); by oral communication between the representatives of the authorities and taxpayers in the kadı court, and discussions among the members of the community and its elders who attended the court sittings. Written evidence of the war events, or more specifically, of the feelings that overwhelmed the people and the disturbing thoughts that haunted them in those troubled times was left by a number of literate Bulgarians in marginal notes on pages of liturgical books and even on church walls. These short notes testify that the clash between the warring armies did not bring any hope to the Christians, but only fear in their souls and awareness of the trouble that had befallen them in those “severe and turbulent times”. Finally, the folklore also provides information about the war, transforming in a specific way the memory of events and people, people’s attitude towards the afflictions that befell on them. The analyzed sources show that the memory which the Bulgarians have preserved and transmitted to next generations is charged with predominantly negative assessment of the traumatic events during the war and of Michael Viteazul’s image. It seems that the scope of the devastation and the suffering caused by the Wallachian armies to the Christian population were a stronger factor in the process of constructing the collective memory of the events than the war victories of the Voivode over the Ottoman ruler in the lands south of the Danube. That is why the themes of killing, enslavement and displacement of the population as well as the motif of the unforgivable sin of Voivode Michael stand out in the Ottoman documents, in the marginal notes, and the folk songs.

На границата на османското пространство: Видин, ХV – първата половина на ХVІІІ в.

Author(s): Rossitsa Gradeva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3-4/2015

Based on a variety of mainly Ottoman primary sources – kadı sicills, tapu tahrir defters, single documents, as well as contemporary narratives, the article aims at elucidating the impact of the wars waged by the Ottomans with their neighbours at a time of expansion and retreat in one Ottoman border region and city. More specifically it analyses the influence of the war and the frontier on the defence system and the military institutions, on the establishment and development of the provincial administration and the agrarian regime over a period of nearly four centuries. The focus is on the city of Vidin during the wars at the end of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th century following which it again came at the frontline of Ottoman defence, and on the influence of the frontier on the relations between the two main religious communities in the region, the Muslims and the Orthodox Christians.

„За хазната неверникът е най-полезен“: За религиозната политика на османците в Унгария

Author(s): Pál Fodor / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3-4/2015

Similarly to Beldiceanu’s thesis, who claimed, that conversion to Islam on the Balkans was against the interests of the central treasury, as it created exemption from the so-called poll tax (cizye), Pal Fodor argues in the same tone when investigating the religious policy of Ottomans in Hungary. Islamization remained limited owing to several factors beside the mentioned interests of the central treasury. As the territory of Hungary was never totally controlled, the Hungarian nobility was more or less able to tax the serfs from the refuge area and prohibit any relations with the Ottoman authorities (even under the penalty of death). Beside the existence of the condominium, the relatively small number of conquerors (50-100 thousand, beside them many Orthodox – compared to the 850 000 local reaya population), also implied that Islam could not be established among broad layers of society. Forced conversion was against the principle of zimma, but of course minor repressions against Christianity were regular (prohibition of reconstructing ruined churches, insulting priest or kidnapping them for ransom was a good business, etc.). The Ottomans tried to increase the existing opposition between Catholics and Protestants, but in this respect their attempts were mostly futile (although Catholics often claimed, that the success of Protestantism in Hungary is partly the result of the Ottoman support). The puritanism of Calvinist churches and the anti-Habsburg behaviour of Protestants were advantageous for the Ottoman rule. It is true that Catholicism was never treated so well, but even this initial sympathy towards Protestantism disappeared by the 1560s as many Protestants fought against the Ottoman army. Furthermore, the Antitrinitarians wanted a syncretic religion reforming the Islam too instead of accepting it. The Ottoman behaviour soon shifted to neutralism (they even let Catholic monks entering the occupied zone from 1615 on), and religious questions only had relevance, when these could serve political or economic goals. Favouring Orthodox people (establishing churches) was also among the tactics partly because of the family ties of the conquerors. On the whole, the attitude of the Ottomans towards their Hungarian subjects can best be described by the term “religious indifference”. Taking advantage of the constant religious disputes between the various denominations, the main aim of the Ottoman’s “religious” policy was to extort as much money from the local Christians as possible.

Пал Фодор. От султан Сюлейман до Мор Йокаи. Студии за структурата на османската турска власт и унгарско-турските контакти. Будапеща, Институт по история към Изследователския център по хуманитаристика при Унгарската академия на науките, 2014. 448 с.

Author(s): Gábor Demeter,Penka Peykovska / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3-4/2015

Book review

Балаж Шудар. Джамии и месчити в Османска Унгария. Будапеща, 2014. 656 с.

Author(s): Penka Peykovska,Gábor Demeter / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3-4/2015

Book review

Караджа паша джамия в Гоце Делчев – историографски разказ и документални реалии

Author(s): Damian Borisov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2017

By comparing the historiographical narrative of Karadzha Pasha Mosque in Gotse Delchev and content of the documents on which it was built, this article raises several questions, the answers to which give cause for rethinking the facts.

Търговската модерност на Българското възраждане

Author(s): Margarita Marinova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2017

Ottoman Gunpowder Factories (Baruthanes) in Bulgaria

Author(s): Lyubomir Mikov / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2015

The presented baruthanes give grounds for making the following important conclusions: First, almost all baruthanes were built in the 19th century as gunpowder stores or powder-kegs and have a specific architecture (an exception in this regard is the state factory in Razgrad for the production of refined saltpeter). Second, the spread of these baruthanes follows the policy of decentralization implemented by the Ottoman authorities in the establishment of baruthanes outside the Bulgarian lands. Third, the built baruthanes were most likely related to the securing of gunpowder for the Russian-Turkish wars in the nineteenth century.

Олга Тодорова. Православната църква и българите. XV-XVIII в. (Olga Todorova. L’église orthodoxe et les Bulgares. XV-XVIII-e siècle)

Author(s): Tamara Stoilova / Language(s): French Issue: 3-4/1998

Русские в Трёхречье: исторический экскурс

Author(s): Andrey Zabiyako / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2016

The article deals with history of formation of the Russian enclave near Trekhrech’ye (Sanhe, the District of Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia, the People's Republic of China). Since the beginning of the 19th century, this area bordering on Transbaikalia became populated from the Russian side by Cossacks, Old Believers, crime fugitives, to mine gold men. From the middle of the 19th century, cause of hunger in the southern and central regions the Chinese settled there. There are more marriages registered between Chinese men and Russian women so the metis people were born ("half-bloods"). The events of the October revolution and the Russian Civil war strengthened an influx of the Russian emigrants to Trekhrech’ye. To the middle of the 1950th the Russian and "half-bloods" constituted the majority of the population Trekhrech’ya which living in traditions of the Russian country culture and speaking Russian.

THE ACTIVITIES OF THE FRANCISCAN ORDER IN THE OTTOMAN TERRITORIES (17th CENTURY): MISSIONARY APPROACHES

Author(s): Elmira Vasileva / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

The paper studies the missionary strategies of the Observant Franciscans in the European part of the Ottoman Empire and those of the friars from Bosna Argentina Province in particular. The Bosnian Franciscan mission in the Bulgarian lands and the evangelization endeavors of the Bosnian and Bulgarian friars among the so-called Paulicians is in the focus of the research. A brief account of the missionaries’ relations with the Orthodox and Muslim population is also given. These issues are situated in the context of both the Franciscan Order’s missionary traditions and the implementation of the Catholic reforms in the Early Modern Period.

SEMPRE FORTI ALLA SANTA FEDE – CONFESSIONAL DISCOURSE ON RELIGIOUS CONFORMITY IN THE CATHOLIC SOURCES CONCERNING OTTOMAN BALKANS (17th AND 18th C.)

Author(s): Rafael Dorian Chelaru / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

The present article explores some of the main features of the confessional discourse present in the ecclesiastic sources dealing with Catholicism in Early Modern Ottoman Balkans (particularly Bosnia and Albania) with a special stress on the issue of religious conformity. Our conclusion is that the Catholic clergy, although aware of the various local conditions and demonstrating often a solid knowledge of their subjects’ minds, operated with a confessional mindset embedded with the Tridentine norms.

LOCAL ELITES AND COMMUNITIES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PUBLIC ORDER DURING THE 18th CENTURY: PERCEPTIONS FROM THE CORE EUROPEAN TERRITORIES OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

Author(s): Mariya Shusharova / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

During the 17th and 18th century the Ottoman state implemented various mechanisms to organize the system of public order mobilizing the local resources of the province. This study aims at exploring the expanding scope of local communities’ obligations by detailed view of their role in the various stages in the treatment of criminal matters: reporting the crime/ complaint; arrest, persecution; the trial/investigation; punishment. The elaboration of the local social microstructure and the development of new social relations represented by the emergence of the local communal elites had a clear repercussion on the development and upgrading of different socio-legal mechanisms in the context of the administration of the public offences. These competences of the local communities were a result of a long evolution and they became of key importance in the context of the widespread brigandage during the second half of the 18th century.

Роль импортных материалов в создании костюмных комплексов городского населения Молдавского княжества XV—XVII вв.

Author(s): Natalia M. Kalashnikova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2017

The article analyzes written, graphic and material sources about extensive and active trade relations of the Principality of Moldavia that played an important role in formation of costumes worn by various estates in Moldavian cities in 15th—17th century. As the so-called “Tartar route”, one of the most actively used trade routes of 13th—14th century: from German cities to Lviv and Kamianets-Podilskyi and farther to Tighina (Bender) and Black Sea ports of Billhorod-Dnistrovsky and Caffa (Feodosia) constantly became more and more dangerous, merchants gradually ceased to use it and, in late 14th — early 15th centuries, adapted new “Moldavian route” from Krakov and Lviv to Suceava, Galats, Bilhorod and Caffa. Thus, it were Krakov and Lviv that secured Moldavian trade with Poland, Germany, Flanders, and Italy. Due to this route and arrival of oriental and, later, western imported materials (textiles, jewelery, etc.) in 16th—17th centuries, the costumes of Moldavian nobility were formed. First, Byzantine (as earlier in time) elements prevailed in these costumes, later to be replaced by West European fashion trends. The former reached Moldavia through neighboring Balkan countries, and the latter through Hungary and Poland.

Gypsies in Ottoman Empire according to the 16th–17th Centuries Bursa and Balıkesir Shari’a Court Records

Author(s): Ömer Düzbakar / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2016

Various ethnical groups such as Armenians, Greeks, Jews and Assyrians who lived within the borders of the Ottoman Empire have been subjects to several researches. Unfortunately, the available researches done about the ethnical group called Gypsies are so few that they cannot even be compared to the researches available for other ethnical groups. The expression “Half Nation”, which is frequently used to identify the Gypsies who had been casted away from the society because of their life styles, is maybe the most important expression used to describe gypsies’ position in the society. This study, which is based on the 16th–17th centuries Bursa and Balıkesir Shari’a Court Records, aims to put forward the position of the Gypsies in the Ottoman society and the empire’s attitude towards the gypsies. I owe my thanks to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Abdulmecit MUTAF who helped me have access to Balıkesir Shari’a Court Records and to İsmail TORACI who shaped my research with his precious opinions.