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Grbovi senjskih Rittera Vitezovića i heraldika u djelima Pavla Rittera Vitezovića

Author(s): Enver Ljubović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2011

In the article the author describes the well-known noble of Senj, the Ritter-Vitezovićs, which as an old knight's noble family, who since 1365 has had genealogy and a noble coat of arms with the agnomen of "von Frendorf", began in the 16th century from Alsace, where itbelonged to ancient aristocracy, and then moved to Senj. One branch of the family went to the Czech Republic also from where the Senj branch of Ritter-Vitezovi!s originates. In the paper is presented the old family coat of arms and the arms from the grant of nobility and herald from 1652. The Ritter family in Senj very early on Croatized its old surname and carried the surname Vitezović. They received nobility and the coats of arms on 15th October 1652 from King Ferdinand III in Prague. Nobility and coat of arms were granted to Antun Ritter Vitezović, his wife Doroteja, brothers Juraj and Ivan, and son Pavao, who was born that year. The nobility of the Ritter-Vitezovićs was announced and confirmed in the Croatian parliament. The first to move to Senj was Antun Ritter, who was a sergeant at the Nehaj fortress and had the title of prince and who was also provost-marshal in Ledenice, and who participated in battles near Klis in 1537. Certainly one of the most prominent members of this family was Pavao Ritter Vitezović, who was born in Senj on 12th January 1652, and went to school in Senj and Zagreb. He was anhistorian, archivist, heraldist, cartographer, printer, poet and a representative of Senj in the Hungarian-Croatian parliament in Bratislava. He worked and taught with Kranjska Baron I.W. Valvasor in Bogenšperk in Kranjska. Besides literature he was also involved in auxiliary historical sciences, especially genealogy, heraldry and sphragistics. He wrote a collection of socalled Illyrian heralds under the title of Stemmatographia, sive armorum Illyricorum delineatio, descriptio et restitutio, which was printed in Vienna in 1701, with a second edition being printed in Zagreb in 1702. Vitezovi! was the first in Croatia to introduce heraldry terminology in Latin and to set the importance of colours into heraldry, and his interest in heraldry was crucial for his stay with Valvasor in Kranjska. In the collection of Count Marsiglija in Bologna a manuscript written by Vitezovi! under the title of Regnorum et proviciarum Illyricorum insignia genuina was found. He is the founder of Croatian nation-building ideas and the forerunner of the national revival amongst Croats, he also wanted to achieve unity in spelling and language. Due to his great service in battle against the Turks he was twice awarded with the decoration of Golden Imperial Knight (eques aureatus). He was the founder and owner of “Zemaljske tiskare” press in Zagreb, and he died far away from his homeland and descendants in complete poverty on 20th January 1713 in Vienna, where he was also buried.

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Senjska plemićka obitelj Krajač – Krajatz – Krajatch

Author(s): Enver Ljubović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2011

The author describes the famous Senj noble family who were involved in trade and seafaring. The work contains the coat of arms with a description and a family tree of the Senj branch of Krajač. The family was granted nobility and the family coat of arms by Croatian-Hungarian King Leopold I (1657-1705), and confirmed and announced at the meeting of the Croatian parliament in 1660. Ivan Krajač (Joannis Kraiach) received Litarae nobiles as an armalist-warrior. The Krajačs had two noble agnomens "of Steničnjak" and "of Blatnice", and they belong to ancient Croatian families. Even back in the 15th century this family possibly belonged to the brotherhood of the Steničnjak noble family. In various documents the County ofGorica is mentioned. In one Steni$njak judicial document from 29th July 1572, Kata Krajač, the widow of Petar Krajač is mentioned. This surname is mentioned in lists of military units of Senj and Otočac in 1551. In the second half of the 17th century after the stifling of the Zrinski-Frankopan resistance they appeared in secrecy in Ladvi! near Crikvenica. After the quelling of the Zrinski and Frankopan resistance they lost all their estates which they owned and they had to hide and conceal their aristocratic origins. One important historical family document is a transcript written by Ivan Krajač, son of Tomin. Ivan had three sons: Tomo, Ivan and Mato. Tomo settled in Senj and founded the Senj lineage of Krajačs. Tomin's sons Ivan (1812-1881)and Rafael (1817-1885) together with several Senj merchants founded the Senj Shipping Society. Rafael was one of the most well-known merchants of Senj and is considered the founder ofanother branch of the Krajač family. From Ivan's descendants well known is Ladislav (1857-1928) a wholesaler, a member of parliament, mayor and honorary consul of the Greek Littoralwho at the same time also established the First Croatian Steamship Society in Senj. Ivan Krajač (1877-1945) was minister of economy and trade in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and a well-known mountaineer. Vuk Krajač (1894-1962) was a publicist, serving in the Chamber of Commerce in Zagreb and the Ministry of Trade and Industry in Belgrade. He was the founder of the City Museum of Senj and a lifetime honorary conservator of Senj. Apart from the Senj connections to the Krajačs, there are also lineages in Crikvenica and Moravia to this famous trading family. The Senj lineage of Krajačs was in kinship and marital ties associated with many noble families in Croatia and Europe. The Krajačs left a deep impression in the history, culture and economy of Senj due to the ecocnomic activities of this maritime and port town.

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STUDIU DE CAZ: CETATEA INEU DE-A LUNGUL ISTORIEI

Author(s): Melinda Gabriela Keresztes / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 13/2020

By consulting several types of sources, we seek to retrace the manner in which Ineu fortress has developed throughout time. There is little known about it, which is why Romanian historiography needs augmentation. The first piece of information emerged in 1295, when Egidij, the lord of a castle, was mentioned; the presence of a castrum is confirmed for the following year. Ineu has possessed a fortification system since the thirteenth century. This increased starting with 1387, when the Losonczy family received jurisdiction rights over the settlement. In 1472 a lord of the castle is mentioned (in their service). In 1566 the fortress was besieged by the Ottomans, and a part of the old fortifications became military garrisons or sanjaks. Then, in 1595, the fortress was seized by the Habsburgs. During their reign, the 1605 conscription was redacted, which brought to light data regarding the goods and weaponry of the fortress. Also, the fortress was rebuilt in accordance with the blueprints of architect Gabriel Haller. In 1658 the fortress was regained by the Ottomans, a fact confirmed by Evlia Kurt Cselebi, the first eye witness to describe it. From the eighteenth century until the end of the twentieth century Ineu fortress did not have a defensive role, but rather an administrative, educational, and even a medical one. Archeological findings show that it underwent a new process of restauration in the twentienth century.

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Neki poznatiji Senjani uznici. U prigodi 300. obljetnice rođenja Mateše Antuna pl. Kuhačevića 1697.- 14. lipnja 1997.

Author(s): Anđelko Mijatović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2003

The author in this text presents the destinies of many people from Senj from the 16th century until after WWII. At the beginning of this article, the author describes the life and suffering of Krsto Frankapan, who was a famous warrior in the service of the Roman-German Emperor Maximilian I Habsburg. In a battle against the Venetians he was wounded and imprisoned in the Doge’s Toresseli palace. Also in the prison with him was his wife Apolonia. There are also some other prisoners life stories. The author especially details the personality of Mateša Antun Kovačević from the 18th century who spent his time in prison writing. In the second half of the 19th century Josip Geržanić who fought for Croatian national rights was taken to the prison because he kicked the Croatian Ban Dragutin Khuen-Hèdèrvary who was imposed upon Croatia by the Hungarian government. In the 20th century, from 1918 to 1990, there were a lot of people from Senj imprisoned because of their struggles for national and social rights. Some of them were even killed. The author especially talks about a group of people who were condemned at trials conducted between 1948 and 1949 and about Professor Branko Krmpotić, historian and collaborator with the Senj zbornik who was imprisoned for three years (1946-1949). This article describes difficult times through which Croatian people lived during their history.

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Representation of the Livonian clergy in 13th–16th century sigillographic sources

Author(s): Ilona Jekele / Language(s): English Issue: 1(29)/2021

The paper focuses on the investigation of the sigillographic sources — pendant wax seals, that belonged to the representatives of Livonian Bishops and Archbishops of Riga. For the investigation, more than 700 pendant wax seals from the Latvian State Historical Archive’s Fund No. 8 — “Archives of Internal Magistrate of Riga” were analyzed. The paper focuses on the wax seals that belonged to the representatives of the Archbishopric of Riga, and representatives of the Livonian Bishoprics. Analysis of the seals of Livonian clergy reveal that several stages can be distinguished in their development. The earliest wax seals that belonged to the representatives of the Livonian clergy display a well-known image – a bishop seated on a throne holding his regalia. For earliest seals it was common to use uncolored wax, these seals mostly were round in shape but the transition to the pointed oval shape took place during the 13th-century. By the middle and end of the 13th-century seals transitioned into use of red wax. During this time also first double-sided seals (where the reverse can be considered as the counterseal) appeared. In this period bishops and archbishops are depicted standing in the church surroundings, indicating the seal owner’s status and rank. In the 14th-century the use of the family coat of arms also appears. Counterseals in 15th-16th-cenuries are used separately as the great seal and counterseal and the depiction used in them represent the importance of the cult of Virgin Mary in Livonia. Nevertheless, Livonian clergymen also used their family coat of arms for self-representation. Medieval religious communities were specialists in symbolization. During the middle ages they adopted and readjusted their own equivalent of self-representation devices used not only in sigillographic sources but also in artistic and architectural works.

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Główne kategorie myśli politycznej Richarda Hookera

Author(s): Piotr Musiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 61/2019

This article outlines the main philosophical and political issues of this late-Tudor Anglican divine. Hooker’s ideas, developed in Of the Laws of Eccclesiastical Polity, provide some atypical answers to typical questions about the state and its connection with the church. The first issue presented is the nature of law and reason: Hooker’s approach bears a strong resemblance to St. Thomas Aquinas’ thought here. We can also observe the naissance of a theory of a “social contract”, as society enters an agreement to nominate a governor over them. Hooker seems to be applying this theory to both the origins of the state and of the church. In describing the role of tradition in law-making, Hooker can be called the pioneer of the Conservative doctrine. We shall indicate the role of the Revelation in Hooker’s outlook and his polemics with the Puritans here. Finally, we will come to Hooker’s criticism of the theory of two powers, his favour of monism and its historical proponents, and to his arguments for the royal supremacy in England.

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GRAD SENJ U EUROPSKOJ KARTOGRAFIJI 16. I 17. ST.

Author(s): Anna Maria Grüenfelder / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2000

This essay is a contribution to the "Oeco-history" of Senj. This "subaspect of economic and social history researches the natural preconditions of historical events. Landmapes and, in general, illustrations are indispensable and very important sources, as they pretend on geographically preciseness and detailness. Zengg/Senj as an urbane center, situated at the Adriatic-seacoste can be traced on some of the oldest geographical maps dating from the later 16. and the earlier 17. century, represented in the Cartographical collection of the Croatian State Archive. Besides landmapes, important sources are also sketches of the architectonic "stock" (e.g. civil buildings, family-houses, fortresses, walls) and explaining legends, as well as the reports of military engineers on the architectonical status and their proposals for reconstruction. The cited cartographical sources compared with the results of researches in the narrative archivals of the "Kriegsarchiv" (the Court-War-Council's Archiv in Vienna and Graz, als well as the complementary sources of the Slovenian State Archive in Ljubljana) show that it was the crude karst-landscape of Senj as well as its ras climate, which additionally to the vicinty of the (invisible) border-line to the Turkish territories of Bosna blocked the development of traffic, contacts with continental Croatia and the other Inneraustrian provinces. However, Senj which throughout the 16. and the 17. century had to concentrate all its forces on its defension and the protection of its back area, and therefore faced a certain "militarisation", in the sense of subording all other needs to military discipline, did not forfeit its urban image and reputation as an ancient urban center. The autoress faced the need to draw attention on the fact, that the cartographical sources of the historical period in question, which represents the most early cartographical tradition, cannot claim the same high degree of objectiveness as modern cartography. But in comparison to the utmost abstract and symbolic "language" of modern landmapes, these ancient Renaissance-sources offer us a lot of concrete details and, therefor, allow various interpretations. Thus it is indispensable to combine the cartographical researches with archival sources.

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O privire critică asupra unei descrieri inedite a Timișoarei la 1821 în jurnalul de călătorie a lui Mindszenthy Antal

Author(s): Zsuzsanna Kopeczny,István Pánya / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2020

Mindszenthy Antal (1786-1859?) was a Hungarian erudite who travelled across Europe and Hungary, leaving behind a diary about his trip across the Hungarian Plane. The first part of his descriptions was published in 1831 and 1832, but due to the censorship of the period, the second part of his manuscript, the description of his trip from Titel to Pest, was not allowed to be printed. The diary of Mindszenthy is kept in the Széchenyi National Library from Budapest, Hungary and was entirely published recently by the Katona József Museum from Kecskemét. Due to the fact that the travel route included regions of Banat that are to be found today within the borders of Romania, one of the stops being the center of the region, namely Timișoara, we thought it would be of great interest to publish the description of the city, both in Hungarian language and translated into Romanian. Timișoara has underwent several reconstructions through the centuries (and it witnessed three major sieges in 1551/1552, 1718 and 1849), consequently the major part of it’s architectural heritage dates from the end of the 19th century, but especialy from the beginning of the following century. Such narrations from eye whitnesses are very scarce in the first part of the 19th century, a period when illustrations are as well extremely rare. A local priest, Nicolae Stoica de Hațeg has written his chronicle about the region of Banat a few years after Mindszenthy, between 1825-1827. Apparently for both of them the work of Francesco Griselini stood as a modell. The original text has been adnoted with comments and interpretations of the authors in order to establish the veridicity of the descriptions and to provide further information regarding the subject of the account. Since the diary did not included any illustration, for a better understanding we completed it with several images representing either the city plan or buildings, mainly dating from the 19th century or earlier, trying to illustrate the descriptions as faithfully as possible.The text also offered the authors the opportunity to discuss about some historical relics it refers to: an ottoman inscription that was inaccurately translated until now, the Horros Kapi (Rooster or later Forforosa Gate) of the Ottoman fortification of Timișoara and a presumably medieval flag kept in the artillery warehouse.

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THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF OTTOMAN EMPIRE & UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BASED ON ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL SYSTEMS

Author(s): Abdul Fayaz Nasiri / Language(s): English Issue: 51/2021

This article examines political and economic analysis of Ottoman states and United States of America, two states that existed at different times, both governed by the state system. The study uses the proxy variables of states budget system, states tax system, central tax system, states monetary system and central government monetary system. This examination spans over the period of 16th, 17th, and 18th century for Ottoman Empire. The study uses the qualitative analyses that based on literature economics to estimate required results and find that there is similarities and differences in financial and political systems between the Ottoman Empire and United states of America, although it exists into different periods. The Research will contribute to the policy makers to creates strong fiscal and political system in connection between the Ottoman Empire and United states of America. As a result, we will reveal Ottoman empire, which spread three continents in the past centuries, whether was a source of inspiration for America as politically and economically, which is a superpower today.

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Obscure loqui. Zagadki i ich definicje w łacińskich traktatach i podręcznikach poetyki XVI–XVIII wieku wobec tradycji antycznej

Author(s): Barbara Milewska-Waźbińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2 (55)/2020

Julian Krzyżanowski’s statement that a riddle is a literary genre standing on the border between literature and language is the best inspiration for the philologist to undertake research on this issue. The article contains considerations on definitions and theory of this popular genre in old literature. It has been mentioned that the most complete theoretical and literary reflection on riddles in the early modern era was conducted by the Italian humanist Lilio Giraldi in his Latin work Libellus, in quo aenigmata pleraque antiquorum explicantur, first published in 1539 in Basel and then again in 1551. Giraldi directed his thoughts first to the Latin definition of the riddle noted by Aulus Gellius. The author of the article points out that scholars do not report the ambiguity of the riddle genre in their research, and in particular they ignore the fact that Gellius caused trouble to humanists when he used the word “scirpus” in his definition. Although in ancient times theoretical reflection on the riddle was not too abundant, the author’s attempt to go through ancient sources in Greek (Aristotle, Plutarch, Athenaeus) allows us to penetrate deeper into the definitions, terminology and semantics of the riddle genre and to consider its function in modern literary theory and practice terms derived from the Greek language, such as: aenigma, griphus, logogriphus. The author of this article emphasises that in contrast to the theoretical ancient reflection, in the treatises on poetics and rhetoric created in the Renaissance, and above all in the Baroque, including the works of the Jesuits, one can find numerous extensive remarks about riddles which were eagerly practised at that time. An example of the vivid interest in this subject matter is the Latin manuscript discussed briefly in the article. The text was written in the first half of the 18th century and contains, inter alia, notes on the theory of poetry. Among the issues enclosed in this manuscript textbook, much space is devoted to riddles. Despite the terminological ambiguity of the riddle genre and the equivocality of definitions, which were carefully noted by the authors of the theoretical treatises, in the conclusion of this article the author emphasises the extraordinary popularity that various forms of riddles enjoyed in literary practice in the 16th–18th centuries.

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Polskie opisy Rzymu ze zbiorów Gabinetu Starych Druków BUW. Studium proweniencyjne

Author(s): Martyna Osuch / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1 (54)/2020

Descriptions of the Eternal City written or translated by Poles began to appear in print in the second half of the 16th century. Before 1800 only eight titles were published, three of which are kept in the Early Printed Books Department of the University of Warsaw Library. Analysing the individual characteristics of the copies, such as ownership marks, marginalia, or bindings, an attempt is made to establish the identity of the owners of the books, their interests and reading practices, and to determine the ways in which Rome was perceived by readers born in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The aim of the study is also to show how the way of thinking about the Eternal City changed over the years and to present the purposes for which the former guides and accounts about Rome were used by the 17th, 18th, and 19th century readers. Five editions and eight copies of three titles were analysed. These are: O Rzymie pogańskim i chrześcijańskim (On Pagan and Christian Rome) by Andrzej Wargocki (two editions, five copies), Delicyje ziemie włoskiej (Italian Delicacies) by Georg Kranitz (two editions, two copies), and Droga rzymska z nawrotem do swojej ojczyzny (A Return Journey to Rome) by Kazimierz Kognowicki (one edition, one copy).

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Angelika Modlińska-Piekarz , Łacińska poezja biblijna na Śląsku w XVI i XVII wieku

Author(s): Piotr Urbański / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

Review of: Piotr Urbański - Angelika Modlińska-Piekarz , Łacińska poezja biblijna na Śląsku w XVI i XVII wieku, Lublin 2018, Wydawnictwo KUL, ss. 800

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Wojciech Fałkowski, Pierwsze stulecie Jagiellonów

Author(s): Przemysław Szpaczyński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2019

Review of: Przemysław P. Szpaczyński - Przemysław P. Szpaczyński - Wojciech Fałkowski, Pierwsze stulecie Jagiellonów, wstęp Paweł Darecki, Kraków 2017, Wydawnictwo Avalon, Muzeum Historii Polski, ss. 350

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Wartości polityczne Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów. Struktury aksjologiczne i granice cywilizacyjne, red. Anna Grześkowiak-Krwawicz

Author(s): Filip Wolański / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2020

Review of: Filip Wolański - Wartości polityczne Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów. Struktury aksjologiczne i granice cywilizacyjne, red. Anna Grześkowiak-Krwawicz, współpraca Jerzy Axer, Warszawa 2017, Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, ss. 318 (Kultura Pierwszej Rzeczypospolitej w dialogu z Europą. Hermeneutyka wartości, t. 3)

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Mateusz Wyżga, Homo movens. Mobilność chłopów w mikroregionie krakowskim w XVI–XVIII wieku

Author(s): Cezary Kuklo / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2020

Review of: Cezary Kuklo - Mateusz Wyżga, Homo movens. Mobilność chłopów w mikroregionie krakowskim w XVI–XVIII wieku, Kraków 2019, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Pedagogicznego, ss. 468

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HENRYK SZLAJFER, WSPÓŁTWÓRCY ATLANTYCKIEGO ŚWIATA: NOWI CHRZEŚCIJANIE I ŻYDZI W GOSPODARCE KOLONIALNEJ AMERYKI ŁACIŃSKIEJ XVI–XVII WIEKU

Author(s): Jan Kieniewicz / Language(s): English Issue: 4 (en)/2020

Review of: Jan Kieniewicz - Henryk Szlajfer, Współtwórcy atlantyckiego świata: Nowi chrześcijanie i Żydzi w gospodarce kolonialnej Ameryki Łacińskiej XVI–XVII wieku [Co-creators of the Atlantic World: New Christians and Jews in the Colonial Economy of Latin America in the Sixteenth and Eighteenth Century], Warsaw: Scholar, 2018, 247 pp.

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Animals in the legal culture of Prussian towns (the 13th–16th centuries): An overview

Author(s): Paweł Mateusz Modrzyński / Language(s): English Issue: 23/2019

Animals were a permanent element in the landscape of medieval towns. Many residents of the then urban centres lived of animal husbandry. In addition to farm animals (e.g. pigs), they kept domestic animals (e.g. dogs and cats) as well as wild animals. The latter often sought food in garbage and suburbs. Such animals were also kept for entertainment. Authorities of Prussian towns regulated many issues related to the functioning of towns, including those concerning animal husbandry. Animals could pose a threat to the health and life of residents. They were also considered to be pests that destroy crops, orchards, and household appliances. The legislation of the period was focused on determining guilt for crimes and offenses committed by animals. Either an animal, treated as an entity responsible for the harmful act, or its owner was blamed for the misconducts. The presence of animals, especially livestock, was considered to be the cause of considerable sanitary problems in towns, mainly due to animal waste. Town authorities regulated issues concerning cattle herding and grazing. The care over the herd was entrusted to urban shepherds whose service was regulated by town legislation. The problem of the perception of animals by the society of that time was also significant. Although seemingly unwanted, they were the only source of income for many residents. For some, animals were pests, and for others, a guarantee of fragile existence. It was also a time when people began to wonder what exactly an animal is, what role it should play in human life, and how to treat it.

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The Oath More JudaicoTwo Early Modern Jewish Oaths from Wrocław and Świdnica and Their Comparison with Medieval Jewish Oaths

Author(s): Hana Komárková / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2020

Forma, a niekiedy gest przysięgi były jedną ze składowych świata symboliki epoki średniowiecznej i nowożytnej. Celem pracy jest przedstawienie dwóch wczesnonowożytnych przysiąg zachowanych w zbiorach (księgach przysiąg) z miast tzw. magdeburskiego okręgu prawnego – Wrocławia i Świdnicy – oraz ich analiza w kontekście rozwoju przysięgi żydowskiej (juramentum judeorum, sacramentum Hebreorum, Judeneid) w Europie Środkowej. Na podstawie porównania tekstu obu wspomnianych przysiąg z przysięgami średniowiecznymi została podjęta próba prześledzenia ciągłości owego zjawiska oraz zmian we wzajemnych relacjach pomiędzy mniejszością żydowską a chrześcijańską większością. Brzmienie przysięgi żydowskiej zależało od celu, jakiemu miała ona służyć. Przysięga została stworzona przez chrześcijan, którzy dążyli do tego, by jak najbardziej ograniczyć możliwość jej złamania. Biorąc pod uwagę przepisy dotyczące praktycznego zastosowania przysięgi, można powiedzieć, że jej celem było również ukazanie miejsca i pozycji narodu żydowskiego w społeczności chrześcijańskiej. Przysięga była przede wszystkim narzędziem dyscyplinowania i kontroli. Z powyższych powodów stanowi ona bogate źródło cennych informacji na temat rozwoju społeczeństwa miejskiego oraz zapewnia wgląd w zmiany, jakim podlegało ono na przestrzeni znaczącego i długiego okresu swojego istnienia.

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Change and Continuity in Translation. Renewing Communication in a Globalised World

Author(s): Yves Gambier / Language(s): English Issue: 37/2020

At first sight, technology is transforming rapidly the workflow in translation. Like in many other fields, digital technology impacts translators’ daily life. Technology is so omnipresent that we are hardly capable of measuring the consequences it had, the metamorphosis it has induced. On the other hand, we are also so fascinated by all the technical devices and platforms we can use that we tend to forget or undermine the past and how technology and media have always played a role in the evolution of our cultures. Looking back in history, we can realise that some current practices in translation, considered as new, are not really so new. The use of multimodal “texts” we are referring to everyday is not without analogy with the production and the reading of “texts” in the past. Perhaps the transition from a logocentric to an intersemiotic and intermedial culture puts an end to a limited period of time in history, dominated by printing. But closing the “Gutenberg parenthesis” does not imply coming across the same artefacts again as before the 15th century. Based on the existing literature, our paper questions the borders between some translation practice, media, disciplines, through an historical perspective.

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ICONOGRAPHY OF PLATO IN ANTIQUITY AND IN MEDIEVAL ORTHODOX PAINTING

Author(s): Daniil Dorofeev,Roman Svetlov,Mikhail I. Mikeshin,Marina A. VASILYEVA / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The article is devoted to the topic of visualization, which is relevant for the modern world in general and scientific knowledge in particular, investigated through the image of Plato in Antiquity and in medieval Orthodox painting. Using the example of Plato’s iconography as a visual message, the authors want to show the great potential for the development of the visual history of philosophy, anthropology and culture in general, as well as the new visually oriented semiotics and semantics of the image. This approach reveals expressively and meaningfully its relevance for the study of Plato’s image, together with other ancient philosophers’ images, in Orthodox medieval churches in Greece, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria and, of course, ancient Russia in the 15th-17th cc, allowing to see the great ancient Greek philosopher from a new perspective.

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