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К вопросу о местонахождении надписи, обнаруженной В.И. Григоровичем в округе Черкес-Кермена

Author(s): N.V. Dneprovskiy,Mikhail M. Choref / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2013

The article is dedicated to the analysis of the assumption which is widespread in the scientific literature that V.Grigorovich in 1873 saw a part of the date in the caption beneath the fresco in the cave church of «The Three Riders» in Eski-Kermen. Unfortunately, neither of the researchers have cited the caption published by Grigorovych as the evidence for this opinion. Our analysis of this text shows that it is not identical with the text of the inscription in the Church of «The Three Riders». It depicts the creation and painting the «Holy Church», while the inscription in the church of «The Three Riders» is dedicated to the creation of the image painted for the sake of the salvation of the soul and the remission of the sins of the unknown person. In addition, the date is missing in the surviving copies of the inscription of the temple of the «The Three Riders». It allows to assume that Grigorovich also couldn't see it. Therefore, it is inappropriate to use the information of Grigorovich as the evidence for dating of the frescoes in the Church of «The Three Riders». The authors suppose that Grigorovich have seen the dated inscription which is nowadays lost in some other cave temple. Some indirect indications point that it could be the church of «Donators» in Tcherkess-Kermen.

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К вопросу об атрибуции медных монет серии « القوه قريم »

Author(s): A.P. Kozlov,Mikhail M. Choref,A.V. Yakushechkin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2012

In the article focuses on the copper coins of the Golden Horde, the Crimean coinage with the rider on the obverse and the inscription «قريم القوه» on the reverse. These coins were minted in the first half of 1260-ies. We believe that the issue of these coins was under the control of the Selçuk’s

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„Az’ ne dovolen’ blogoslovit ego” – problem zaangażowania Aleksego w sprawy obsady tronu metropolitalnego na Rusi

Author(s): Marcin Grala / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2015

In 1378 Metropolitan Alexis, who was residing in Moscow, died. Even though nominated in 1354 head of the entire Russian Orthodox world, during the years of his ministry he had to challenge plans of creating separate metropolises in Lithuanian Russia and Galitian Rus’. In the course of indefatigable plans of Algirdas, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, in 1375 Philotheos Patriarch, for the Lithuanian part of the Rus’ metropolis, appointed Cyprian as a close collaborator to Alexis. According to Philotheos’s idea, after Alexis’s death, Cyprian was to extend his jurisdiction over Moscow. Such a decision provoked indignation there and brought the idea of nominating another candidate for the metropolitan throne. Prince Dmitry Ivanovich forced the candidacy of Mitya. The rejection of the Patriarch’s favorite in Moscow started a period of “church’s confusion” in the Russian Orthodoxy. In this article the author analyses Alexis’s attitude towards his own succession. It is widely known that he pictured Sergius of Radonezh in this role. This alone testifies that the Metropolitan did not intend to respect the Patriarch’s decision, and further, despite the lack of clarity of the sources, it cannot be ruled out that he also more or less supported Mitya for some time.

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Надписите от XIV в. в Марков манастир до Скопие и политическият възход на крадете Вълкашин и Марко

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Надписите от XIV в. в Марков манастир до Скопие и политическият възход на крадете Вълкашин и Марко

Author(s): Nikolay Ovcharov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/1995

Epigraphic monuments at Markov Monastery near Skopie (14th c.) are examined in the article. These are: the building inscription of the main church "St. Dimiter", the inscriptions round the images of the donors, the Kings Vulkashin and Marko, and the tracery text on a chandelier with the title of the same King Vulkashin. The author adds two new epigraphic monuments on the facades of the church, discovered and photographed personally by him. The set of inscriptions reveals the long history of the construction of the monastery in the 14th с and important events during the rule of Vulkashin and Marko. About 1365 they broke away from the Serbian Kingdom in the territory of which before that had been Vardar Macedonia. The analysis of the sources shows that most probably the two made attempts at close co-operation with the Bulgarian Kingdom. The "St. Dimiter" Church, completed in 1376–1377, was the apotheosis and also the last manifestation of their power. Immediately after that the domain of King Marko was reduced in size by the Turkish invasion and he was compelled to declare himself a vassal of the Sultan.

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YANYA’DA İLK OSMANLI HÂKİMİYET DÖNEMİ VE XIV. YÜZYILA AİT UNUTULMUŞ BİR ZÂVİYE

Author(s): AYŞEGÜL KILIÇ / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2016

Ottoman dervish lodges that witnessed the Ottoman conquest and first settlements in the Balkan Peninsula were important for both Ottoman and Islamic history. However in accordance with the lack of resources giving enough information about early Ottoman period’s first conquests and settlements, the first architectural structures have been neglected as well. One of them, known as the oldest Halveti lodge of Albania, Seyh Hasim Zaviye, which originates from the first period of the Ottoman rule, is located today in Ioannina, Greece. No detailed study on the tekke has been made so far, and no further information, except its foundation in 1390’s by Evrenos Beg, could be offered yet. Therefore, the first phase of our paper is to determine the first period of the Ottoman rule in Ioannina and thus the foundation date of this dervish lodge. Then the name of zaviye which was reflected to the Ottoman sources will be identified and will be discussed whether this dervish lodge was established as an Halveti zaviye. Finally we will mention about the current state of this forgotten XIVth century’s structure from the first Ottoman rule in Ioannina.

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PARAFIE W ŚREDNIOWIECZU NA OBSZARZE OBECNEJ DIECEZJI KIELECKIEJ

Author(s): Piotr Kardyś / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2014

The issues concerning the role of the basic ecclesial structures in the past tend to reappear every now and then in the field of history. The huge role of a parish was not limited only to religious life and practices, but also influenced the whole social and national life of a community. The paper introduces the state of research and its pro-spects regarding parish organization in the area of the contemporary diocese of Kielce. As the result of the research into existing monographs on the topic, the conclusions allow for the construction of an image of parish organization that would be fairly well- established in the sources. However, the author points out that the study of the deve-lopment of individual parishes of the diocese of Kielce in the Middle Ages, as well as in the subsequent centuries calls for further serious research. Despite a rich source and historiographical basis as well as the resultsof archaeological and architectural studies, many parishes in the region of Świętokrzyskie still lack fully developed histo¬rical studies, taking into account the panorama of the phenomena associated with the functioning of the lowest administrative unit of the Church in the Middle Ages.

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KOŚCIÓŁ WOBEC FOLKLORU W POLSCE XIV I XV WIEKU

Author(s): Beata Wojciechowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2014

Primary sources leave little doubt that annual rites and traditional practices of ancient Slavonic origin coexisted with the Christian faith on Polish territories through the end of the Middle Ages. Studies on the process of the deeper penetration of the Polish society by Christianity in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries bring to mind reflections on religious syncretism. Magical practices functioned within the annual life cycle in connection with the religious cult because, it seems, they were viewed as an additional means of ensuring the care of the supernatural beings as well as that of Jesus, Mary and the saints; additional to fulfilling Christian practices. The encounter of Christianity with traditional folk culture was not always antagonistic. The Church accepted certain traditional agrarian customs and others folk practices.

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IBN HAĞAR AL- ASQALANI (773/852 - 1372 /1449)

Author(s): Ibrahim Usta / Language(s): German Issue: 11/2011

Abu-I-Faḍl Aḥmad b. ʿAlī b. Muḥammad Šihāb ad-dīn al-Kinānī al- ʿAsqalānī. Ibn Hajar, major hadith the Islamic world, historian, Qadi of Egypt and a professor at al-Azhar University, was born on 28.02.1372 in Egypt (al-Fustat) was born and died in 1449 (852) in Egypt. Although he made the city of ʿAsqalān (Palestine) came, he was nicknamed Ibn Hajar famous, dating back to his ancestors Āl-i Hajar (Hajar family), who lived near al-Ğarīt

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Apie Lietuvos vėlyvųjų viduramžių muzikos istorijos šaltinius

Author(s): Jūratė Trilupaitienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 3(24)/2001

The article explores the late Medieval musical life in Lithuania. Scanty resources and facts by which one can reveal the specifics of musical life, also early contacts and influences that came from the other countries have been analyzed. It is an attempt to reconstruct the musical culture as well as to indicate the traditions of the Lithuanian Grand Duke's court, which extends back to the 13th c. - the years of establishing the Lithuanian State. Important are the assumptions about the national and international traditions of music.In the ruling years of Grand Duke Vytautas, musical contacts with the Order of the Knights of the Cross and Poland were more intensive; it was the period when culture of Latin origin accelerated in Lithuania. Considering the period before the reign of Grand Duke Vytautas,there are only scattered facts that have remained until today; they reveal some important traits of musical life in the Lithuanian Grand Duke's Court. Moreover, as these facts reveal connections with the cultural life of other countries, one may look for the parralels and analogies and thus fill the gaps of Lithuanian musical life. Of course, early Lithuanian musical life is not to be compared with major centers of European culture; it represented the margin of this phenomenon, though at the same time it infused the variety of its forms. The article also aims at revealing the influences of Turks, Tartars and other nations that stimulated the phenomenon of Sarmatic culture.

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Jost von Küssow, kapitan zamku Vígľaš (w sprawie jego pochodzenia i działalności w połowie XV wieku)

Author(s): Pavol Maliniak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2016

Origin of Jost from Kussow, founder of the Hungarian noble family Justh, was noticed by researchers in the course of searching for information on the origins of the family Justhów, or during tests on the participation of Jost in contemporary struggles for power. In this article we will try to summarize existing knowledge about Joście to get a holistic view of the growing importance of the family Justhów from Hungary.

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Man in the Face of Suffering: the Late-Medieval Pearl Poem and the Biblical Story of Job

Author(s): Aleksandra Mrówka / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 7/2014

Zamysłem autorki artykułu jest ukazanie roli śmierci i cierpienia w życiu człowieka w późno-średniowiecznym poemacie Perła. Utwór ten, napisany pod koniec XIV wieku przez anonimowego poetę, jest utrzymaną w konwencji snu alegorią zawierającą elementy średniowiecznej debaty. Historia ojca, który utracił ukochane dziecko, inspirowana starotestamentową opowieścią o Hiobie, przedstawia drogę do akceptacji cierpienia w ludzkim życiu. Z perspektywy chrześcijańskiej jest ono sprawdzianem wartości człowieka w oczach Boga, niezbędnym do osiągnięcia zbawienia. Opowieść pokazuje stan ducha osoby dotkniętej osobistą tragedią oraz proces godzenia się ze stratą. Z perspektywy chrześcijańskiej Bóg doświadcza człowieka, aby sprawdzić, na ile jest on w stanie Mu zaufać.

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The Port of Maurocastro, Emperor Theodore Svetoslav and the Tatar Elite in the Pontic Steppes

Author(s): Aleksandar Uzelac / Language(s): English Issue: 65/2016

The article is dedicated to the question of the disputed Bulgarian rule over the Black sea port of Maurocastro at the beginning of the fourteenth century. On the basis of relevant sources, it is concluded that Maurocastro was in Bulgarian hands during 1314–1316. It has been argued that the establishment of Bulgarian rule ensued as a consequence of internal dissensions in the lands of the Golden Horde that followed the accession of Khan Mohammad Uzbek. A focus is placed also on the relations between Emperor Theodore Svetoslav and influential Tatar nobles in the western parts of the Pontic Steppes. A new hypothesis is proposed with respect to the origin of empress Euphrosyne, the wife of Theodore Svetoslav.

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Witch Hunt in the Mongol Empire

Author(s): Konstantin Golev / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2016

The phenomenon of the witch-hunt is far broader than the Medieval Catholic world and similar events are documented in a number of other European and Asian societies. Some of the European missionaries and pope's envoys reported the existence of such occurrences in the court of the Great Mongol Khans in the mid-13th century. The detailed examination of these cases is of considerable importance as it could demonstrate that the genesis of this phenomenon is not necessarily confined to Catholic Europe or to Christendom in general and could exist in completely different confessional and cultural environment. The paper analyzes the development of the persecutions against witches in the Great Khan's court and compares them with similar events in the Western world answering the question were the repressions used for overwhelming the political opponents - either through their physical annihilation or by shaping the public opinion in а particular direction.

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Lew Daniłowicz i walka o tron krakowski w ostatniej ćwierci XIII wieku

Author(s): Leontij Woytowycz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12/2016

This article is devoted to unexplored episodes of participation to the duke of Principality of Galicia‑Volynia Lev Danilovycz in the struggle for the throne of Cracow in the 1280—1300 years. After unsuccessful attempt to act as the successor of his childless brother‑in‑law Boleslav V in 1280, what become a result of the war against the duke of Cracow Leszek the Black to his death in 1288, Lev Danilovycz continued to take part in this fight by supporting favorable for him applicants. Then in 1289—1290 the land of the Lublin was attached, what was accepted by Duke of the Cracow Henry IV Probus. Latin source and contemporany polish literature are widely used in the research.

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Элементы фэнтези в средневековой романтике: история или воображение?

Author(s): Lynn Forest-Hill / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2016

This essay sets out to illustrate how medieval attitudes to history – biblical and temporal – illuminate the forms fantasy takes in one medieval romance, the fourteenth-century Auchinleck version of Sir Bevis of Hampton. Reception and interpretation of this adventure story, which is apparently structured around the entertaining use of the imagination, are complicated by the degree to which medieval social and cultural contexts contribute layers of meaning, so that what might be regarded as fantasy elements, including English history, take on character- defining significance and expose socio-political comments in a work under the close control of a medieval literary imagination.

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O familijarima knezova Nelipčića

Author(s): Ante Birin / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 51/2016

The rise of the Counts of Nelipčić among the ranks of high nobility during the 14th century coincided with the emergence of the institution of familiares, officials that soon became the basis of the nobility’s military power and their main stronghold in maintaining the estates. In this respect, the familiares took over the service previously performed by the members of extended noble families or kindreds. Upon entering the service of a nobleman, they became members of their master’s household and usually remained in this status until the death of either party, whereby their tasks corresponded to their social standing. Even though the extant archival sources offer only fragmentary information on the familiares of the Nelipčić, mostly mere names and the service they performed at a given moment, in some cases it is possible to follow their personal careers, at least in part. This paper therefore focuses, on the basis of the preserved records, on the known familiares of the Nelipčić who performed various services for their masters through the three generations from the family’s rise to their extinction.

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Traktowanie jeńców w średniowieczu. Przykłady zachodnioeuropejskie

Author(s): Andrzej Niewiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2016

The present article indicates some examples of circumstances and ways of taking prisoners of war into captivity during military conflicts, different possibilities of treatment of prisoners of war and some measures to give them back freedom. The present article includes, among others, fixed gestures and signs that were used to manifest the intention of giving them into the hands of the opponent and the way of treating other prisoners of war. The examples cited herein, related to the captivity of kings, illustrate how different were the ways of treatment of prisoners of war, even of the same rank. Moreover, they depict that some aspects of politico-economical nature were superior to those indicated by the chivalric code. At the same, the crusade and close encounter with the Islamic world contributed to the considerable growth of sensibility to the fate of prisoners of war, which was expressed by the institutionalised (at least the partial one) of the procedure of giving freedom.

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Bonifacy VIII wobec średniowiecznych zwyczajów grzebalnych. Bulla Detestande feritatis i jej interpretacje

Author(s): Jan Grzeszczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2013

On September 27, 1297 Pope Boniface VIII (1294-1303) promulgated a bull beginning with the words Detestande feritatis, thereby outlawing any further practice of the medieval custom of dismembering human corpses which were subsequently boiled in water to separate the bones from the soft tissue. This was a practice that facilitated burial in places remote from the scene of death of the deceased. The first part of the article presents the circumstances in which the papal document originated. By outlawing such practices the Pope invalidated the decisions contained in the last Wills of some, especially the French, cardinals of his times. The custom of dismembering human corpses was predominantly practiced north of the Alps, but it was also present on the territory of today’s Spain. In medieval times it was known as “the German custom” (mos teutonicus) and was under piimed by a specific medieval anthropology. The second part of the article scrutinizes the probable reasons of the Pope’s violent reaction. An attempt is made to reconstruct the forma mentis of Boniface VIII. Relevant indications and clues can be found in the records of the proceedings against the Pope by Philip the Fair, king of France, in the iconography of monuments erected at the Pope’s initiative, and also in the development of the natural sciences in the late Middle Ages.

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Izgled Srebrenice u Dubrovačkim izvorima

Author(s): Desanka Kovačević-Kojić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 3/2014

Текст преузет из књиге: Десанка Ковачевић-Којић, Градски живот у Србији и Босни (XIV-XV), (стр 204-218), Историјски институт Београд, Београд 2007.)

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Bosna i europska gotika

Author(s): Planinka Mikulić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 04/1998

Crkveno graditeljstvo u srednjevjekovnoj Bosni i Hercegovini razvijalo se u skladu s razvojem crkvene arhitekture u tadašnjoj Europi - istina sa izvjesnim stilskim zakašnjenjima i u modificiranom obliku. Međutim, bosansku crkvenu arhitekturu od ostalih sličnih građevina podizanih u srednjevjekovnoj Europi ono što bitno odvaja jeste činjenica da "bosanske crkve nikada nisu postale objekti na kojima bi srednjevjekovni čovjek najsnažnije ispoljavao svoja umjetnička stremljenja".1 Ovo sjajno zapažanje Pavo Anđelić objašnjava ne nedostatkom kreativnih potencijala (oni su, uostalom, dosegli vrhunce u nekim drugim formama umjetničkog izražavanja) već činjenicom da je to vrijeme u kojem religija nije bila "glavni pokretač aktivnosti bosanskog čovjeka". Monumentalne crkvene građevine po svijetu bile su djelo iznimno moćnih vladara ili zajednica što se u Bosni osjeća tek u 15. st. kada dolazi i do primjetnijeg jačanja crkvenih organizacija.

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