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Személyi összeköttetések a Curia Romana és a magyar egyház között a 13. század közepén

Author(s): Dániel Bácsatyai / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 02/2018

The 13th century was not only the zenith of the medieval papacy, but also the age of the rise of papal administration. The papal government rewarded its officials with lucrative benefices across Europe. As Hungary was not amongst the most popular targets, it is noteworthy that a very intimate familiaris and notary of Pope Innocent IV (1243–1254), the diplomat Albert of Parma and some members of his family received benefices at Esztergom. I argue that this fact is connected to Archbishop István Báncsa of Esztergom’s appointment to the cardinalate. The surviving evidence enable us to suggest that the nomination was motivated by the pope’s plans to assist Hungary against the Mongols. Finally, I demonstrate that the new cardinal’s dense network of acquaintances in the Iberian Peninsula is a consequence of his own family’s Catalonian connections.

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Az ártatlan oligarcha

Author(s): Attila Zsoldos / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 04/2018

In the spring of 1294, Roland, son of Tamás, of the Borsa kindred, then voivode of Transylvania, lay siege to the bishop of Várad’s castle at Fenes. The event has hitherto been interpreted as an act of violence committed with the aim of obtaining the castle by Roland Borsa, who was otherwise deeply engaged in the process of building up his own oligarchical power in the county of Bihar. Yet a new analysis of the sources from a different perspective has clearly excluded such an interpretation. The study argues instead that the aim if Roland Borsa was to take revenge for the death of his brother, István, who had been killed by one of the defenders of the castle under obscure circumstances. By attacking Fenes, Roland broke the King’s peace, which led to the armed intervention of King Andrew III (1290–1301), who eventually took Roland’s castle of Adorján by siege. Yet, after his submission, Roland was not punished severely, because the King did not regard the events as a rebellion against royal authority.

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Az „idegen” Anjou-ház

Author(s): Enikő Csukovits / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 04/2018

The rulers of the Neapolitan branch of the Angevin dynasty elaborated a particular administrative system for the government of the countries and provinces that came under their rule at different times. The system was based on the regular circulation of government agents accross the various countries and provinces. Thus, the Angevin office-holders came to constitute a kind of inter- and supranational governing body. In Angevin Hungary, however, this form of government failed to be implanted. No great number of foreign fortune-hunters came to Hungary, and few of those who did managed to rise to prominence there. The dynasty’s aim in Hungary was not separation but assimilation, through adaptation to the local traditions.

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A Német Lovagrend várépítő tevékenysége a Barcaságban

Author(s): András Sófalvi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 01/2019

We have only an approximate knowledge of many aspects of the Teutonic Order’s settlement history from the beginning of the 13th century in the southeastern part of Transylvania (called also Barcaság, Burzenland). This statement particularly applies to the knights’ castles, as archaeology also has methodological problems and it has to face certain objective obstacles in identifying and defining these castles – the study analysing the characteristics of this castle building activity and its research situation reflects this. The difficulties in determining the remains of wooden-structure castles of the period with archaeological methods and in exploring the stone-wall castle-periods which were only partly built during the one and a half decade and were changed or demolished by later constructions – are multiplied by the mistakes of castle research in Transylvania: destruction of important historical monuments and the often amateurish research of the still existing castle remnants. As a result, it is quite difficult to name the five Teutonic Order’s castles of Barcaság and the sixth one built beyond the mountains, mentioned in the written documents of that time. The author of this study makes an attempt to identify the Teutonic Order’s castles by analysing the testimony of written sources, using and in some cases reinterpreting the results of archaeological excavations. At the current stage of researches the most probable locations/buildings in Barcaság are the following: Keresztvár/Kreuzburg/Teliu – Kis-Várhegy/Wallburg II, Barcaszentpéter/Petersberg/ Sânpetru – Lempes/Lempesch, Brassó/Kronstadt/Brașov – Gesprengberg, Brassó – Cenk-hegy/Brasovia-burg and maybe the still unknown antecedent of Feketehalom/Zeiden/Codlea – Schwarzburg castle; the Höltövény/Heldenburg/ Hâlciu castle is an uncertain location of the question. The castle built beyond the mountains which appears in written sources might have been the castle of Királykő/ Königstein/Oratea standing at the entrance of Törcsvár/Türzdorf/Bran Pass.

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A Habsburg hercegek szentföldi utazásai

Author(s): Péter E. Kovács / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 01/2019

In 1399 Dukes Albert IV (the Patient) and William II (the Ambitious) of Austria tried to acquire from Venice a piece of the bones of Saint Stephen the First Martyr for the cathedral of Vienna, dedicated to the Saint. It was this event that called the author’s attention to the pilgrimage of the Habsburg dukes to the Holy Land, for it seemed curious enough that several members of the same ruling family, with an outstanding role in European history, decided to visit the Holy Sepulchre. Therefore, the paper examines the pilgrimages of Dukes Albert IV (the Patient), Ernst II (the Iron), and Frederick III from 1398, 1414 and 1436 respectively.

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Tolvajok és rablók 1393-ban Szabolcs megyében

Author(s): Norbert C. Tóth / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 01/2019

In the second half of October 1393, a judicial assembly (congregatio generalis) was held upon the order of King Sigismund for the nobility and other people, of whatever condition, of the counties of Szabolcs and Bereg. The chief aim of the assembly was the proscription (proscriptio) of the local malefactors. The ensuing list (registrum) was put up by the county authorities, that is, the ispán or his deputy and the county magistrates, and the twelve jurors (iuratus assessor) elected for the occasion, and then put to writing by the person who was in charge of the whole congregation. The charter so drafted was at the same time regarded as a letter of sentence, for each of the persons whose name was contained therein was consequently treated as a public malefactor, who could be captured, killed or otherwise punished at will. The newly discovered source analysed in the present paper is an important one in several regards. Alongside containing, quite naturally, the names of thiefs and robbers, as well as their concealers, it also gives the names of the persons constituting the county authorities and the body of jurors. Its importance lies primarily in this latter, for no noble magistrate of Szabolcs county is known to us from the period between 1386 and 1398. The paper analsyses the careers of these noble magistrates and jurors, determining their place within the local noble society. The convicts who figure in the list have been examined according to a cluster of criteria (legal status, place of residence, crimes committed). Moreover, as two similar lists of proscription have survived from the years 1399 and 1435, it was possible to make comparisons both between the respective bodies of jurors and the social groups of „criminal society”.

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A középkori magyar plébániák és a 14. századi pápai tizedjegyzék

Author(s): Beatrix F. Romhányi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 03/2019

One of the most outstanding sources of Hungarian medieval studies is the papal tithe register that was made between 1332 and 1337. Its importance is reflected by the fact that in his great work on the Historical Georgaphy of Hungary in the Árpád Era György Györffy adopted its date as the closing term of data collection. The register, which has survived in Rome, together with the register of the dioecese of Zagreb, compiled in 1334, and covering the later Lower Slavonian counties as well, contains altogether 4066 parishes. Despite its unique wealth, however, the source is far from complete. While some of the gaps can be filled on the basis of other sources, the blankness of the Great Hungarian Plain seems beyond repair. Nevertheless, in comparison with other Hungarian and European sources, the papal register can be regarded as statistically complete, and most of its known lacunae (diocese of Győr, Szepesség, Barcaság) complemented. The trustworthiness of the database thus constructed does not lag behind that of any other early European database. On its basis, it seems safe to state that the consolidation of the Hungarian parish system was not late with regard to the West of Europe, and it seems probable that the parish/population ratio was close to the number known from similar English and French sources (cca. 520-530 persons/parish). All this seems to underpin the conclusion that it is not due to the destruction of the written sources that no more parishes are known on the Great Plain in the first third of the fourteenth century. Thus, the chronology and canonical situation of parish churches attested by archaeological evidence but unrecorded by the tithe register and, in consequence, the whole settlement and population history of the Great Plain should be reassessed from a new perspective.

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Anjou-elitek az itáliai comunékban: nemesek, hivatalnokok, idegenek

Author(s): Riccardo Rao / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 03/2019

The paper explores the society of Northern Italian cities that were governed by the Lombard siniscalo: it analyses the use of the word nobilis and the granting of feuda. The area was under Angevin domination between 1259 and 1382.

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Vlagyimir–Szuzdal és Kijev kapcsolatai a 12–13. század fordulóján

Author(s): János Makai / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2014

The relationship of the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality and Kiev at the turn of the century is depicted from the viewpoint of princes in the chronicles. Other participants of the power struggles were the druzhina and the veche. Only scattered pieces of evidence contain references to the role of the druzhina under Vsevolod, prince of Vladimir-Suzdal (1176–1212), and even less can be revealed about the policy of the north-eastern veche. Under these circumstances, we can evaluate only the activity of the prince. During almost 18 years from July 1194 until April 1212, the princes of Kiev were exchanged eleven times. The former old-Russian capital was the subject of competition between the Rostislavichi of Smolensk and the Izyaslavichi of Volhynia in 1194–1205, whereas between 1206 and 1212 the Rostislavichi were contesting the Olgovichi of Chernigov for power in Kiev. Five, i.e. almost half of the eleven changes on the throne can be connected to the activities of Vsevolod. Therefore the prince of Vladimir-Suzdal not only paid close attention to events in the southern part of the Rus, but also had an eff ect on them. However, he did not interfere directly, not even if he had to suff er a serious loss of prestige, which was a signifi cant modifi cation of the Kiev-policy of his brother Andrei Bogolyubsky, and it obviously did not go unnoticed among historians.

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A Habsburgok és a magyar Anjouk kapcsolatainak kronológiája IV. (Luxemburgi) Károly uralkodása alatt

Author(s): Renáta Skorka / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2014

In the 14th century the history of East-Central Europe was shaped by the cooperation, alliances and wars between three ruling dynasties. One of these was the Luxemburg family, governing the Kingdom of Bohemia, which, by the second half of the 14th century, also secured for itself a dominant position in the Holy Roman Empire. The second, the Hungarian branch of the Angevins, arrived from an Italian and French family background, while the Habsburgs governed the Austrian provinces of the Empire. By the middle of the century the relationship between the Habsburgs and the Angevins had become increasingly superfi cial, and then turned into outright confl ict in the wake of the repeated military clashes along the Austro-Hungarian border. In the second half of the 14th century the relations between the two realms were generally determined by the shifting policies of Charles IV of Luxemburg, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia. The changing diplomatic relations between Hungary and Austria in the second half of the century, and the factors of international politics which infl uenced them, are registered in the attached chronological database.

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A bajorok császára

Author(s): Bence Péterfi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2014

The Bavarian provincial exposition, which was organised in 2014 at Regensburg, undertook to present at three urban venues the career of Louis, Duke of Bavaria, more commonly known as Louis the Bavarian, who was elected as King of the Romans 700 years ago. His story constituted one peculiar chapter in the long competition between the Habsburg, Luxembourg and Wittelsbach dynasties, which dominated the entire 14th century. Alongside treating the various political struggles, such as the excommunication of 1327, which is discussed with much detail, the organisers also took pains to off er the visitors a picture of everyday life and in particular of contemporary Regensburg, and project a view of the later reception of various 14th-century events.

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Viola opolei hercegnő és Kálmán szlavón herceg. Egy historiográfiai vita margójára

Author(s): Gábor Barabás / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2015

The paper gives a summary about the history of the research concerning the origin of Viola, the duchess of the polish Opole in the first half of the 13th century. She was the wife of Casimir I. of Opole and the mother of the latter dukes Mieszko II. Obese and Władysław I. Based on the information of Jan Długosz from the 15th century Viola is mostly considered as a Polish duchess of Bulgarian origin, although due to other data some scholars assume, she could be originated from Hungary, or from Halych-Volhynia. The study converges the propositions and arguments concerning Viola, and gives a so far out of consideration leaved source into the dispute: the papal mandate given to Coloman, duke of Slavonia, about the protection of Viola.

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Gui de Boulogne magyarországi itineráriuma

Author(s): Ágnes Maléth / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2015

In 1348, cardinal Gui de Boulogne was appointed legate to Lombardy and to the Hungarian Kingdom by pope Clement VI. One of the primary aims of the cardinal’s mission was to settle the conflict between Joanna I, queen of Naples (1344–1382) and Louis I, king of Hungary (1342–1382) which had been caused by the assassination of prince Andrew of Hungary. The paper discusses the cardinal’s short, but very significant mission to Hungary. The author has laid a special emphasis on the reconstruction of his itinerary between spring and autumn of 1349, as the examination of previously unknown sources revealed contradictions in the former historiography.

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Kutyafejűek és marhalábúak. 13. századi mongol kifejezések a Historia Tartarorumban

Author(s): Dorottya Uhrin / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2015

This essay aims to introduce and analyse a less known source called Historia Tartarorum (in English Tartar Relation) written by C. de Bridia, a Franciscan friar, in July 1247. This text based on Carpini’s work. According to Carpini, the new source is important because its text contains some tribal names in Mongolian language. This is remarkable because it might shed some light on the Mongolian pronunciation in the 13th century. The source writes about the dog-tribe and the dog-headed, cow-footed men. It should be noted that these descriptions located these weird tribes to the edges of the known world. Based on the analysed caputs it can be concluded these tribe-descriptions were not just part of the European imagination, but they were spread across the word. Although the idea of the dog-headed men origins from the Antiquity, probably these ideas existed among the Mongols as well as we saw in the description of Bridia who gave the name of this tribe correctly in Mongolian language. Probably the origins of these imaginations were the dog ancestors of nomads, an image that spread in Europe through Herodotus. The Chinese had direct connection with the nomads so they may have known about their myths. However they got to know a distorted version in which the humans had dog-heads or the humans have the forms of dogs. Maybe the Mongols heard back this wide-spread myth and that is the reason why the Altan Tobči writes about the Land of the Dogs.

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Magyarországi mester a francia eretnekek élén? Néhány megjegyzés az 1251. évi pásztorkeresztes mozgalom történetének elbeszélő forrásaihoz

Author(s): Judit Csákó / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2015

The present paper deals with an event which happened in France but is related to Hungary as well: according to some of the narratives about the movement of the Pastoureaux of 1251, the leader of the crusaders was a master from Hungary (magister de Hungaria, mestre de Hongrie). The events of this popular enterprise, which in the time of (Saint) Louis IX (1226–1270) emerged in Northern France, aroused considerable attention among its contemporaries: almost fifty chronicle passages and annalistic records survive which refer to the Pastoureaux, and this number can by no means regarded as definitive. In the present paper I turned to the narrative sources of the topic in order to gather information about the leader of the movement. I have surveyed the narratives contained in the Saint-Denis chronicles – Primatus, Guillaume de Nangis and the Grandes Chroniques de France – but also paid attention to the very detailed description provided by Matthew Paris in his Chronica maiora and the account included in the Actus pontificum Cenomannis. About the magister our sources reveal very little, and even the statements which appear as grounded in reality are made fairly dubious by the fact that the events of 1251 are frequently dressed in a mythical attire. Nevertheless, after a philological analysis of the surviving texts, it appears to me that the tradition according to which the master of the Pastoureux, called James – if at all it was his real name – came from the Hungarian Kingdom, cannot be rejected as a simple fable.

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Сари Салтук и неговата дејност на Балканот во втората половина од XIII век

Author(s): Armen Žarnoski / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 1/2020

Sari Saltuk‘s activity on European soil began in the second half of the 13th century spreading over the entire Balkan Peninsula, as well as Eastern European countries and Russia. In the Ballkans Sari comes as leader of Turkmen emigrants residing in Dobrudja area. Testimonies of his activity can be found in the numerous tekkes and makams bearing his name. Despite the countless legends that elaborate on the truth about this Islamic missionary, relevant historical sources point to the fact of his stay and mission in the Balkans, as well as his Sunni affiliation. Sari Saltuk‘s personality is revered by the Muslims, but historical sources state that during his lifetime he was also revered by the Christian people and Christian rulers.

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HALAÇ SARAYINDA BİR KÖLE: MELİK KÂFÛR HEZÂRDÎNÂRÎ

Author(s): Metin Bilal / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 49/2021

One of the Muslim Turkish states established in Delhi is the Halaç or Kalaç Sultanate. The rule of Delhi Apostles, which started with Sultan Celaleddin Firuz Shah, reached its peak with Alaeddin Muhammed Shah.As a result of his military ability and intelligence, Mongol raids were stopped on the one hand and many of the rajas were subjugated on the other. Thus, the Indian peninsula was largely dominated by the Kalaç.Undoubtedly, Melik Kafur had a great influence on this. The sultanate of Alaeddin Muhammed Shah lasted nearly 20 years.However, in the last days of his reign, he was under the influence of Melik Kafur and made the prince Ömer as his heir at a young age. This situation made Melik Kafur more appetite to seize the Kalaç throne.Upon the death of Sultan Alaeddin, Kafur enthroned Prince Ömer. In order to eliminate the resistance that could be formed against him, he had taken shaft in the eyes of princes.Only Mubarek Khan was able to escape from his hostility. A while after the murder of Melik Kafur, Mubarek Khan had taken the throne. However, his reign did not last long and Hüsrev Khan had passed the throne.Ultimately, the Delhi Halaç Sultanate left the stage of history, leaving its place to Tuğlukşahs in 1320. In this article, information about the adventure of Kafur, who was bought while he was a slave and was brought to Halaç Palaceis given.It was tried to give detailed information about the Deogir, Varangal, Dvarasamudra and Ma‘ber campaigns, which he started as the army commander. In addition, information was given about the intrigues he made to take over Halac's administration and his death as a result. Finally, information about the tomb of Melik Kafur was given.

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The Chapter of Bärdi Bäk khan in the Čingiz-nāmä of Ötämiš Ḥāǰǰī Tolu Bay, ämīr of the Golden Horde

Author(s): Csaba Göncöl / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

In the past few years researchers of the history of the Golden Horde devoted considerable attention to formerly neglected chronicles written in Turkic in the successor states of the Ulus of J̌uči, particularly to the so called Čingiz-nāmä of Ötämiš Ḥāǰǰī. Though this collection of genuine oral tradition is an indispensable source, a critical approach is oftentimes overlooked by the scholars using it. This paper aims to demonstrate how the historical consciousness of the populace of the Golden Horde altered the stories behind certain events. For this purpose, the story of Bärdi Bäk khan in the Čingiz-nāmä will be subjected to criticism.

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From Alamut to Dadu: Jamāl al-Dīn’s Armillary Sphere on the Mongol Silk Roads

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From Alamut to Dadu: Jamāl al-Dīn’s Armillary Sphere on the Mongol Silk Roads

Author(s): Isahaya Yoichi / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

This article aims to shed light on a hitherto unknown transmission route of the astral sciences from Alamut to Dadu (Beijing). I argue that the huntianyi 渾天儀, an armillary sphere, which Jamāl al-Dīn dedicated to Qubilai in 1267, was designed in Alamut – the main stronghold of the Nizārī Ismāʿīlīs – on the grounds that the instrument was set to Alamut’s latitude. After its fall in 1256, the armillary sphere traversed the Mongol Silk Roads. The Dastūr al-munajjimīn, an Arabic work of the Nizārī Ismāʿīlīs, functions as the missing link in this West-to-East transmission.

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The Great Town – Man Kermen in The Secret History of the Mongols

Author(s): István Zimonyi / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The city name Man Kermen in The Secret History of the Mongols is identiﬁed with Kiev in the chapters concerning the great western Mongol campaign against Eastern Europe. It is based on the datum of Rashīd al-Dīn: ‘the great city of the Rus, which was called Man-Kermen.’ It is beyond doubt that the Cumans called Kiev as Man Kermen meaning Great Town in Turkic as the spiritual and ecclesiastic center of Kievan Rus. However, there is another possibility. The capital of the Volga Bulghars in the ﬁrst decades of the 13th century has been excavated near to village Biljarsk. It is called by the contemporary sources as Velikij Gorod in the Russian annals, magna civitas in the work of the Hungarian friar, Julian both meaning Great Town.

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