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Pomerania in the Medieval and Renaissance Cartography – from the Cottoniana to Eilhard Lubinus

Author(s): Adam Krawiec / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The paper is a new attempt at a new look at the issues related to the image of Pomerania in medieval and renaissance cartography. The breakpoints of the analysis are marked by the appearance of the first attempt to more clearly describe the areas on the southern Baltic coast on the world map known as Cottoniana (11th century), and on the other hand, the map by Eilhard Lubinus (1618), which was the most perfect early-modern cartographic representation of the Duchy of Pomerania, and at the same time formally stood on the border of Renaissance cartography and 17th-century “cartography of measurement”. The overview of the presentation of the cartographic image of Pomerania has been divided into sub-chapters relating to various categories of maps. The first one concerns medieval encyclopedic-symbolic maps, and especially the possible reasons for not including the name of Pomerania on the vast majority of maps in this category. In the following subsections were studied nautical maps, late medieval Ptolemaic maps and the so-called transitional maps, renaissance cartography and early modern separate maps of Pomerania. Particular attention was paid to the way the name of Pomerania was understood by cartographers and to the ways of inserting the discussed regions into wider spatial contexts.

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Catarame – pafta de influență orientală din colecțiile Muzeului de Istorie Națională și Arheologie Constanța

Author(s): Aurel Mototolea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 48-49/2015

This study aims to analyse the belt buckles (pafta) with Oriental influence shape and decor, which are part of the museum’s collection in Constanța. These pieces are mostly from the central part of Dobrogea, which was strongly inhabited during the 17th – 18th centuries, fact proven by the archaeological research. It seems that the analysed buckles arrived in Dobrogea only after it was conquered by the Ottomans. These pieces have analogies mainly in the areas controlled by the Turks in the 16th – 18th centuries, respectively south of Danube (Serbia, Macedonia, Bulgaria), but also Brăila (Romania), Hotin and Cetatea Alba (Ukraine). They are serial products and were probably bought by people who did not have a great financial strength, but were connected to the urban environment or to the provincial markets. The typological evolution and spatial distribution may suggest the presence of some provincial handicraft centers and trade.

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Aspecte privind prelucrarea metalelor în centrele din nordul Dobrogei în secolele X‐XV

Author(s): Aurel-Daniel Stănică / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 48-49/2015

In the present study, based on data from the archaeological research and documentary sources, we aim to review one of the main occupations of the northern Dobrudja settlements’ inhabitants in the 10th – 15th centuries. Along with farming, animal husbandry and fishery, various crafts and household occupations were wide spread within the local communities, producing tools and household items.The natural environment of North Dobrudja is an unique geological and geographical unit, being a useful mineral substances deposit. Some of these deposits present at the surface were accessible to the artisans who could extract the ore from these veins.This activity required thorough knowledge in procuring iron ore, combined with its reduction and processing. A large number of debris resulting from the ore reduction process, consisting of slag and iron blooms stands evidence to the development of this occupation. The waste and scrap indicate the existence of installations (furnaces) for iron reduction. Based on the arguments provided by the archaeological research, completing an informational vacuum, were certified both the ore reduction activities and the production of iron, copper, bronze, lead, gold and silver objects. This concern for the metal working was one of the constant occupations of the inhabitants of North Dobrudja in the 10th ‐15th centuries.

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Caracteres et traits des agglomerations et de l’habitation rurale dans les XIV-XVIIIe siecles

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Caracteres et traits des agglomerations et de l’habitation rurale dans les XIV-XVIIIe siecles

Author(s): Emin Riza,Pirro Thomo / Language(s): French Issue: 03fr/1984

Le niveau élevé des acquisitions urbanistiques et architectoniques des villes et des campagnes albanaises, durant les XVIII-XIXe siècles a eu comme principal facteur, outre les conditions socio-économiques, aussi une riche tradition stable. Ces deux facteurs résident précisément à la base de cette évolution relativement rapide des phénomènes constructifs qui concernent les deux siècles que nous venons de mentionner tout à l’heure. Désormais, à un temps que dans ses lignes générales et même pour certains aspects, aussi avec un excellent approfondissement, on a aménagé un tableau plus où moins complet de l’historique d’évolution des bâtiments populaires durant les XVIII-XIXe siècles, on ressent le besoin pressant à regarder un peu plus loin. Il s’agit, en effet, à suivre, autànt qu’il est possible, des données de tout ordre, le caractère et les traits des bâtiments, populaires en Albanie, surtout durant les XIV-XVIIIe siècles.

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Неизвестная сокращенная редакция рассказа о нападениях на Царьград

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Неизвестная сокращенная редакция рассказа о нападениях на Царьград

Author(s): Denitsa Petrova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1-2/2021

The Story from the attacks against Tsarigrad is composed in Byzantium in the 9th c. and enters in the structure of the Triodion. Probably it is translated into Slavonic language in the beginning of the 14th c. in Athos. It is known for many copies from the 14th – 18th c. Is known a shortened redaction of the Story in two Bulgarian Prologues Church-Historical and Archival Institute No 294 and Church-Historical and Archival Institute No 295. In two manuscripts in Russian State Library collection 247 No 461 and Russian State Library collection 247 No 528 there is another shortened version, different from the already known. So far has not been published or studied. This variant of the Story is an example of the widespread distribution of the writing in the 16th c. The unknown short redaction is an important period in the history of the text and it must to be explicitly explored.

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THE AMALFITANS IN BYZANTIUM: MERCHANTS, MONKS, AND POLITICAL FIGURES, 9th – 13th CENTURY

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THE AMALFITANS IN BYZANTIUM: MERCHANTS, MONKS, AND POLITICAL FIGURES, 9th – 13th CENTURY

Author(s): Liliana Simeonova / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

In the tenth through the thirteenth century, trade ties in the Mediterranean world were strengthened by a vast trade network that sprawled over the entire coastal area. The Amalfitans played a major role in its creation and subsequent enlargement. Constantinople, which was the nexus of transmarine trade in the Eastern Mediterranean-Black Sea region, became an important outpost of the Amalfitan merchants, who plied their trade in the Mediterranean. Although Amalfi never was a ‘Byzantine dominion’ in the strictest sense of the word, it managed to forge a special relationship with the Empire, which was both enduring and mutually advantageous. Byzantium, for its part, strove to keep Amalfi in its sphere of influence by bestowing imperial titles upon Amalfitans. In the course of time, Amalfi became one of the rising commercial powers in the Mediterranean world, with a mercantile class that was wealthy and politically influential, not just at home but in Constantinople and Egypt as well. As the network of their commercial contacts sprawled across the Mediterranean world, the Amalfitans became active in diplomacy, cultural patronage, charities, religious affairs and monasticism, translation and transmission of texts. The work of Amalfitan translators in Byzantium contributed to the strengthening of the ties between the eastern and western Christians. From the late 900s to the late 1200s there were Amalfitan religious establishments in Byzantium. Prominent eleventh- and twelfth-century Amalfitans took upon themselves the realization of important political tasks while acting as patrons of arts, literature, and charitable works. Their manifold activities made them highly visible in Mediterranean history. In the twelfth century, the gradual decline of Amalfi’s Levantine trade had an impact on Constantinople.

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"The Beginnings of Polish Jewry: Reevaluating the Evidence for the Eleventh to Fourteenth Centuries"

Author(s): Alexander Kulik,Judith Kalik / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

This article reexamines the evidence of Jewish presence in Poland from the eleventh to the fourteenth centuries in connection with problems of origins, periodization, and localization of Jewish settlement in Poland. It deals inter alia with questions regarding the balance between Jewish and Christian evidence, as well as with reports of Jewish presence from neighboring areas of Eastern Europe such as Kievan Rus’. The reevaluation of evidence on medieval Polish Jews helps to illuminate the origins of eastern Ashkenazi Jewry, as well as to clarify diverse aspects of the history of early Eastern Europe. Thus, for example, among the most important general conclusions is the lack of continuity across three waves of Jewish migration and settlement in Poland. Since most Polish Jews were descendants of the third wave of Jewish migration into Poland, there is little doubt that the vast majority of them came from Germany and Bohemia, mostly via Silesia. We can also reliably conjecture that the Jewish population of southwestern Rus’—whatever its origins (possibly also at least partially Ashkenazi) and size (possibly reduced by the Mongol conquest)— came to be integrated with immigrants from the west due to the eastward expansion of Lithuania and Poland during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Thus, most modern Ashkenazi Jewry must go back to the melding of these two communities.

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Arheološka istraživanja crkve sv. Petra i njezina okoliša u Starigradu Paklenici

Author(s): Radomir Jurić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2013

In the article are presented the brief results of many years of archaeological research into and around the Church of St. Peter in Starigrad Paklenica. It is particularly highlighted that Prof.Ante Glavičić also dealt with this sacral structure. Early Mediaeval and Late Mediaeval phases of the church have been confirmed. To date 215 graves have been explored with finds (especially jewellery) from the early Middle Ages to the 19th century. It was emphasised that the church and bell tower are entirely preserved.

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Senjski statut iz godine 1388.

Author(s): Lujo Margetić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2007

In this book the relationship between, on one side, the Counts of Krk, later named Frankapani (Frankopans) and one of the most important families in Croatia history and the town of Senj on the other side are first of all discussed. Senj came under the Frankopans’ government in the middle of the 13th century. Very soon the position of the Frankopans in Senj become very powerful and they acquired full feudal administration which they carried out through their representative known as a podknežin (vicecomes). The noblemen had special position in Senj and the Senj Statute from 1388 confirmed their privileged position. The legal system of the town according to the statute gives an opportunity for many insights into the legal institutions of north Croatian coastal towns and therefore it represents a very important source which usefully completes our knowledge about our legal history. In this way precious information about the penal law, and from the real and obligatory law here are presented the terms of usucapio and redemption. The book contains the original document in Latin and its translation in Croatian, and relative author's discussions. Especially important is the Croatian text of the Senj Statute which was created as a transcription from 1701. This text was probably prepared for practical use at court and similar occasions. This Croatian text was used in practise until the 18th century and its value for study of the legal system is precious.

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Neka pitanja iz povijesti Senja

Author(s): Željko Bartulović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2007

In its introductory part, the author considers the history of the town of Senj in its ancient period with a considerable attention to the inhabitants and position of Senia. The author then goes on to discuss the position of the town in the Middle Ages till the time of the Templars, their time, and especially the Templars' rights over the town, and their dispute with the authorities of the town. In the end he considers the power of the Counts of Krk over Senj by the year 1469, the time of their rule and after.

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Das städtische Grundstück im Opava (Troppau) des 13. und 14. Jahrhunderts aus archäologischer Sicht

Author(s): František Kolář,Michal Zezula / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2013

The separation of the original core of the town of Opava, founded between 1213 and 1220, into plots was adapted to the communication scheme of the earlier settlement. Within the development of the town in the second half of the 13th century, regularly measured-out blocks of houses were built in the southern part of the town. Archeologically, the development of the land subdivision and buildings may be observed by means of the finds of fences and sunken basements of wood-and-clay buildings, which dominated among the buildings of the early town. Around the turn of the 14th century, we encounter the earliest known evidence of stone chambers (‘Steinwerk’), built at the place or earlier basements of wood-and-clay buildings, which were in the course of the 15th and 16th centuries integrated into the new stone buildings covering the entire width of the plots all to way to the street line. It is also characteristic for the period of the 13th and 14th centuries that the terrain in the area of the plots as well as in public spaces was significantly raised, which was mainly caused by the deposition of soil from the construction pits for house basements and waste disposal in their immediate vicinity. From the second half of the 13th century, the sanitary situation of the town was improved by the gradual spread of wooden-constructed waste pits, whereas medieval wells have been recorded only sporadically.

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STUDIU DE CAZ: CETATEA INEU DE-A LUNGUL ISTORIEI

Author(s): Melinda Gabriela Keresztes / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 13/2020

By consulting several types of sources, we seek to retrace the manner in which Ineu fortress has developed throughout time. There is little known about it, which is why Romanian historiography needs augmentation. The first piece of information emerged in 1295, when Egidij, the lord of a castle, was mentioned; the presence of a castrum is confirmed for the following year. Ineu has possessed a fortification system since the thirteenth century. This increased starting with 1387, when the Losonczy family received jurisdiction rights over the settlement. In 1472 a lord of the castle is mentioned (in their service). In 1566 the fortress was besieged by the Ottomans, and a part of the old fortifications became military garrisons or sanjaks. Then, in 1595, the fortress was seized by the Habsburgs. During their reign, the 1605 conscription was redacted, which brought to light data regarding the goods and weaponry of the fortress. Also, the fortress was rebuilt in accordance with the blueprints of architect Gabriel Haller. In 1658 the fortress was regained by the Ottomans, a fact confirmed by Evlia Kurt Cselebi, the first eye witness to describe it. From the eighteenth century until the end of the twentieth century Ineu fortress did not have a defensive role, but rather an administrative, educational, and even a medical one. Archeological findings show that it underwent a new process of restauration in the twentienth century.

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Revizyonist Tarihçi Patricia Crone’un Mevâlî Anlayışı

Author(s): Öznur Özdemir,Saim Yılmaz / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2021

Regarded as a revisionist historian in the West, Patricia Crone (1945-2015), who wrote many books and articles on various subjects of early Islamic history, was a prolific researcher. The place and role of mawālī, in the Umayyad and Abbāsid society, has been one of the special topics she has been interested in since the very beginning of her academic life. Her works with a revisionist perspective have been faced many criticisms by colleagues, especially the western ones, because of her biased view of the sources written by Muslim authors, her methodology, and her results. However, it is obvious that Crone’s studies on mawālī have positively or negatively affected the Eastern and Western academics in Islamic studies. This article’s main purpose is to reveal Crone’s views on mawālī in Islamic society and draw an outline without comment as much as possible. The paper consists of three parts. In the first part, Crone’s revisionist perspective and her works on mawālī have been explained. In the second part, her distinctive views on the mawālī and its origin have been discussed. Finally, in the third part, her findings of the position of mawālī in social, political, military, and economic life during the Rāshidun Caliphs (11-41 / 632-661), the Umayyads (41-132 / 661-750), and the Abbāsids (132-656 / 750-1258) have been introduced. This study, which tackles Crone’s views on mawālī, aims to encourage the further studies on this subject.

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Written and visual expressions of authority of female monastic institutions in Medieval Livonia: From 13th to 15th century

Author(s): Gregory Leighton / Language(s): English Issue: 1(29)/2021

This article presents a study of how women (specifically nuns and abbesses) were perceived in medieval Livonia. Given the significant increase in accessible academic work on the crusading movement in the eastern Baltic, scholarly considerations of the visual culture of this region, and reconsiderations of the roles played by women in the medieval world in general, this article turns from the central regions of the study of Medieval Europe to the periphery. It begins by providing a historical overview of the sources, commenting on the sparsity of specific representations of women in the narrative texts for the Livonian crusades produced in the 13th century. Following this overview, it analyses the representations of women in the vast amount of charter evidence available for the study of Livonia. The first part of the article looks at the ways these institutions were patronized as a result of their intercessory authority. Looking at donations from the 13th to the 15th century, this article also comments on the ways in which private citizens, church officials, and members of the Teutonic Order viewed these intercessory powers. The second part also considers the economic authority gained by these institutions, particularly in the form of land donations. Finally, this article addresses the ways in which women of authority styled themselves in the written documents and depicted their power in the form of visual media, particularly on seals but also in the form of architecture.

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Representation of the Livonian clergy in 13th–16th century sigillographic sources

Author(s): Ilona Jekele / Language(s): English Issue: 1(29)/2021

The paper focuses on the investigation of the sigillographic sources — pendant wax seals, that belonged to the representatives of Livonian Bishops and Archbishops of Riga. For the investigation, more than 700 pendant wax seals from the Latvian State Historical Archive’s Fund No. 8 — “Archives of Internal Magistrate of Riga” were analyzed. The paper focuses on the wax seals that belonged to the representatives of the Archbishopric of Riga, and representatives of the Livonian Bishoprics. Analysis of the seals of Livonian clergy reveal that several stages can be distinguished in their development. The earliest wax seals that belonged to the representatives of the Livonian clergy display a well-known image – a bishop seated on a throne holding his regalia. For earliest seals it was common to use uncolored wax, these seals mostly were round in shape but the transition to the pointed oval shape took place during the 13th-century. By the middle and end of the 13th-century seals transitioned into use of red wax. During this time also first double-sided seals (where the reverse can be considered as the counterseal) appeared. In this period bishops and archbishops are depicted standing in the church surroundings, indicating the seal owner’s status and rank. In the 14th-century the use of the family coat of arms also appears. Counterseals in 15th-16th-cenuries are used separately as the great seal and counterseal and the depiction used in them represent the importance of the cult of Virgin Mary in Livonia. Nevertheless, Livonian clergymen also used their family coat of arms for self-representation. Medieval religious communities were specialists in symbolization. During the middle ages they adopted and readjusted their own equivalent of self-representation devices used not only in sigillographic sources but also in artistic and architectural works.

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Między Hilferuf a Lug i Trug – spór o interpretację początków państwa krzyżackiego w Prusach w historiografii XIX i pierwszej połowy XX wieku

Author(s): Maciej Dorna / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12/2020

This article offers an account of a dispute between Polish and German historians (and to a lesser extent among Polish historians themselves) over the process of establishing the Teutonic Order State in Prussia at the turn of 1220s–1230s. The dispute broke out in the nineteenth and continued into the first half of the twentieth century.

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Critical Edition of the Glossa in Politicam (Liber III) Pauli de Worczyn

Author(s): Wanda Bajor,Mirosław Socała / Language(s): English Issue: XXVl/2020

The final phase of the assimilation of Aristotle’s philosophy in Western Europe focused on part of his practical philosophy, namely the Politics and Economics. It is believed that the most influential commentaries were those of Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas (with Peter of Auvergne) whose political theory formed the basis for subsequent commentators on Aristotle’s Politics. The current article demonstrates a continuation of research on these issues in the field of the Polish medieval intellectual culture and also presents a third book of the commentary of one the most eminent Cracovian mediaeval thinkers, Paul of Worczyn. His views are an example of Polish medieval philosophy which is characterized by a pragmatism focused on ethics, politics, and economics. This peripatetic tradition played a great role in shaping Polish political theory.

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Keletas galimų vengrų kalbos skolinių lietuvių kalboje

Author(s): Aranka Laczházi / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 83/2020

The article aims to overview the Lithuanian words that are supposed to be of Hungarian origin or may be linked to Hungarian in an indirect way. Most of these lexemes have been borrowed through Polish, less often through German, Belarussian or Russian during the 16–18th centuries. They belong to specific thematic groups like military terms, names of military uniform details or names of products that were imported into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the former Kingdom of Hungary. In many cases a significant change in the semantic of the lexemes can be observed. It is worth noticing that only a small number of these lexemes is being known and used in contemporary Standard Lithuanian, as these words belong rather to dialectal or historical lexicon.

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Wojciech Fałkowski, Pierwsze stulecie Jagiellonów

Author(s): Przemysław Szpaczyński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2019

Review of: Przemysław P. Szpaczyński - Przemysław P. Szpaczyński - Wojciech Fałkowski, Pierwsze stulecie Jagiellonów, wstęp Paweł Darecki, Kraków 2017, Wydawnictwo Avalon, Muzeum Historii Polski, ss. 350

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IDEALS OF EPISCOPAL POWER, LEGAL NORMS AND MILITARY ACTIVITY OF THE POLISH EPISCOPATE BETWEEN THE TWELFTH- AND FOURTEENTH CENTURIES

Author(s): Radosław Kotecki,Jacek Maciejewski / Language(s): English Issue: 4 (en)/2020

This article is an attempt to illustrate relations between the theory and practice of the military activity of Polish bishops under the rule of the Piast dynasty. The problem is discussed based on an analysis of the locally formulated ideal of episcopal power and the ideological and legal patterns reaching Poland that regulated the possibilities of using weapons by clergymen, and, in particular, defined the ways in which churchmen participated in wars and in declaring and conducting them.

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