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The article seeks to prove that Survila, a brother of Butautas Kęstutaitis, mentioned in the Chronicle of Wigand von Marburg was actually a son of Kęstutis, despite the prevailing opposite opinion in historiography. The article also reviews the biographies of Survila and his descendants in the second half of the 14th–early 15th century in the light of the recent historiography.
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This paper presents a classification of the accounts of the later Mongol campaigns in West Asia in the thirteenth century, with a focus on the Arabic and Persian accounts of the establishment of the Ilkhanate of Iran, in particular the issues of manuscript recensions and textual complications. The paper presents a brief overview of the modes of production of historiographical texts in Classical Arabic and Persian first, situating them in a larger context of the extant accounts of the Mongol campaigns. Then it takes a closer look at the two earliest Persian sources, and addresses the complicated history of their production and distribution, as well as their textual interdependence
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The paper deals with the problem of the first marriage of the Serbian king Stephen Uroš II (Milutin), mentioned by the Byzantine author George Pachymeres, wtih the aim to reinforce the existing thesis that it was a marriage with a Serbian noble Helen, concluded in the 1270-ies, but divorced soon after he came to the Serbian throne in 1282. It also provides an overview of the nature and character of that marriage and the possible reasons why it was dissolved and declared invalid.
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The paper examines the relations between the South Italian society and royal officeholding in the Angevin period. Charles I brought about 4000 French and Provencal knights with himself to the Kingdom of Naples-Sicily. Angevin administration was based on continuity with the previous Staufer regime in the Kingdom.
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The paper explores the secular and ecclesiastical elites of Provence and Forcalquier under the rule of the Angevin dynasty: from the nobility with imperial privileges to village tax-farmers, from the bishops to the heads of the monastic orders, and from the lawyers to the urban merchants.
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The terms of decima et nona pars/partes appear in charters in the fourteenth century, in cases where the parties agreed in one of them paying the other a given sum. It occurs in cases of pledging, purchase, redemption of daughters’ quarter, termination of lawsuits by agreement alike. The sum, which could be termed „fee” in the modern sense of the word, was paid – if not otherwise stipulated – by the receiving party to the judge or to the issuer of the charter who fixed the agreement.
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The article deals with the report of Franciscan Simon Fitzsimmons who, accompanied by friar Hugh Illuminator, undertook a pilgrimage to the Holy Land in 1323. In his report, Simon dedicated due attention to the cities and lands on the eastern Adriatic coast that he went through. Although this source is not unknown in Serbian historiography, it seems to have remained on the margins of research. The paper presents the only preserved manuscript of this source, its critical editions, and sheds light on the personality of the author and contents of the manuscript. A part of the text, dealing with Simon’s and Hugh’s voyage from Venice to Durazzo in the second half of August 1323, is given in Serbian translation, with critical commentaries.
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The paper aims at describing the biblical model for kingship of Louis IX, the role of King Solomon in his representation. King Solomon became the symbol of wisdom and royal justice, but he was an ambivalent fi gure of the Bible. The present author reviews the Solomonic image in the written sources such as ’mirrors of princes’, sermons, ordines for the coronation, liturgy (offi ce text) and of course in the fi ne arts where he was prominently presented during the reign of Louis IX. The analysis of the rose glass window in the cathedral of Chartres shows the main role of Blanche of Castile in the Solomonic image in the public discourse of King Louis. He had several biblical models next to Solomon, like King David, Josiah, Josue but Solomon was one of the main models for him, and his courtly surroundings called him novus Salomon.This model was mostly signifi cant during the fi rst half of his reign (before 1254) and at the time of his canonization in the hagiographic portrait of Louis IX. The concluding part of the analysis points out the importance of Solomon in the self–perception of King Louis, which was generally a positive image for him (except of for exemple some scenes of the stained glasses in the Sainte-Chapelle and certain parts of the sermons of Jacob of Lausanne).
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The article examines the relations between the Central Asian Cuman-Qïpchaq tribes and two of the most important cities along the Syr Darya, Jand and Sïghnaq for the entire period of Cuman-Qïpchaq domination over the steppes of Western Eurasia (mid-11th – first decades of the 13th c.). During most of this period the nomads had to deal and often to fight with the Khwārazmshāhs Anushteginids for influence over the strategic settlements of the Syr Darya region. On the basis of various written sources, the paper offers a detailed profile of this protracted and controversial coexistence.
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This paper deals with viticulture, viniculture and their social context in the Turfan region from the West Uyghur period (9th–12th cc.) up to the end of the Mongol period (14th century). A comparative analysis of narrative sources alongside documents written in Old Uyghur (ca. 10th–14th cc.) and Middle Mongolian (13th–14th cc.) sheds new light on the interplay between wine production, commerce and state interest, demonstrating that wine was already one of the most important staple products of the Turfan region in the earlier period and a commodity of primary interest to the Mongol Empire. The article illuminates Old Uyghur sources’ depictions of ortok partners, stressing how their peculiarities differ from the better-known ortoq partnerships employed by the Mongol aristocracy, and highlights growing interest among the nobility in wine production and the institutionalization of vinicultural assets during the Mongol period. The author argues that these processes mirror changes in transportation and Eurasian interregional contacts under Mongol rule. Finally, despite the scattered and fragmentary nature of these sources on local economy and society, the author argues that they prompt a reevaluation of trade along the Silk Roads.
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This paper analyzes the attitudes of Serbian and Croatian scientific historiography from XIX century until present days, regarding the Serbian King Stefan Dragutin’s religious policy. For about 150 years, in which these two historiographieshave been dealing with the personality of Stefan Dragutin, judgments on these issues were given within uneven number of references. Majority of those references were provided by Serbian authors. Altogether, there are a few dozen scientific papers of unequal value which with more or less attention treated the theme of our work. Dragutin’s religious policy is most perceived through its relation towards three main segments: heresy, Orthodoxy and Catholicism. The most interesting issue that is occupying the attention of Serbian and Croatian historians is the last one, because it raises the question of Dragutin’s potential transit in the Roman Catholic faith. It must be noted that contemporary serbian historiography is approaching this issue with more attention, which has resulted in a better explanation of the problem and more complete works. On the other hand, considering Dragutin’s move towards the Roman Catholic faith, Croatian historiography is showing a small degree of criticism and its arguments are in a complet disproportion to the claims. It is also very symptomatic that since XIX c. Croatian historigraphy is observing Dragutin as a Catholic until today, even though some of the historical sources, undoubtedly in favor of his belonging to the orthodoxy church, which are well known for over a centrury and a half, are being completelly ignored. The most of the conclusions of the nineteenth century historiography, which dealt with his attitude towards heresy and Orthodoxy are valid until today and essentially did not encountered serious reviews apart from a few details. In most cases Dragutin’s zeal in favor of the Orthodox church and the Christian faith, together with the fight against heresy is recognized. By objective examination of the scientific literature, one comes to the same conclusion.
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The quarantine, known as an application of the modern era, must go back to the medieval times when the emergence period is considered. The development that revealed the quarantine originating in Italy in terms of name and origin was the Black Death process. During the Black Death, one of the biggest pandemics in history and destroying millions in Europe, the isolation policies that were tried to be developed in the Italian city states started the quarantine process. After these developments, which can be considered as the pioneering steps of quarantine application, by 1377, a legal legislation was prepared by determining the quarantine policy for the first time. As a result of the suggestions of Ragusa's (today's Dubrovnik) chief physician Jacob of Padua, the Grand Council passed the law stating the launch of the quarantine application for the first time on July 27, 1377 for thirty days. Understanding that the isolation applied by the state cuts the pace of the epidemic was the development that started the quarantine process permanently. Increasing the isolation process from thirty to forty days after a short time enabled the quarantine to become a standard practice in terms of name and concept and move it to the modern period. At this point, the research focuses on explaining the process leading to quarantine application and when, where, how and why this application was launched chronologically.
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The research of the middle ranks of the Hungarian church hierarchy is still based on the thesis of Elemér Mályusz, who thought that the proportion of foreign canons in the Hungarian chapters remained fairly high until the early fifteenth century, thanks to their university education. Consequently, the canons of “Hungarian” origin were virtually forced to reoccupy the benefices with the help of king Sigismund’s 1404 decree. In the present paper, I have contrasted the evidence about the origins of beneficiaries in thirteen cathedral and collegiate chapters – those of Bács, Bosnia, Eger, Esztergom, Győr, Kalocsa, Kő/Szerém, Nyitra, Pécs and Vác, Pozsega, Pozsony and Titel – with the thesis of Mályusz. The research has clearly proved that the views of Mályusz, already nuanced by József Köblös, have to be radically modified in the light of the new evidence. As neither the proportion nor the number of foreign beneficiaries was considerable in the period investigated, there was no need to officially restrict their access to Hungarian church benefices, and nothing hindered the local clerics from obtaining them. Thus, the royal decrees enacted in the decade between 1394 and 1404 were clearly not motivated by such aims.
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Unexplored material related to diverse aspects of Hungarian history is still considerable in Italian archives and libraries. Although eff orts have already been made at unearthing such material, the use of the discovered sources is greatly hindered by the lack of any systematization. The project running under the name of Vestigia (www.vestigia.hu) between 2010 and 2015 accordingly aimed at simultaneously exploring new material and presenting it in a systematic manner. Yet an inherent feature of any such auxiliary study is the fatal shortness of the available time span to carry the project to complete fruition, while no Hungarian project can be planned ahead for more than five years. The research of Hungarica material necessitates continuous work, and the Vestigia – in case it could be continued – aims at completeness with regard to collections in Florence and Venice. Italy in general, however, will still off er a great amount of evidence for the researchers of Hungarian history.
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The Syrian coastal region, which had always played an important role in the history as the “gate” between the East and the West since the Metal Age, flourished for the last time before the modern history in the age of the Crusades. In the course of the Mamluk conquest and during the period following it, from the point of the Syrian coastal region we can see many irreversible processes that further on had a very hard effect on the life of the region. This article points at the Mamluks’ and Ottomans’ politics relating to the Syrian territories that was essentially determined by their fear of the crusaders’ return. At the same time, the author gives an overview about the most important events of these periods, and sketches the region’s governmental structure and its various religious communities’ history. On the basis of available evidence, it can be argued that the Mamluks failed to integrate the Syrian coastal region and its population completely into the Mamluk Sultanate. Moreover, this once densely populated, economically and commercially flourishing area began to fall into decay
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The relationship between the Teutonic Order and Lithuania in the 14th century was on the final count determined by mutual hostilities and military actions launched against each other. Despite an almost constant state of hostility, certain cultural interaction, and the transfer of moral and intellectual values, were evidently also part of their relations. The most spectacular and certainly most completely documented element of this transfer was the adoption by the Lithuanian elite of European chivalric warfare, thanks to which by the mid-14th century chivalric culture had also become rooted in the last realm of Europe to adopt the Christian faith.
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The extensive process of installing and controlling the region at the mouth of the Danube by the Golden Horde is a topic that has not been dealt with in accordance to its importance. Archaeological researches provide important data and represent the starting point for understanding the vast complex of the political events and the socio-economic evolution of the area from the mouth of the Danube in the 13th and 14th centuries. In this study, we approach the ceramic materials attributed to the Golden Horde, an approach based on the observations of the archaeological material in northern Dobrogea and on a single discovery in the south of the province. The study of the ceramics attributed to the Golden Horde is at the beginning. The archaeological researches from Tulcea, Tichileşti, Enisala-Cetate, Enisala-Palanca, Nufăru, Isaccea, Isaccea-Noviodunum and Păcuiul lui Soare, the random discoveries from Jurilovca, Slava Rusă and Babadag revealed red-yellowish or grey ceramic fragments, decorated with a wheel, ceramics worked in patterns or enamelled, typical of the material culture of the Golden Horde in the 13th and 14th centuries.
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The article considers features of glassware production (jewelry at the first place) relying on archeological materials from glassmaking workshops from the 12th – the first half of 13th centuries in trade-handicraft district of Kyiv. The problem of local glassmaking production existence is generally considered, basing on morphological, chemical and technological aspects.
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