Българското богомилство и неговите европейски измерения

Author(s): Ivan Božilov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

In Bulgaria, Bogomils emerged at the beginning of the 10th centry under the influence of dualistic Massalian and Paulician movements. Its doctrine, cosmogony and eschatology, its attitude toward the Holy Scripture, Church and its secrets and ceremonies, but in the same way, its social and moral ideas are all well-known through a Bulgarian writer Presbyter Kozma (second half of the 10th century), Patriarch Theophilact from Constantinople (933-956), Byzantine writers Euthymios Zigabenos and Euthymios of Peribleptos, and a document known under the Latin name “Interrogatio Johannis”. In medieval Bulgaria, Bogomils gained great importance during the reign of tzar Peter (927-969) and tzar Boril (1207-1218), and they were last mentioned in the mid-14th century. After 1018, Bogomils spread out over Byzantine region (both in the Balkans and Asia Minor) and in 1344 reached the orthodox core – Mount Athos. The Bogumils also spread out to Russia, Wallachia and Moldova, Transilvania and Bosnia. They made their way into northern Italy and southern France (hence the names Bulgari, Boulgares, Bugri, Bougres as synonyms for Catharite and Albigensian heretics in those regions). Works by Rainier Sacconi, Nicola Viguier and “Interrogatio Johannis” also serve as testimonies.

Bosansko-humski krstjani u pravoslavnim grčkim i slavenskim vrelima

Author(s): Ante Birin / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

In this work, the author delivers a short overview of Greek Orthodox and Slavic sources that provide evidence for both the rise and the expansion of the Bogomil heresy and its basic principles, and the heresy of Bosnia and Hum. Under the influence of Franjo Rački’s theory that was dominant in historiography and claimed that the krstjani of Bosnia and Hum were direct descendants of the Bogomil dualist movement that emerged in Bulgaria, these sources also mentioned either Bogomils or krstjani of Bosnia and Hum presented as a part of an integral practice. Besides the overview of the works in which the mentioned sources were critically analyzed – starting with Jaroslav Šidak’s monograph Problem “bosanske crkve” u našoj historiografiji od Petranovića do Glušca (The Problem of the “Bosnian Church” in our historiography from Petranović to Glušac), Aleksandar V. Solovjev’s Svedočanstva pravoslavnih izvora o bogumilstvu na Balkanu (Testimonies of the Orthodox sources on Bogomils in the Balkans) and Franjo Šanjek’s capital collection Bosansko-humski krstjani u povijesnim vrelima (Krstjani of Bosnia and Hum in historical sources) - this expose pays special attention to examining the very Greek Orthodox and Slavic sources. In the process, the author indicates the need for separate interpretation of the sources that confirm the rise and expansion of Bogomil heresy in the Balkan states and those that specifically refer to krstjani and krstjanice, the heretics from Bosnia and Hum. Separate accounts of these two heresies in the canonical records of the Serbian Orthodox Church clearly show that these were two distinct heresies that could, in no way, be identified.

Prvi pomen krstjana u srednjovjekovnoj Bosni

Author(s): Elma Hasimbegovic / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

One of the essential determinants of the Bosnian Middle Ages was the existence of a specific clerical organization, the Church of Bosnia, which greatly influenced the religious, political and even cultural development of the medieval Bosnia. The Bosnian resources from the 14th and 15th century testify that the adherents of the Church of Bosnia held distinctive positions in the political life and in courts of Bosnian rulers and feudal lords, they also served as charter witnesses and were generally renowned figures of authority in the Bosnian medieval society. In the aforementioned resources, they are always referred to as krstjani, or krstjanice. These resources we mention date from a later period when the Church of Bosnia was already an established clerical organization with its hierarchy and a position within the society. However, the term krstjani appeared much earlier, at the beginning of the 13th century, in the first accusations of heresy on the territory of Bosnian Kulin ban. The sources from the papal office, accused the Bosnian ban for heresy using the terms Qatars, Patarenes or heretics in general, but also claimed that the heretics call themselves true krstjani.

Papa Inocent III. (1198.-1216.) i bosansko-humski krstjani

Author(s): Franjo Šanjek / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

During the twelfth century on the Croatian coast emerged dualistic heretics. They were organized and in this region had two dioceses: Dalmatian (Ecclesia Dalmatiae, 1167) and Slavonic Church (Ecclesia Sclavoniae, 1200). Their ideas were flooded with pessimism, with which they endangered not only church institutions but also the entire established social structure. The church council in Split (1185) repeated condemnation of Cathars, Patarines, Poor man of Lyon and other heretics that had been banned at the church council in Verona (1184). Moreover, the pope Urban III suggested to the Croatian episcopacy that “must not allow organizing of laic fraternities (fraternitatis)”. In October 1200 the pope Inocent III reported to Emerik king of Hungary and Croatia that his vassal the Bosnian ban Kulin “gave shelter to a certain number of Patarines, who had been prosecuted by Bernard the archbishop of Split and banned from Split and Trogir”. Only two years later, the same pope wrote “in the lands of ban Kulin there are many people who are seriously suspected and rather notorious because of condemned Cathar heresy”. It seems that the argue was settled on 8th and 30th April 1203 with negation of “the leaders of those, who in Bosnia usurped the name of Christ (i.e. they named themselves krstjani), and who were elsewhere condemned as schismatics and Manicheans. In the 30’s of the thirteenth century the decrees against krstjans were repeated. They were mentioned as haeritici in Bosnia, hostes crucifixi, haeritici in Slavoniae partibus, and the Church, together with the civil authorities, tried to suppress them by sending Crusaders and Inquisition judges there. By the mid thirteenth century Bosnian Catholic bishop had to relocate his see in Đakovo (in Slavonia), and thereof leave the Bosnian territory to krstjans, who will organize a significant heterodox Church of Bosnia on the former territory of the Bosnian diocese (13th-15th c.).

Bosansko-humski krstjani i prijenos rezidencije bosanskih biskupa u Đakovo

Author(s): Andrija Šuljak / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Since Bosnian krstjani emerged at the end of the 12th century, Bosnian Catholic bishops lived under constant pressure to fight the heretics. Alone, they were powerless against the forces of heresy. The bishops were subject to the Hungarian Church and very much depended on the support from their Bosnian ruler, Hungarian king and Rome to protect orthodoxy. Due to uncertain political currents, they were left without the support from their Bosnian ruler, at the mercy of the Hungarian king, so they recoiled to a landed property of Đakovo in Slavonia – first temporarily then permanently. Yet, through their entire history they were torn between Hungary, Croatia and Bosnia. They remained in Đakovo and became the bishops of Bosnia and Đakovo and, eventually, formed the great Đakovo or Bosnia and Srijem bishopric, which was always very close to Bosnia.

A szuzdali fejedelmek és a volgai bolgárok

Author(s): János Makai / Language(s): Hungarian Publication Year: 0

Sťahovanie národov (454 - 568). Ostrogóti, Gepidi, Longobardi a Slovania

Author(s): Peter Bystrický / Language(s): Slovak

The author describes the history of tribes residing in the Carpathian basin after expelling Huns. No one of them remained in Central Europe and all of them, victorious and defeated too, completely or partially, left for Italy. He follows the fates of the kings who came after Attila, but most of them remained in his shade, and tribes that defeated Huns or founded their empires in the territory bounded by the Carpathians, the Alps and the Sava river, but except for one they perished before Avars came to the Danube. East Roman Empire´s interest in Central Europe did not fall even after it ceased to be its part and fought for it with Ostrogoths and Franks. However, it was weakened by its wars against Ostrogoths and Persians and Slavic and Bulgarian incursions. The Migration of peoples was a period, in which the Antiquity perished, and the grounds of Middle Ages were laid. Central Europe, including Slovakia did not remain out of these events, it was more than only its part. The events that took place here after Attila´s Empire break-up, affected development in a large part of Europe. It was instable as not only interests of local kingdoms, but also of the Byzantine Empire, Ostrogoths and later also Franks collided here. Only a year after Attila´s death, seven kingdoms arose here, but 20 years later only four of them remained and after next 15 years there were only two of them, the Kingdom of Herules and the Kingdom of Gepids. Later after next 20 years, Heruls were replaced by Langobards who 60 years later destroyed even the last one. Such a turbulent development was not recorded anywhere in Europe. Although all German tribes that in the followed period resided in the Carpathian Basin, at last as a whole or partially left for Italy, a story of each of them is unique. They were led by nobles, commanders and kings, whose names are not unknown even today. Although the period of the Migration of peoples is perceived particularly as the history of kings and tribes, the retinues of kings and tribal leaders were more important than ever before. It was just the retinues transcending a framework of tribes and families that allowed forming mighty tribe unions since the end of the 2nd century. They were an integrating and stabilizing factor, however, in this period the tribes were eroded by them. Later the retinues, formation and spread of the heavy cavalry allowed arising and developing of vassal relations and together with hardening of a hereditary function of the King, an adoption of Christianity and new social relations opened a way to Middle Ages and feudalism.

Топография и хронология средневековых поселений западных регионов Казахстана

Author(s): Murat D. Kalmenov,Aliya E. Bizhanova / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The authors present a discussion on medieval settlements located in Western Kazakhstan: Kyzylkala, Ketikkala, Saraishyk, Aktobe-Laeti and Zhaiyk towns. They relate in general to the period of the 10th—14th centuries, although some of them also existed later (Saraishyk). Problems of historiography and formation of medieval urban culture, economic ties with other regions, as well as historical topography of sites based on archaeological research are discussed. Fortification of settlements, residential and farm buildings, main features of funerary rite practiced on the associated necropolises are considered.

Ртутный странник: об исследовании одного средневекового погребения

Author(s): Zvezdana V. Dode / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The excavation process of a unique medieval burial containing mercury in one of the kurgans of the Shumaevo burial ground was conducted with a number of methodological and analytical errors, that resulted in an incorrect attribution of the complex to the period of the Golden Horde. “Technical details” that were taken for granted without any critical examination were reproduced in a number of publications and engendered a number of invalid conclusions regarding the origin, social station and spiritual habits of the Shumaevo warrior. New data obtained from studying textiles from the burial indicate the mistaken dating of the burial and the premature nature of the conclusions regarding the complex’s connection with the political and cultural history of the Mongols. The burial was made by the early medieval nomads that were dominant in Central Asia long before the arrival of the Mongols.

Находки половецких каменных изваяний как источник по изучению географии половецких кочевий степного Прикубанья

Author(s): Yuriy V. Zelenskiy / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author reviews places where Polovtsian stone sculptures were found on the territory of the Kuban steppe and Eastern Trans-Kuban. First statues were delivered to the Museum in the late nineteenth century, and are still delivered nowadays. Before the revolution, there was no regular reporting about original locations of such finds. In 1950s — early 21st century, statues were brought from villages located on the territory of the Central steppe area in the middle Kuban area and Eastern Trans-Kuban. Finds of the Polovtsian stone sculptures are a valuable source on the geography of the Polovtsian nomadic camps in the Kuban basin.

Medieval Glazed Pottery: Archaeological Evidence from Rural Greece

Author(s): Effie F. Athanassopoulos / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The study of medieval and post-medieval pottery in Greece and the Eastern Mediterranean has attracted significant interest in recent years. The purpose of this paper is to outline the main trends in the medieval countryside based on the evidence of archaeological regional surveys in central and southern Greece. These projects have established that glazed pottery circulated widely in the 12th and 13th centuries CE. The availability of substantial bodies of ceramic material from rural areas allows us to address questions of production and consumption patterns over time. It is well documented that in southern Greece the quantity of glazed wares increased dramatically after the late 11th century. This increase most likely indicates changes in the organization as well as the technology of glazed pottery production.This paper also includes a case study from the region of Nemea, in southern Greece. The Nemea Valley Archaeological Project (NVAP), an intensive regional survey undertaken in the 1980s, has established that glazed pottery is widely distributed in the Nemea valley and the surrounding area. NVAP also identified a medieval pottery workshop, which, most likely, produced glazed pottery. In addition, the excavations of the Sanctuary of Zeus at Nemea, have recovered large amounts of well-preserved medieval pottery, including diagnostic glazed wares.

Импортная византийская сграффито керамика из средневековых поселений в Болгарском Причерноморье

Author(s): Marija Manolova-Vojkova / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The paper makes an overview of the imported Byzantine sgraffito pottery distributed in the towns along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast from the end of the 11th — 12th century until the end of the 14th century. These are the following types: “Fine sgraffito ware”, “Painted fine sgraffito”, “Incised sgraffito” “Champlevé ware” and “Elaborate incised ware”. Forms of vessels, specific decoration and designs are described. Their chronology is based on analogies with similar finds from Byzantine territories.

Ближневосточная поливная керамика рубежа X—XI и XI вв. в памятниках Среднего Поволжья

Author(s): Svetlana I. Valiulina / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

This article analyzes the Middle Eastern artistic ceramics of the turn of the 10th—11th centuries and 11th century from the Volga Bulgaria sites. Among the antiquities found in Eastern Europe, these items represent a rare and unique category of eastern imports. For a more complete characteristics and reliable attribution, chemical composition of the glaze and the clay base was determined by means of the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mineral composition of the ceramic base of most impressive artifacts was identified by the X-ray phase analysis. As a result, the origin and dating of the Mesopotamian luster-painted tableware and Iranian vessels of the 11th century of “Sari” type was determined. The emergence of the imported Middle Eastern art works in the Middle Volga Region, in my opinion, is one of the evidences of the initial stage of Volga Bulgarian urban culture formation during the 11th century.

Поливная керамика средневекового города Шамкир

Author(s): Tarix Meyrut Dostiyev / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

This article focuses on the red-clay glazed ceramics of medieval Shamkir city, the ruins of which are located in the western region of the Republic of Azerbaijan, on the left bank of the river Shamkirchay. Wheel-made glazed ceramics of Shamkir is manufactured from well-prepared high quality levigated clay and is evenly baked. Main decoration techniques applied on glazed ceramics in 8th — 10th centuries were the color of baked shard, engobe, manganese and copper oxyde and glaze. Painting with engobe colors prevailed. The second stage in the development of artistic ceramics of Shamkir, encompassing 11th — beginning of the 13th century, was characterized by some innovations in decoration technology. The products that were decorated with engraving, the reserved technique, manganese and white painted engobe coating, engraving on manganese paintings, polychrome products under the glaze were widely used. The decor is dominated by geometric patterns, rarer plant, epigraphic and figurative motifs. Widespread rise of pottery production which began in the 9th century continuously evolved and reached its apogee in the 12th century.

Баптистерии раннесредневекового византийского Херсона: некоторые итоги изучения

Author(s): Serghei B. Sorochan / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The typology of baptisteries of Byzantine Cherson of 6th—9th centuries is studied in the article. By the middle of the 7th century, each region of the city had its own temple with a baptistery, and their total number could reach nine. The overwhelming number of baptismal fonts were of small size and depth, and were intended for the baptismal rite, mainly over small children. Such baptisteries did not need any catechumens or hrismarions. In four cases the ponds of small fonts were raised above the floor and attached to the wall, but there were also fonts built in level with the floor, for the baptism of adults. The ponds were cut down in the rock, wrought from solid stone or built from plinth with the cement. They were shaped as a circle, polyhedron, semicircle, rectangle, or a three-conchal cross. There are finds of portable, mobile marble fonts. Baptisteries of Cherson can be divided into two groups: built as a detached building or as a part of a temple (the latter are most numerous). Among them, there are a few processional, “enfilade” baptisteries and more numerous single-chamber baptisteries. Arranged most often in the southern part of the temple, they had access to the altar. In addition, among them there were baptisteries of pure type and baptistery-martyria (at the Western basilica, “temple with the ark” no. 19 and in baptistery no. 24 at the Great Basilica). They reveal a noticeable influence of the Christian East.

Новый тип древнерусского княжеского знака

Author(s): Serge V. Beletsky / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Another Old Russian sealing mark was found in 2019. On its obverse, there is an image of a bident, and a two-line inscription СВѦ on its reverse, carved in the stamping mold, without allowing for the print. The token on this sealing mark belongs to an earlier unknown type. It was owned by one of Vladimir Monomach’s descendants. Rarity of tokens similar to the discussed one suggests that owners of tokens from this group could make up a small and probably early extinct branch of Rurik family. The bident on the discussed sealing mark could be owned by Svyatopolk († after 1192), one of Mstislav the Great’s grandsons and Vladimir Mstislavich’s son.

Восточные корни древневенгерской культуры X в. и средневековая археология Восточной Европы

Author(s): Attila Türk / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Archaeological research on the early history of Hungarians has gone through considerable change during the past decades; a new, critical approach has emerged. The most recent inspection of the archaeological material shows only few and rather debatable connections to the Saltovo culture; however, the only recently identified Subotsci horizon near the Dnieper demonstrates much stronger links to the early Hungarian material culture. The origins of the Subotsci horizon, as well as the origins of Hungarian conquerors, point to the Volga-South Ural region.

Пруто-Днестровское междуречье в контексте культурно-исторических связей окружающих регионов в середине V — середине XI вв.

Author(s): Roman A. Rabinovich / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

As a result of its unique geographical position, the Carpathian-Dniester region felt a strong impact from the cultural and historical worlds of neighboring regions in the period of 5th—11th centuries. Various peoples penetrated from neighboring regions at different times on the territory of its eastern part — in the Pruto-Dniester interfluve. Among them: Slavs, Turkic-Bulgarian peoples, Alans, Hungarians, representatives of different cultures: Luka-Raikovetskaya, Saltovo-Mayaki and Balkano-Danube. The appearance in the region of the West Slavic population had a particular importance and left antiquities of Echimăuţi-Alcedar type. The synthesis of the cultures of Echimăuţi-Alcedar and Luka-Raikovetskaya laid the basis for the formation of the Old Russian culture of the Prut-Dniester region in the 10th—11th centuries. The Ancient Russian culture of these region was not homogeneous by its origin and reflected the presence of all migration waves in the Dniester-Prut interfluve.

Кокшаровка-8 — уникальный погребальный комплекс эпохи средневековья в Приморье

Author(s): Nikolay A. Kluyev,Igor Yu. Sleptsov,Alexander L. Ivliev / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

In 2012—2015, the Koksharovka-8 burial complex site having no analogy in Primorye medieval archeology was investigated. The remains of a monumental building of rectangular shape, 15 × 16 m built of stone slabs were studied. The design features of the structure and stages of its construction were identified. The studies have shown that a high-ranking nobleman was probably buried there. This is evidenced by both the monumental character of the structure and the nature of the grave goods, including items made of precious metals, most of which were looted by robbers as early as in the Middle Ages. The monument is directly related to the Koksharovka-1 hill fort site, where similar ceramic material has been discovered. Based on the study of the artifacts and radiocarbon analysis data, the burial complex may be tentatively dated to the 10th—11th cc.

Динамика развития городской территории средневекового Болгара

Author(s): Denis Yu. Badeev / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author discusses the possibility to apply methods of geographic information systems to study development dynamics of a medieval city and uses Bolgar as a case study. The archaeological components allowing reconstructing the dynamics of the urban area are characterized. These components include: the cultural stratum with good stratigraphy, chronological topography of the finds, and distribution of archaeological urban structures. Among the latter, the following items are identified: monumental buildings, urban planning elements (streets, squares, etc.), remains of aboveground dwellings and household structures, remains of dugout dwellings and household structures, fortification objects, industrial and agricultural facilities (furnaces, traces of arable land), burial grounds and hydraulic structures. The research involved drawing of cartograms to represent Bolgar historical and social topography.