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Shared human–animal households: the examples of Nordic bronze age longhouses and Estonian rehi houses

Author(s): Kristin Armstrong Oma,Kadri Tüür / Language(s): English Issue: 18/2016

In this article we compare situations across time and space in which humans and animals live under the same roof. The main focus is on the use of space as a backdrop for human–animal interactions. By comparing data from different time periods, 19th century Estonia and the bronze age in Norway respectively, we seek to answer the following questions: 1) Where were the animals placed in the house, and how was their space organised? 2) How did the built structures allow for interaction between humans and animals? 3) What does this reveal concerning the pragmatic considerations of humans regarding animals (and vice versa)? On a more detailed level of inquiry, we also ask, is it possible to discern the rationale behind the spatial layout of animals in the houses? Upon which principles is it based? Is it based on increased economic and/or pragmatic benefits, or on animal welfare, or on religious considerations, or on the ontological status of the animals – or on a combination of these factors? Is there a seasonal dynamics inherent to the placing of animals in the house?

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Semiotics and the species management discourse: the temporal dynamics of the emergence of new species

Author(s): Timo Maran / Language(s): English Issue: 18/2016

The present era of anthropogenic environmental change creates conditions for many species to spread beyond their initial living ranges – a process that may have further effects on local ecosystems, human societies and cultures. The purpose of this chapter is to map the semiotic and temporal dynamics of these processes by focusing on the semiotic activity and dynamics of the new species and different interest groups in human societies. A specific feature of human discourse on new or invasive species appears to be its dynamic nature, with new species adapting to the local ecosystem, thereby changing knowledge of the interested human parties, with no participant having full information of the process. In order to study such dynamical interactions between culture and nature, the present chapter synthesises understandings of the semiotics of cultural change (Lotman 2009), of the semiotics of environmental communication (Low 2008), of the social studies of species management, and of Actor-Network Theory (Callon 1986; Law 2008; Latour 1997), as well as of the semiotics of animal modelling (Uexküll 1982; Sebeok 1990, 1991) and culture-nature relations (Kull 1998).

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THE CULPABLE ECOLOGICAL CATASTROPHES – OFFENCES OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW?

Author(s): Daniel-Ştefan Paraschiv / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2019

THE SERIOUS DAMAGE CAUSED TO THE ENVIRONMENT NO LONGER REPRESENTS ONLY A MATTER OF NATIONAL CONCERN, WITHIN THE DISCRETION OF EACH COUNTRY, AS IN THE CASE OF ECOLOGICAL CATASTROPES WITH SEVERE REPERCURSIONS TO LIFE GOING ON IN NORMAL CONDITIONS, WITH MULTIPLE CASUALTIES OR SIMPLY AFFECTING LARGE AREAS OF THE PLANET. CONSEQUENTLY, THE ROLE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW SHOULD BE ENHANCED IN PUNISHING THE GUILTY ONES AND IN TAKING OTHER NECESSARY MEASURES FOR THE PROTECTION OF NATURE AND THE PRESERVATION OF A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT FOR THE PEOPLE AND THE OTHER BEINGS.

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Dreptul și sursele renovabile de energie. Dimensiuni ale unui regim juridic particular

Author(s): Mircea Dutu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2022

The necessity of establishing a particular legal regime for renewable energy sources comes from their promotion as main alternative to exiting the present energy model based on fossil fuels, significant emitters of GHGs and highly exhaustible, and the transition towards one based on clean and sustainable energy sources, which allow reaching climate neutrality. Joining the energy, climate, and growths related stakes marks an intersectoral nature to the applicable regimes, with structuring trends and specific developments raising the issue of creating a „renewable energy law” and its main question: new branch of law or special legal regime? As an „crossing” field of ruling (on the one hand, between energy law, environmental law, and climate law, and on the other hand, between international law, EU law, and domestic law, with an integrating vocation), the new law is marked by the environmental transition and the mix of analysis concept and enforcing instruments. By its own implications, it nuances the traditional meanings of some consecrated principles and legal institutions, in the effort of adapting the legal arsenal to the new energy challenges. The lack of adequate specificities, at least for the moment, does not justify it being considered a new branch of law, but it is limited to its affirmation in the field of enforcing a complex legal regime, often derogatory from the common regulations, created in a sense of assimilating perception and promoting the special exigencies of the pillar of renewable sources of the foreshadowed new energy model.

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They too are Casualties: The Toll on the Ecology in Nigerian Civil War Literature

Author(s): Enajite Eseoghene Ojaruega / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

Critical scholarship on the literature of the Nigerian Civil War tends to dwell mostly on the human tragedy, often neglecting other nonhuman casualties of war. I identify the use of the environment as a tool of war in the theatre of combat especially during violent confrontations between the fighting troops and will analyse how this is depicted in selected war narratives on the Nigeria–Biafra war. By focusing on the effects of the war on the ecology, my study invites a more holistic examination of the total landscape of war bearing in mind the entanglements and shared vulnerabilities between humans and nonhumans. It also admits to an intersection between war literature and ecocriticism for if there are claims of genocide because of the perceived vulnerability of a group of humans during the war, then there are also evidences of ecocide as a result of the attacks on the defenceless nonhuman entities within the domain of war.

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A Post-Soviet Eco-Digital Nation? Metonymic Processes of Nation-Building and Estonia’s High-Tech Dreams in the 2010s

Author(s): Epp Annus / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2022

How do Estonians imagine themselves as a nation? According to a popular Estonian essayist, a proper Estonian digs his garden on Mondays and mines his bitcoins on Tuesdays. This article focuses on Estonian imaginaries to study the grounding structures of Estonian identity-creation in the 2010s and it articulates the core of a canonized understanding of Estonian identity as “eco-digital nationhood.” The article explores Estonia’s eco-digital national model as produced by an aesthetic screening, supported by a Western gaze adapted for local purposes of positive identity creation. In Estonia, international approval (for its reputation as a digital nation) has fostered a national selfimage of living in a digital state. Technological advancement combined with idealizations of natural environments have sometimes produced “eco-ambiguous” results, as in efforts to encounter nonhuman life-worlds without leaving one’s own comfort zone. In other instances, the eco and the digital function as two alternating modes of selfhood, the eco-part sometimes finding expression in the narratives of ethnic particularism, the digital part figuring Estonia as a herald of western modernism prudently adapting itself to the digital future. Discrepancies between the eco-digital imaginary and the many less flattering elements of Estonian actuality highlight selective (self-)representative strategies in narratives of national success. Nation building here emerges as a metonymic process, wherein certain parts of culture are foregrounded to represent the whole— while other parts, including substantial parts of the Soviet heritage (material, demographic, social, psychological) languish as unsuitable to be framed.

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Blesková povodeň v Sobotišti v roku 1672 vo Vedomostiach M. Bela a ďalších písomných prameňoch

Author(s): Peter Chrastina,Erika Juríková,Jakub Trojan / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2021

The paper deals with the reconstruction of climatic and hydrological aspects of the flash flood in Sobotište in 1678 in terms of historical geography. The weather conditions and consequences (especially damage) caused by this natural disaster were outlined by M. Bel in paragraph IX. CHVOYNITZE (slov. Chvojnica), § V. Natural History of the General Part of the Knowledge of the Nitra County (1742). More detailed information about the given flood is provided by transcripts of anabaptist codes by J. Beck (1883), family historiography by D. Krman jr. (1708) and monograph and paper written by Ľ. Pauliny (1888, 1891). We obtained further data and parallels to the issue from the literature, data from the Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute and old maps.

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INCENTIVES FOR SUSTAINABLE ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTIONS OF YOUTH WITH HIGHER EDUCATION STUDIES IN ROMANIA

Author(s): Renata Dana Nițu-Antonie,Emőke-Szidónia Feder,Kristina Stamenovic / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The performed empirical study identified some factors that lead to the encouragement and stimulation of sustainable entrepreneurial intentions, by integrating the variables from the theory of planned behavior in the model of the entrepreneurial event, adapted to the context of sustainable entrepreneurship. For a sample of 170 students of the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration within the West University of Timisoara, the empirical results showed that: perceived desire and feasibility for sustainable entrepreneurship are direct antecedents of sustainable entrepreneurial intentions; the individual attitude regarding entrepreneurship, subjective norms and behavioral control determine the perceived desire and feasibility regarding sustainable entrepreneurship, under the conditions of environmental values influence. The increase of respondents’ number and the inclusion of additional variables in the research model, with moderating or mediating role, would allow the obtained results to be generalized for young people with university studies who have taken entrepreneurship courses through their academic curriculum and would guide to an expansion of research on stimulating factors of sustainable entrepreneurial intention.

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Ekonomik, Politik ve Sosyal Küreselleşmenin Ekolojik Ayak İzi Üzerindeki Etkileri: ASEAN-5 Ülkeleri Örneği

Author(s): Aykut Yağlikara / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2022

In recent years, economic, political and social interactions with the increasing effect of globalization have led to a rise in people's demands for goods and services and it has been observed that different effects on the environmental quality of countries. This study examines the relationship between ecological footprint, energy consumption and economic, political and social globalization in the ASEAN-5 country sample between 1986 and 2017. Panel cointegration, Augmented Mean Group (AMG) estimator and Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality tests were used in the analysis. According to the findings, the variables move together in the long run. In addition, it was obtained with the finding that energy consumption increases the ecological footprint in countries with significant results, and that all three globalization dimensions show different results from country to country. Finally, according to the panel causality test results, a bidirectional causality relationship was reached between ecological footprint and political and social globalization, and a unidirectional causality relationship between energy consumption and economic globalization. There is a bidirectional causality between energy consumption and political and social globalization, and a unidirectional causality relationship from energy consumption to economic globalization.

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Green Economy – Customers’ choice?

Author(s): Ann-Kathrin Arp,Jan Kiehne,Tim Schüler,Astrid Fortmüller / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

This paper interlinks the concept of the Green Economy with consumer behavior with the goal to answer the question whether the consumer is in the position to push the actual market towards sustainability. At first the authors give a brief outline of the concept, its relevance and targets. Subsequently the theory of consumer behavior is explained with a focus on the basic factors of purchase decisions of users. The theory is based on a literature review. As conscientious consumerism is not a novelty but already in progress, the authors show the status quo for Europe. Lastly, the fields are interlinked in order to prove false the public opinion that the industry is the promoter of the Green Economy. The consumer has the power to change the market towards more sustainability, although this approach is faced by certain challenges to set the ball rolling. The conclusion includes opportunities to eliminate these difficulties and provide further research approaches.

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BIOSAFETY IN UKRAINE AS A SOCIALLY SIGNIFICANT NATIONAL INTEREST

Author(s): Olga Grybko,Larysa Hren,Olexandr Romanovskiy,Mykola Chebotarev,Nataliia Hrabar / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2022

The study considers approaches to defining the essence of the “national interest” concept, taking into account its genesis and the presence of two approaches to its understanding – idealistic and realistic. It is established that the national interest can be called the goals and objectives of state domestic and foreign policy, the implementation of which ensures progressive democratic development, as well as safe living conditions and welfare of its citizens. For constructive and detailed research of the specified object special methods were used: sociological interrogation, analysis and synthesis, generalization, forecasting and modeling, formal-logical, comparative-legal etc. With the help of a systematic approach, structural-functional, comparative and institutional methods the conclusions of the article were formed. As part of the creative team for research, a sociological study was conducted on the implementation of national interests in Ukraine, which allowed to establish that the least guaranteed among the national interests by respondents consider ecological and biological safety. A number of factors have been identified that make the provision of biosafety a matter not of single country but many countries. In pursuance of one of the items of the Decision of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine “On challenges and threats to national security of Ukraine in the environmental sphere and priority measures to neutralize them”, a functional basis for biosafety is proposed, and an algorithm to identify and respond quickly to potential biological threats.

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Methodology for preparing biology students for environmental and local study activities

Author(s): Nagima Umirzakova,Makhabbat Amanbayeva,Assiya Maimatayeva,Zhumadil Childebayev,Symbat Yessenturova,Kalampyr Zhumagulova / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2022

The current situation in education is characterized by an increased role for the environmental dimension. The purpose of our research is to develop an experimental verification and an effective methodology for shaping the readiness of students of biology, for environmental and local study activities. The research involved theoretical and experimental teaching methods. The participants for the experiment consisted of 105 students in the experimental group and 98 students in the control group. As a result of experimental training, it turned out that we developed a model of the methodology for the formation of environmental and local study activities in the training of biologist students, in the system of advanced training of biologist specialists. The article has scientific interest to teachers and researchers of pedagogical universities who want to ensure an effective educational process.

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WHAT IS THE PROGRESS OF EU CIRCULAR ECONOMIES?

Author(s): Nela Șteliac,Dumitru Șteliac / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

Circular economy is becoming an increasing concern for specialists due to the benefits it can have upon the environment and people. Although there are no well-defined indicators according to which the progress of a circular economy can be quantified, there is more and more concern in the specialised literature. This paper attempts to measure such progress within the EU member states via an aggregate indicator based on the indicators ones issued by the Eurostat in the EC monitoring framework. The indicator has been determined in two variants: one where the states missing some statistical data have been removed and another where the zero value has been attributed to all circumstances of unavailable data. The different determination methods have revealed different values of the circular economy aggregate indicator as well as different approaches of the states.

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LAS ENERGÍAS VERDES. ANÁLISIS DESDE LA REVOLUCIÓN VERDE EN CUBA

Author(s): Sánchez Alcides Antúnez,Matos Guerra Ilianys / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 57/2022

The use of the energy potential that the environment provides to man is a challenge for the scientific society in the 21st century. Governments implement strategies to encourage the use of wind farms, photovoltaic cells in solar panels, construction of hydroelectric plants to obtain energy from water, wind energy, geothermal energy, thermosolar energy, bioenergy and marine currents to use them in the network electrical. To achieve this goal, the regulation by the States of legal bodies in the legal systems that provide economic incentives to produce energy from renewable sources with the use of scientific advances to modify the energy matrix, sustainable in harmony with the Millennium Goals for 2030, and achieve the legal paradigm of sustainable development. It is a model to be built in the public policies of the States that consider its implementation.

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Analiza amprentei de apă în județul Tulcea

Author(s): Elena-Cornelia Munteanu,Mihaela Ivanov,Mădălina Elena Deaconu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 6/2022

In this paper, the research of the water footprint in Tulcea County was carried out, due to the current approaches regarding the reduction of the consumption of natural resources, the awareness that they are not inexhaustible and that any activity undertaken has an impact on the environment. Water security has become a global concern due to: population growth, consumerism trend, technological advances. Water is an important natural resource, and the reduction of consumption can be achieved only by changing the consumption patterns of fresh water, through corrective policies, by setting priorities for the future. The publication in 2015 of the „2030 Agenda for sustainable development”, the agenda containing the objective number 6 „Clean water and sanitation”, has led to increased scientific interest in water footprint. Scientific publications will continue to grow until 2030, the duration of the SDG implementation for poverty eradication, equal opportunities and mitigation of environmental threats being 15 years.

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Leo zmienia świat. Wegańska literatura dziecięca wobec wyzwań antropocenu

Author(s): Marzena Kubisz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 9/2022

In her article, Marzena Kubisz examines representations of veganism in the context of debates about the ways to counteract the degradation of the natural environment while claiming that veganism is used instrumentally in the discourse of the Anthropocene, which, in turn, leads to a marginalization of animal suffering. By referring to Donata Marfiak and Jerzy Rey’s book entitled Mamo, tato – dlaczego nie jemy zwierząt? Czyli o tym, jak dzieci ratują świat [Mummy, Daddy, Why Don’t We Eat Animals? Or the Way Children Save the World] Kubisz demonstrates that one of the areas in which the connection between veganism, animal welfare and environmental care is foregrounded in a way which stresses the co-dependency and communality of all living organisms is vegan literature for children.

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Addressing Human–wolf Conflict in Latvia: A Study of Discourses in Online News Media (Cilvēku-vilku konflikts Latvijā: vilku diskursīvais portrets digitālajos ziņu medijos)

Author(s): Agnese Reķe / Language(s): English Issue: 44/2022

Vilki Eiropā tikuši vajāti un intensīvi iznīcināti gadsimtiem ilgi. Nesaudzīgās izmedīšanas dēļ lielākajā daļā Eiropas tie izmiruši jau 19. gadsimta beigās. Tomēr pēdējo desmitgažu laikā, pateicoties dabas aizsardzības iniciatīvām un pārmaiņām zemes lietojuma veidos, vilku skaits Eiropā ir ievērojami pieaudzis. Šobrīd kontinentālajā Eiropā (neskaitot Krieviju un Baltkrieviju) mitinās aptuveni 17 000 vilku. Tas ir lielākais skaits vairāku gadsimtu laikā. Arī Latvijā šobrīd ir lielākā vilku populācija kopš 20. gadsimta sākuma (aptuveni 1200 indivīdi). Vilku atgriešanās Eiropā ir liela uzvara dabas aizsardzības nozarei, taču tai pašā laikā process ir saasinājis cilvēku-vilku attiecības un raisījis diskusijas par to vietu mūsdienu Eiropā. Viedokļi par vilku aizsardzību dalās gan iesaistīto pušu, gan plašākas sabiedrības vidū. Daļa uzskata, ka vilki ir būtiska, saudzējama dabas sastāvdaļa, ar kuru mums, cilvēkiem, jāiemācās līdzāspastāvēt, savukārt daļa – ka vilkiem ir vieta tikai dabas rezervātos, kur tie nevar radīt kaitējumu cilvēku interesēm. Pretrunīgās attieksmes dēļ vilku aizsardzības īstenošana Latvijā un citviet Eiropā ir sarežģīta. Lai nodrošinātu veiksmīgu vilku pastāvēšanas nākotni, zināšanas par attieksmi pret vilkiem ir vitāli svarīgas. Šī pētījuma mērķis ir analizēt cilvēku-vilku attiecības Latvijā no vides humanitāro zinātņu perspektīvas, apskatot dominējošos diskursus par vilkiem populārākajos Latvijas digitālajos ziņu medijos. Pētījumi ir pierādījuši, ka ziņu medijiem ir būtiska loma, veidojot sabiedrības viedokli par dabas aizsardzību. Šī iemesla dēļ tajos atrodamie diskursi var ietekmēt plašākas sabiedrības attieksmi. Analizējot 2003.–2019. gadā publicētos rakstus, secināts, ka medijos dominē divi diskursi: (1) vilks kā drauds un (2) vilks kā aizsargājama suga. Pirmā diskursa galvenie veidotāji ir mednieki (reizēm arī lauksaimnieki), kuri vēlas panākt atļautā medību apjoma palielināšanu, pamatojot savu vēlmi ar riskiem, ko rada vilki. Otrā diskursa veidotāji ir dabas aizsardzības nozares pārstāvji, kas strādā ar sugas apsaimniekošanu saistītās iestādēs un argumentē nepieciešamību sugu sargāt, pamatojoties uz to ekoloģisko lomu.

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ECO-INOVAREA ÎN UNIUNEA EUROPEANĂ ÎN CONTEXTUL DEZVOLTĂRII DURABILE

Author(s): Tatiana Păduraru / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 51/2022

Innovation and sustainable development have become a topic of great interest nowadays, as society is looking for solutions that lead to sustainable development, for the current and future generations. Over time, innovation has been considered the engine of development in achieving and maintaining a high rate of growth for economies around the world. Thus, innovation has now a specific characteristic, namely the orientation towards environmental issues and climate changes, which currently affects the entire planet. According to this new orientation, a new type of innovation is recognized, namely: eco-innovation. In this context, the paper aims to link eco-innovation and sustainable development, to make a synthesis of the existing definitions on the concept of eco-innovation and to present its importance in the context of sustainable development. Also, the paper aims to highlight the EU policies that include the concept of eco-innovation and to carry out an analysis of the eco-innovation performance of the countries in the European Union. The methodology is based on methods of analysis and synthesis, interpretation and relevant comparisons. The results of the research highlight the fact that all the authors mentioned in the paper use the concept of eco-innovation as a means of minimizing pollution and the impact of human activity on the environment, but also as a means of obtaining a more efficient use of resources. In this paper, the author defines eco-innovation in a unique way. European countries register different performances in the field of eco-innovation, thus the EU continues to cooperate with external partners, using all available instruments in its external policies, supporting in particular the efforts of developing countries.

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HOW TO COMMUNICATE ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE: AN INSIGHT INTO THE PERCEPTION OF SCIENCE COMMUNICATION IN SELECTED EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

Author(s): Lenka Diener,Martin Fero,Peter Guráň / Language(s): English Issue: 39/2022

This paper examines how European citizens perceive the topic of climate change. It is based on qualitative research that involved gathering information from five (5) European countries (Portugal, Spain, Italy, Poland, and Slovakia) about their citizens’ perception of science communication. The data were collected via public consultations using qualitative methods. The research aimed to provide qualitative knowledge gained through consultations with citizens on how they acquire science-related knowledge and how this knowledge influences their beliefs, opinions, and perceptions. This paper presents the findings of public consultations concerning science communication on climate change, in addition to presenting citizens’ perception of scientific institutions and scientists working in the field of climate change. It also provides recommendations for improving science communication in terms of education systems and communication strategies. The analyzed data allowed us to look at several levels of science communication. The findings show citizens’ various perspectives on communication preferences when it comes to climate change and present several science communication dimensions that could boost the effectiveness of science communication on the topic of climate change.

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Interacţiunile statului şi a investitorilor străini în materie de protecţie a mediului şi a proprietăţii

Author(s): Mircea Gladchi / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

The article presents the forms of intercation in terms of foreign investment with reference to the protection of property interests on the one hand and the protection of the environmental interests on the other. The need to protect investors' asserts from expropriations directly related to the state's environmental interests has emerged relatively recently, but the parties to the bilateral or multilateral agreements have included provisions that protect the given values. Addressing the issue in the light of the respective agreements is a welcome thing for both the host state of investment and the investing state, each creating its own levers of protection of due interests. The effectiveness of these provisions and the settlement of the disputes arising from them remain at the dsicretion of the parties in most cases, but the mechanisms provided offer some additional guarantees to be able to make progress in both investment and environmentl protection.

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