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The content and distribution of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Cr) in organs and tissues of Rana temporaria and R. arrvalis from biotopes near some reservoirs in the city zone of Kyiv are studied.
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According to the goals and objectives of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation for 2011–2020 studying and monitoring the rare component of regional floras is highly relevant. This article presents the results of a nature conservation study of the flora of the Desna Plateau (Кrolevets’ and Hlukhiv geobotanic region), situated in the northeast part of Ukraine at the border line of two geomorphological regions (the Central Russian Upland and the Polesia-Dnipro lowland) and of two physical-geographical zones (Novhorod-Sivers`ke Polesia and the Sums`ky forest-steppe. In the orographic aspect, the territory is made up of the western spurs of the Central Russian Upland with the dissectioned forms of the relief. The studied area consists of about 4000 km2. Field route studies aimed at compiling floral lists, geobotanical description and herbarizing were conducted in the period 2002–2016. Separate sites of nature conservation interest were re-examined in different seasonal periods. The basis of the annotated summary of the rare species of vascular plant flora is made up by the materials of original research, as well as herbarium (KW) and literary reviews. The complex floristic analysis of the rare component of the regional flora was carried out in cameral conditions, which made it possible to identify the systematic, geographical, ecological, phytocenological and nature conservation structures of the rare species of vascular plant flora in the investigated area. According to the data received, the total number of species of vascular plants endangered by anthropogenic impact is composed of 85 species belonging to 32 families, 54 genera. Among the families, the following predominate: Orchidaceae (14 genera), Asteraceae, Ranunculaceae (8 genera in each), Iridaceae (5), Aspidiaceae, Cyperaceae (4 genera in each). Among the genera, the following predominate – Carex (4 species); Dryopteris, Orchis, Iris, Jurinea – 3 species in each. It was concluded that among the rare species there are plant species of different physical and geographical zones and this corresponds to the ecotone location of the region. Among species at the edge of their range, 14 are on the extreme northern border of their typical range (Linum flavum L., Carex rhizina Blytt ex Lindb., Centaurea ruthenica Lam., Trinia multicaulis Schishk, Aster amellus L., Galatella linosyris (L.) Rchb. f., Stipa tirsa Steven), 7 species are found on the southern border of their range (Cypripedium calceolus L., Pedicularis sceptrum-carolinum L., Parnassia palustris L., Lycopodium annotinum L., 4 species (Anemone nemorosa L., Salix myrsinifolia Salisb., Galanthus nivalis L., Gladiolus imbricatus L. are found on the eastern border of their distribution. The nature conservation structure includes 4 species from the Bern Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Dracocephalum ruyschiana L., Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill s.l., Salvinia natans L., Ostericum palustre (Bess) Bess); 3 species from the supplement to the CITES Convention (Adonis vernalis L., Cypripedium calceolus L., Orchis militaris L.), 27 species from the Red Book of Ukraine (Lilium martagon L., Allium ursinum L., Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Rich, Stipa pennata L.), 49 species from Sumy region rare species list (Clematis recta L., Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill., Eremogone saxatilis (L.) Ikonn., Drosera rotundifolia L., Pedicularis kaufmannii Pinzg., Carex limosa L., C. umbrosa Host.). In addition, we suggest including into this list Sanquisorba officinalis L., Briza media L., Beckmania eruciformis (L.) Host., Melica nutans L., Coronilla varia L., Salvia nutans L., Scilla siberica Haw., Corydalis solida (L.) Clairv., Valeriana officinalis L., Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medic., Menyanthes trifoliata L., Hesperis matronalis L., Naumburgia thyrsiflora (L.) Rchb., Thalictrum aquilegifolium L., T. minus L., Verbascum nigrum L., Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. It was found that among the rare species of the region mesophytes predominate and they are confined to meadow and forest habitats. To a lesser extent, xeromesophytes and xerophytes of meadow-steppe, as well as hygrophytes and hydrophytes of shoreline and water habitats are represented. The nature reserve fund of the region was analyzed according to the methodology of assessing the nature reserves by botanical value priority criteria. To optimize the region's nature reserve fund, a rationale for creating a landscape reserve of local significance “Zvenyhorods'ky” with a total area of 2,000 hectares was compiled, giving it the status of a regional biodiversity centre.
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Degradation of natural habitats causes rapid extinction of rare plant populations. The diversity of rare plant species in the meadow steppes of Southern Opillya (Western Ukraine) depends strongly on patch area, pasture digression of vegetation and a variety of eco-coenotical conditions. The main threats for the rare components of the meadow steppe flora are reduction of habitat and overgrazing. Spatial connections between sites are unable to support a constant rare plant population. The analysis of the composition of rare plant meadow-steppe species indicated that habitats with similar rare species composition usually have similar parameters of area, stages of pasture digression and eco-coenotical conditions. Spatial connectivity of patches does not ensure species similarity of rare components of the flora. Rare plant species were grouped according to their preferences for habitat , area and condition. In small patches subject to any stage of pasture digression grow populations of Adonis vernalis L., Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill., P. grandis Wender., Stipa capillata L., S. рennata L., Chamaecytisus blockianus (Pawł.) Klásková etc. On the contrary, populations of other species (Carlina onopordifolia Besser. ex Szafer., Kuecz. et Pawł., Adenophora liliifolia (L.) Ledeb. ex A. DC., Crambe tataria Sebeók, Euphorbia volhynica Besser ex Racib., Stipa tirsa Stev. etc.) prefer large habitats, not changed by pasture digression. Prevention of reduction of rare species diversity requires preservation (also extension) of patch area and regulation of grazing intensity.
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Characteristics of enzymes activity of the antioxidant complex (catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase) as well as the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in leaves of woody and herbaceous plants are presented. Five plant species were studied. It was determined the resistant species to adverse environmental conditions. They can be recommended for artificial plantations for the areas of significant fluctuations in groundwater levels.
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The analysis results of the soil animal complexes structure under in situ experimental heavy metal contamination are presented. The heavy metals affect the soil community over a year by changing the dominant structure of animal complexes. The main trend of changing dominant structure of the abundance and biomass is the decrease of absolute dominant and unimportant species role and the increase of the role of secondary species and dominants.
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The population state of important food fish Abramis brama L. in the Dniprovsko-Orelsky Nature Reserve is under consideration . Basic population parameters of the species have been studied. Assessment of modern state and determination of perspectives of further existence of the roach in the Reserve’s basins have been done.
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The population state of Rutilus rutilus Linnaeus, 1758, which is a common species in the reserve, is under consideration. Basic population parameters of the species have been studied. Assessment of modern state and determination of further perspectives of the roach existence in the reserve’s basins have been done.
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The structure and biological diversity of ground mesofauna on a consortium level of organisation of ecosystems are considered. Indicators of structural organisation and biodiversity of ground mesofauna were analysed in Ulmus and Populus consortia in the conditions of industrial territories of mining and smelting complex of Krivyi Rig Basin. It is established that taxonomical structure of ground mesofauna is characterised by insignificant number and quantity of taxonomical groups. Prevalence of hortobionts and herpetobionts in morpho-ecological structure of the community testifies to their attachment to consortium’s determinants and influence of steppe climate on its structure. Dominance of phytophages and polyphages in trophic structure is caused by a combination of consortium determinants specificity and «a zone source» of the fauna formations. The structural organisation of ground mesofauna in consortia of Ulmus and Populus in the conditions of industrial sites is characterized by simplified taxonomical structure with low biodiversity at all levels.
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The structure of carabid communities of the forest ecosystems in the Gorgany Mountains was studied. The study of dominance structure as well as species and ecomorphic structures, and analysis of ecological groups of carabid communities were carried out. A synecological analysis detected the features of forming species composition and communities’ structure of carabids in the forest ecosystems of Gorgany Mountains. Stable and unstable carabid communities were detected.
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The most important tendencies of adaptation mechanisms were examined under the hydrothermal stress for the representatives of Acer L. Water and protein metabolisms were examined. Some species adapt themselves mainly due to activity of the protein system, others conformat the expense of morphological structure of leaves along with the protein synthetic system Certain dependence between studied parameters was found. The most resistant species to the droughty environment were found. The species can be recommended for an arrangement of green spaces.
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The paper analyses results of the censuring of whitebaits of different bioecological groups and commercial categories in the Kremenchuk reservoir for the last 50 years. The changes in fish juvenile communities of the Kremenchuk reservoir have been studied.
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The purpose of this paper is to substantiate the theoretical and methodological foundations of researching ecological and economic problems in international trade. Proved that such studies should be based on two main theoretical points: (1) on the general economic equilibrium theory and (2) a researcher shall consider the world economy as a closed ecological-economic system and the national economy – as an open ecological-economic system. In our model of the national ecological-economic system, we take into account the external economic factor which helped to analyse the national eco-economic system as an open system. In the article, the methodology of detection of absolute and comparative advantage of the country’s foreign trade is offered. The model of global ecological-economic system illustrates the isolation of the planetary economic system. On a global scale, all that is created by human being eventually becomes waste of either production (faster) or consumption (later). The methodological approaches and findings may be useful for the substantiation of sustainable ecological and economic development programmes.
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The features of test analysis with visual and scanner indication for the exposure and semiquantitative determination of general pollutants and indices of water bodies’ quality are considered. Evaluation of some metrological descriptions of the known test-methods of pH determination, concentrations of the dissolved oxygen, nitrate- and phosphate-ions, ions of iron with visual and computer scanner-technologies using is offered.
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The investigation of the species composition of segetal flora of the Prut-Dniester interfluve states, that the family Asteraceae takes leading position in the families spectrum. It is determined that during the process of anthropogenesis the species composition of the family Asteraceae underwent the largest transformations. Expansion of the species diversity results from the invasion of the adventive species of North American origin.
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The trophic structure of the coastal fouling community of Odessa Bay (Black Sea), which was composed of 10 species of macrophytes, 57 invertebrate species and 4 species of fish, was determined. The basic trophic relationship between organisms composing the community is shown. A minimization of interspecific trophic competition within the community is noted. The main sources of food material entering the fouling community were determined. We show that a significant proportion of food in the form of detritus, dissolved organic matter and small planktonic organisms enters the community from the water column. Filtration and pumping activity of sestonophage-organisms, particularly mussels, helps to attract food material to the community. Primary producers of the community are macrophytes and microphytes, which develop on account of their photosynthetic activity and ensure the provision of food to herbivores. The trophic group of detritophages consumes different fractions of the detritus which accumulates in the byssus threads of bivalve molluscs. In this context, mussel druses act as sediment traps, collecting detritus. Numerous polyphages, which are essentially omnivores and do not usually lack food material, were noted in the community. A small group of carnivorous invertebrates, whose representatives actively attack small animals, was identified. The abundance of these species in the community was about 1%, and their biomass less than 0.6%. Fish living in macrophyte weeds are the consumers in the community. We determined that the highest relative abundance (over 36%) in the fouling community was reached by sestonophages and polyphages. We found that the undisputed leader in the relative biomass (over 97%) in the fouling community of Odessa Baywas the sestonophages (mainly composed of mussels). We determined that the trophic structure index of the community was 0.94, which confirms the significant dominance in biomass of bivalves over other species in the fouling community.
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Trophic relations of the Lycaenidae 47 species with 13 families of the flowering plants in the steppe zone of Ukraine were ascertained. Most species of the Lycaenidae are trophically related with the Fabaceae family. We have partitioned three types of the caterpillar’s feeding nature: 1) feeding on flowers with a transition to seeds; 2) at first feeding on flowers, but then – on leaves; 3) feeding only on leaves.
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Ae. vexans larvae are attributed to pseudobenthos. During feeding they are able both to filtrate and to scratch a periphyton from the substratum. As to larvae of Ae. vexans in flood oakwoods of the Dnipro River the detritus makes up two third, but algae – one third of the ration.
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The specific trophic preferences of Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger, 1798) as one of the mass ground litter zoophages of Steppe Dnieper area forests are investigated. Taxonomic, size-weight, trophic and coenomorphic structures of potential food objects offered to the P. melanarius were analysed. P. melanarius choice criteria of potential food objects were established: hardness of exoskeleton and size of victims and also victim’s ability for fast moving.
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The paper analyses important aspects of the new 2011 Forests Act of Bulgaria which was adopted to replace the previous Forests Act of 1977, which provisions were abusively used to carry out corruption transactions with forests and lands situated within forests. Such abusive practices caused huge damages to the state and municipal property over those forests and lands. The subject-matter under consideration is of significance, since the Forests Act has undoubtedly the important mission to protect forests and forest territories which constitute important part of Bulgaria’s national treasure.
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