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Między ładem i chaosem. Ulica omdurmańska widziana oczami etnografa

Author(s): Maciej Kurcz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2015

This paper focuses on an African street experienced as profoundly contradictory. It departs from Adeline Masquelier`s observation that this landscape is an object of both fascination and terror, and a space of both fear and desire. The street offers jobs, goods and economic opportunities, but it can also lead to isolation, marginalization and fatalities. The paper is based on field research undertook in Omdurman in 2013 and granted by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education.

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Zabawa w mieście: przypadek shoefiti

Author(s): Magdalena Szalbot / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2015

The paper is a voice in the current of research on ludic behaviour realized within the social and cultural space of the contemporary city. The object of study is a phenomenon known on the Internet as shoefiti. The article approaches the practice of throwing shoes tied together with shoe strings onto electric or telephone cables as a category of ludic behaviour. I present the results of existing studies and indicate further research possibilities.

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Pejzaż dźwiękowy miejsca zamieszkania w doświadczeniu wrocławian

Author(s): Robert Losiak,Renata Tańczuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2015

This article is concerned with the importance for urban studies of the role of the sonic environment in making the dwelling space familiar, developing a sense of belonging and building a community. We analyze three selected interviews with Wroclaw residents conducted within a project on the audiosphere and the soundscape of Wroclaw. The analysis attempts at determining what sounds our respondents described as specific for their place of residence, and what emotions, meanings and values were connected with this soundscape. Our study reveals an active role played by acoustic phenomena in the process of domesticating. R.M. Schafer’s conception of soundscape and B. Latour’s actor-network theory are the theoretical background for our analysis.

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Urbexersi — eksploratorzy opuszczonego miasta

Author(s): Konrad Kuźma / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2015

On the territory of Poland, one can find numerous buildings, which became desolate as a result of the political transformation in 1989. Many have already been demolished to make room for new housing estates. Nevertheless, some still exist, and they are only visited by people specializing in their exploration. This article concerns these explorers, whose main goal is remembering the vanishing world. This world is vanishing for good right before our eyes. The article focuses on the similarities and differences between explorers. It also presents main ideas and principles of the movement, as well as the results of a recent stage of quantitative research.

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Znaczenie transferu wiedzy i edukacji dla rozwoju obszarów wiejskich

Author(s): Brygida Klemens / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

In the article there has been reflection on the possibility of transfer of knowledge and the use of new forms of education for inhabitants of rural areas. The main goal of this article was to show the importance of knowledge and education as essential elements of rural development. The subject matter of knowledge and education is invariably connected here, because through efficient education systems we gather knowledge, which we can later process, complement and create its new resources. The article with the introduction consists of five parts. Initially, it was to analyze the concept and importance of knowledge and its diffusion for the development of rural population. Then, we investigated how the phenomenon of knowledge and education has been described in some documents of the EU, including rural areas. In the next part we examined the same issue, but in the perspective of selected documents at the national level (also with special emphasis on rural areas). In the fourth part we discussed some new forms of education and knowledge transfer feasible in rural areas. The final section presents modern information technologies possible to use in the process of education and knowledge transfer and provides examples of their use.

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Processes of spatial redistribution of population and changes in educational structure of population: case study of the Košice functional urban region

Author(s): Ladislav Novotný / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

The paper focuses on the changes in the processes of spatial redistribution of population in connection with the changes in the educational structure of population. The development of both attributes of population is examined by the case study of the urban region of Košice – the second largest city in Slovakia. Similarly with other urban regions of Central European major cities, the process of centralization of population from the region´s ring to its core changed into the decentralization, during the 1990s. While the natural reproduction of population allowed for population growth of the region as whole, the migration was the driving force of the spatial redistribution of population within the region. Along with the general changes in the educational structure of population related to transformation of educational system recorded in all Visegrad countries, research proves close relations between changes in educational structure of population and the processes of spatial redistribution of population at the intra-regional level of the Košice functional urban region. Changes in the proportion of population with elementary education as the highest educational level attained seem to be affected more by the natural reproduction of population, while the changes in the proportion of population with tertiary education indicate stronger relation with the migration development.

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Wydatki na dobra i usługi związane z rozwojem intelektualnym członków gospodarstw domowych z perspektywy wiejskich budżetów domowych

Author(s): Marlena Piekut / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

The article focuses on the analysis of the characteristics that determinespending on education in rural households, and compared the level of expenditure oneducation depending on where location. Includes households located in the largest citiesand villages. Despite the many transformations of the Polish countryside there are stillsignificant differences in spending on education between households of the cities and thecountryside

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Nierówności w poziomie rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego gmin wiejskich województwa łódzkiego

Author(s): Marcin Wójcik,Justyna Tomczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

The main aim of this article is to explain disparities in socio-economic development of rural communes in the Łódź region and to compare them to the results of studies conducted before Poland joined the European Union. The research resulted in the classification of rural communes in the Łódź region according to their level of socio-economic development. Statistical data were taken from the Local Data Bank, Central Statistical Office. The ranking of communes was compiled for 2008 and 2013, i.e. for the beginning and end of the development programming period in the European Union. Studies are dynamic, making it possible to present the changes in socio-economic development disparities. The results have shown that general development inequalities in rural areas of the region have decreased. In the time period chosen for the study (2008‒2013), there was an increase in the level of socio-economic development. The greatest increase in development level was noticed in rural communes located outside of the Łódź agglomeration, very often in the peripheral areas with dominant agricultural function. Some important elements of the socio-economic growth were increased investment expenses, higher overall expenses and, partially resulting from them, supplementation of basic infrastructural shortcomings (improved living conditions). The worsening demographic situation should be considered the greatest development problem for rural communes. It is obvious that further socio-economic transformations will be impacted by the decreasing share of children and youths, as well as mobile working age population.

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Wybrane inicjatywy z zakresu wspierania edukacji i ich wpływ na rozwój społeczno-ekonomiczny obszarów wiejskich Pomorza

Author(s): Gabriela Czapiewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

Education is all activities and processes to transferring knowledge and the shaping specific qualities and skills. In this article on example of Pomerania (Pomeranian and West Pomeranian voivodeships) are presented selected educational activities undertaken by local communities that affect the development of the Pomeranian village and create their image. There is depicted a general state education of research area. Primary and nursery schools dominate among educational institutions in rural areas so there is devoted to them most space in this paper. A kindergarten education became almost as important as the education that children receive in school nowadays. In the countryside kindergartens not only educates but also develop social skills increase educational opportunities support children’s individual learning needs and support parents. In Pomerania there are 2044 kindergartens including 45.8% in rural areas. The activity of selected organizations in the education of children and young people from rural communities was covered mainly by creating small schools and kindergartens, and specialization of the village. There is currently extremely important the acquisition of EU funds for developing a broadly defined rural education. Projects: „Little Kindergarten in Every Village”, „Little School” and the action taken by the „Kashubian Sunflowers” or the Association „Speranda” can mention among the most interesting projects implemented in the rural areas of Pomerania. Established educational institutions are the local development centers.

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Dostępność komunikacyjna transportem zbiorowym w Rzeszowie i Olsztynie w 2013 z możliwością poprawy po 2020 roku

Author(s): Sławomir Goliszek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2015

The article addresses the issue of improving the accessibility of public transport,assuming that infrastructure investments co-financed within the 2007–2013 and 2014–2020 EU financial perspectives have been so far and are expected to remain their primestimulus. Accessibility of public transport has been presented using the GIS tools. Theanalysis compares the accessibility of public transport between the two urban centers ofOlsztyn and Rzeszów, which benefit from the Development Programme of EasternPoland. Number of residents in the two examined cities is similar, in Rzeszów 184, and inOlsztyn 175 thousand (2013). Similar population size corresponds to a comparabledemand for public transport. For the purpose of analysis concerning the improvement inaccessibility the two following dates have been appointed: the year 2013 as a referencepoint (part of investment within the EU 2007–2013 was partly completed) and 2020(as a state after the completion of investment of the 2014–2020 financial perspective).Accessibility of public transport has been presented by the isochrones to the communicationscenter of Olsztyn and Rzeszów (railway station), which are the planned intermodaltrain/bus station. The main objective of this study is to assess to what extent EU fundsaffect the improvement of accessibility for urban residents and to indicate in which of theanalyzed urban center investments supporting public transport are anticipated to bring themost desired results. Improvement of public transport accessibility has been expressed inthe number of inhabitants, area and population density located within the distance of timeintervals (isochrones).

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Wykorzystanie numerycznych modeli terenu w badaniach zmian środowiska geograficznego miasta Mysłowice

Author(s): Małgorzata Manowska,Maciej Szuba / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2015

The aim of the study is to demonstrate the usefulness of methods of analysis in GIS software, in broad studies of changes in the geographical environment of the city Myslowice. Geographical environment are created of natural and anthropogenic elements, concluded on maps for centuries. Assumed research method showed a very high possibility of using GIS software to analyze the changes, which took place in the town of Myslowice in the years 1883–1993. For this purpose, two digital elevation model (DEM) were generated by vectorization of izohips and altitude point. The first model was based on the old German Messtischblatt topographic maps at scale of 1:25 000 from the years 1883–1942. The second model was generated from Polish topographic maps at a scale of 1:10 000 from the year 1993. All these maps have been calibrated (registered) to a common coordinate system Poland 1992. Generating uneven-aged DEM also gave the opportunity to track changes in morphology on selected lines of cross-sections. Myslowice is a city of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, in which the exploitation activity is dating back more than two hundred years. However, due to the limited number of maps the study only shows the effects of 110 years of exploitation. The usefulness of the method was confirmed in determining the precise areas of the city, which were hardest hit by the effects of mining activities. This fact was also verified in the field. As a result of the surface exploitation in several large quarries traces of underground mining operations are erased, but with a careful analysis they can be distinguished from each other. With GIS software and precise calibration of old maps is it possible to trace the changes in the components of the geographical environment, such as rivers, water reservoirs, roads, building development, afforestation. In addition, it enables the precise location of some elements of the environment that no longer exist such as old excavation of raw materials, sand, clay and limestone or traces of the former ironworks.

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Sukces czy porażka społeczności lokalnych? – funkcjonowanie jednostek pomocniczych, na przykładzie miasta Gdańska

Author(s): Beata Słobodzian / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2015

The auxiliary units of Gdansk have become a permanent element of its structure. On the basis of the adopted legal measures, local authorities are not obliged to establish auxiliary units (but in Gdynia it is obligatory to appoint auxiliary units), but it follows from the grassroots activities of citizens. The mechanism of forming auxiliary units has become a means of inhabitants participating in municipal life. The unique functioning of the Gdańsk auxiliary units relies on their ongoing transformation, caused by multiple amendments of local laws. The above is a result of searching for the best solutions. Above all, multiple actions undertaken by the local government are focused on the stabilisation, as well as improvement of the functioning of auxiliary units.

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Przemiany społeczno-ekonomiczne polskiej wsi w warunkach Unii Europejskiej

Author(s): Franciszek Kapusta / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2015

The purpose of the research was to: a) establish the tendency of changes of scope of Polish countryside in terms of territory and headcount, b) determine if Polish access to the E.U. helps in development of rural areas and if there is a deepening diversification of activity on rural areas and progress in evolution from agricultural countryside to multifunctional countryside.Rural areas in Poland are separated on the basis of the registry called TERYT. At the beginning of 21n century there is a shrinking scope of the countryside in terms of territory while constantly growing headcount and percentage of rural people. Countryside is subject to many changes: a) technical and social infrastructure is developing quicker than in urban areas, b) multifunctional aspect of countryside is deepening,c) employment structure of people and sources of income are changing.Those processes are taking place under the influence of 3tate policy supported by the E.U. and domestic funds.

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Przedsiębiorczość jako aspekt rozwoju obszarów wiejskich na pograniczu polsko-rosyjskim

Author(s): Iwona M. Batyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2015

The aim of the study is to analyze entrepreneurial activities undertaken by thepopulation living in rural areas near the Polish-Russian. The paper presents results of studies conducted in 2012 among residents of border communities in the Warmia Mazury. Based on the research the actions taken by the rural population and the respondents' opinions about the motives pursue entrepreneurial activities.

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Obiekty militarne na obszarach wiejskich jako produkt regionalnej turystyki

Author(s): Piotr Godlewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2015

Poland shows a considerable potential as regards military tourism. Many historical facilities are situated in rural areas. Among these attractive are those mat were built by the Germans during WW2. The largest number i3 found in western provinces, mainly Zachodniopomorskie and Lubuskie опез. Currently, a vital issue is their regeneration and development of these facilities to tourist ends, and, then, to use them as tourist at-tractions. It can be predicted that once developed, these facilities may contribute to a growth in cultural and military tourism, not only on a country-wide scale, but may make for an attractive destination on a European or worldwide scale. The paper accounts for issues in military facilities tourism in rural areas seen asa regional touristic product basing on an example of military tourism in Lubuskie province. The author relies chiefly on review of documents. The information contained in the paper may be practically used to build a product strategy as regards the development of military tourism.

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Znaczenie czynników prawno-politycznych w procesie kształto-wania wiejskiej sieci osadniczej dawnego województwa łęczyckiego i sieradzkiego w okresie przedrozbiorowym

Author(s): Tomasz Figlus / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2014

The article presents the results of research related to the legal and political determinantsof the development of the rural settlement in Middle Ages and Modern Period in the prepartitionŁęczyca and Sieradz voivodeships. In the light of historical sources inconfrontation with historiography one can indicate the general features shaping the ruralsettlement in the context of the discussed category of factors. The article analyzes theimpact of fortified settlements administration, development of large estates and thereception of German law during the Middle Ages, as well as the processes ofrefeudalization and expansion of manorial economy, divisions of property and newforms of rental settlement related with Dutch and Frederician colonization in the ModernPeriod.

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ЦРНА ТРАВА И ЦРНОТРАВЦИ У СВЕТЛУ ИСТРАЖИВАЊА ОДРЖИВОСТИ ИДЕНТИТЕТА СРБА И НАЦИОНАЛНИХ МАЊИНА У ПОГРАНИЧЈУ ИСТОЧНЕ И ЈУГОИСТОЧНЕ СРБИЈЕ

Author(s): Suzana Marković Krstić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2016

The paper is based on a wide range of research findings which represent an empirical basis for a sociological analysis of the social life in the municipality of Crna Trava, located on the borderlands of Southeast Serbia. An interpretation of the research results based on the integrative theoretical and methodological approach to the study of the dimensions of socio-demographic changes in rural settlements, functioning family farms, the quality of life of young people and older people in the countryside, to modify certain practices, as well as the religious and social roles of fairs and cult places. In addition, the paper discusses the social role of priests, role models, artisans and teachers in terms of their contribution to the sustainability of the identity of the Serbs and national minorities in the border municipality of Crna Trava. The empirical and statistical findings that have been reached, on one hand, point to the economic underdevelopment, poverty, depopulation and the ageing of the population in most villages in the borderlands of Southeast Serbia, while the abandoned houses and „extinguished hearths” are a strong indicator of the demographic collapse, and the „drama” in the Serbian village is a clear and visible outcome. On the other hand, the maintenance and fostering of cultural traditions, respect for the customs and the existence of religious beliefs, with some modification in accordance with the socio-economic context, bear witness to the survival and sustainability of the national identity of the Serbs and ethnic minorities in the municipality of Crna Trava, but also to the possibilities of development, despite a number of socio-economic problems the people of Crna Trava encounter living in this underdeveloped border municipality.

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Lopás a kollektívből. A falusi társadalom erkölcsi-társadalmi átalakulásáról

Author(s): József Gagyi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2016

The paper investigates moral and social transformations in rural society in 20th century Transylvania. It starts from events of sporadic stealing in the thirties, and continues with examples of mass stealing after collectivization, as recalled by Pál Balogh (1931-2014, Valea village, Vargata commune). The moment of collectivization marked the beginning of a moral crisis with long-term effects - or, shall we rather speak about an accentuation of moral and social transformation specific to socialism in a rural context? Did everyone learn to steal so fast - or did they apply previously existing social adaptation techniques to the new political, economic and social conditions? Social memory speaks about a beginning - but data from my research on social and moral behavior in the same context before collectivization suggests that stealing has to do rather with an adaptation of old means to new conditions.

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Wyznaczanie miejskich obszarów funkcjonalnych o znaczeniu ponadlokalnym na potrzeby planistyczne – przykład województwa łódzkiego

Author(s): Bartosz Bartosiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 37/2016

The subject of the paper is delimitation of functional urban areas for the purposes of regional spatial planning. The main objective is scientific description of the author’s own method of delimitating functional urban areas with the use of functional linkages between cities and their surroundings. All the analyses have been conducted on the four types of linkages: commuting to work and to school, ownership linkages of companies, and migrations, and shown on the example of urban settlement network in the Łódź region.

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Gospodarowanie przestrzenią. Poszukiwanie modelu decyzyjnego

Author(s): Wiesław Wańkowicz,Halina Lipińska,Agnieszka Kępkowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 37/2016

The paper discusses the use of the balance of costs and benefits to evaluate the management of space/landscape. If we recognize space as a key development factor (resource) that makes it possible to derive benefits (fulfil needs) while generating costs, we have to agree that the success or failure of actions in the economic, social and environmental dimension is determined by the balance of costs and benefits, including the possibility to use space effectively while preserving its selected characteristics. In order to calculate this balance, an accurate formulation of the problem is required: from the definition of economy, space and landscape to the analytical and decision-making model. Particularly the conclusion of the paper emphasizes the role of spatial planning in the management of economy and spatial order, including landscape.

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