Ponadczasowa więź architektury i urbanistyki z naturą na przykładzie Chin – od Tao do współczesności

Author(s): Wojciech Kosiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2019

his article is the result of the author’s research done twice in China: a study trip organized by the Cracow University of Technology in 2014 and in 2019, during the Joint Studio programme co-organized by Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University and Chinese Tsinghua University of Beijing. The subject coincides with this issue’s topic – the role of nature in architectural creations. China is a great example in this respect, where for thousands of years nature has been treated by the creators of cities and buildings with the highest respect and friendship, especially in the idea of Tao that arose around the 6th century BC. and used it successfully ever since. The relationship between nature and architecture/city planning has varied throughout history and has been intensified in different cultural eras and styles. This demonstrates a wonderful historical panorama. Moreover, it offers contemporary architects a universal, international and useful lesson about China, sustainability, ecology, and high aesthetics.

Problem osad beduińskich na izraelskiej pustyni Negew w świetle prawa międzynarodowego

Author(s): Katarzyna Przybysławska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2007

Procesy rewitalizacyjne we współczesnym rozwoju miast Polski

Author(s): Elżbieta Kaczmarska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2008

Lokalne Programy Rewitalizacji w kształtowaniu przestrzeni miejskiej na przykładzie Krakowa i Poznania

Author(s): Katarzyna Świerczewska-Pietras / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2008

Zintegrowane zarządzanie środowiskiem jako instrument dotrzymania standardów jakości środowiska w aglomeracjach miejsko-przemysłowych

Author(s): Józef Kuropka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2007

Rodzina wiejska w kontekście współczesnych przemian (na przykładzie wybranej gminy województwa podkarpackiego)

Author(s): Alicja Kycia / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2006

Wykorzystanie biomasy na cele energetyczne szansą na zrównoważony rozwój gmin wiejskich

Author(s): Bogdan Kościk,Alina Kowalczyk-Juśko,Kajetan Kościk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2004

Rozwój pasażerskiego transportu lotniczego w Polsce w latach 1989–2019 – jego skutki dla portów lotniczych i implikacje dla miast

Author(s): Edyta Pijet-Migoń / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2020

The article outlines the most important changes due to the development of air transport that have occurred in large Polish cities in the period following the change of political-economic system in 1989. These changes have had both spatial and functional dimensions. The former includes expansion of airport and airport-related infrastructure and alterations to the ground transport network. The increasing accessibility of air transport has proved important for decision-making in respect to the location of new commercial activities and large events, as well as contributing to the growth of incoming tourism. In turn this has caused an expansion of hotel networks and the emergence of new forms of accommodation.

SİNOP AYANCIK YENİKONAK (OTMANLI) KÖYÜ’NDE GELENEKSEL KIRSAL MİMARİ II

Author(s): Mehmet Sami Bayraktar / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 20/2023

Otmanli, which is the Central Village of Yenikonak Subdistrict of Sinop Province, Ayancik District, is located 10 km south of Ayancik. There are still 13 types of traditional rural buildings in the village, including houses, barns - sheep pen – hayloft, woodsheds, warehouses, ovens, fountains, wells, culverts, workshops, coops and arbors. The houses and Barns - sheep pen in the under-house section is the subject of the first article, and the rest of them are the subject of this study. By doing a comprehensive analysis of the neighborhood and the Black Sea Region, analyzes were made about the characteristic features of the building types and their place in traditional rural architecture. The study will contribute to the documentation and evaluation of the traditional rural architecture of the Sinop region. There is no scientific study on the structures in the study area. We believe that the Meydan Fountain, which we date to the 17th century, and the Oven No. 1, which we date to the 18th century, may be the oldest constructions based on the information provided by the people and the architectural characteristics of the buildings. Other structures must have been built between the 19th century and the middle of the 20th century. The traditional rural buildings in Otmanli Village are a reflection of the culture of folk architecture that has accumulated over time on the village scale. In the structures examined in terms of construction system, three different types are encountered. Masonry, wood frame and wood masonry (bag). Types were applied in a mixed manner in different sections of the same structure. However, wood masonry and wood carcass are much more dominant than the masonry (stone masonry in Otmanli) system. In the context of spatial layout), a similar typification can be mentioned in every building type, as in houses. Barns - sheep pen - hayloft are structures with an integrated character under the same roof. Warehouses, which are simple similar to the structures known as serender in the Eastern Black Sea Region, are two-storey structures consisting of a pole studding and a warehouse floor above it. Ovens seen as twin and single kilns; It consists of the main structure with a square space and a dome and the porch in front of it. Fountains; It is of two types, the first of which is leaning against the courtyard wall, with a keel bowl, a long trough in a row, and the other is a square fountain with a Warehouse. The Square Fountain, which is the most staring structure of the village with its impressive roof, mass, material-technical and figural decoration elements, is a meticulous and ostentatious example at the provincial scale. Blacksmith’s workshop, wells and culverts are very simple structures. The construction system, plan, material-technical, architectural elements and ornamentation features of the traditional buildings of Otmanli Village reflect the rural character of the Central Black Sea Region. Similar structures are also seen in Sinop and neighboring provinces. The stone roof cladding, which also attracts attention with its “support dowel” detail, is the most unique architectural element of the research area.

İKİ TÜCCAR BİR ÇARŞI: BAFRA TÜTÜN ÇARŞISININ MEKANSAL TARİHİ

Author(s): Vedia Derda Taşar / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 21/2024

In the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire utilized all commercial means at its disposal to join the world economy. Tobacco, which became increasingly important in this process, played an active role in the economic development of the Ottoman Empire. In order to ensure the sustainability of the Ottoman tobacco trade, many practices were realized in the urban space. The construction of bazaars, stores and market areas, especially in port cities where tobacco trade could be carried out more intensively, are examples of these practices. In this context, a tobacco bazaar was also built in Samsun. Seeing the benefits of the tobacco bazaar built in the central district, merchants made a joint request for the establishment of a tobacco bazaar in Bafra, where tobacco production was the highest in Samsun. The surviving documents give an idea about how tobacco trade was realized in Bafra, the spatial elements of this trade and the way it affected the urban space. Based on these documents, the physical requirements of the tobacco bazaar, its location selection criteria within the city and its effective role in urban formation are analyzed in this study. As a result, this study illuminates the spatial history of the Bafra tobacco bazaar and its interaction with the city.

Ekonomskо-politička misao Rudolfa Bićanića u kontekstu razvoja kapitalizma i prisutnosti kapitalizma na hrvatskom selu

Author(s): Bruno Šagi / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 8-9/2024

Rudolf Bićanić is one of the greatest Croatian intellectuals in the 20th century. He was an economist, lawyer, sociologist and politician, and in this paper Bićanić’s view on the development of capitalism and its presence in the Croatian countryside until the Second World War is discussed. Bićanić does not synthesize his view of capitalism in one book, but does so through several books. Therefore, the goal of this paper is to try to synthesize Bićanić’s thought on capitalism „in one place“ based on his books. The paper also answers the question of whether Bićanić was a capitalist or an anti-capitalist and whether he proposed solutions to improve the lives of peasants within the capitalist system. Bićanić’s books that were analyzed for the purpose of this work are: Počeci kapitalizma u Hrvatskoj ekonomici i politici and Doba manufakture u Hrvatskoj i Slavoniji 1750- 1860 in order to show his position on the development of capitalism in the Croatian countryside during the rule of the Habsburg family, and Kako živi narod and Ekonomska podloga hrvatskog pitanja in order to show the presence of capitalism in the Croatian countryside and its consequences during the rule of the Karađorđević family.

TYPOLOGIES OF A BORDER CITY: DÜRRES DURING THE FIRST TWO CENTURIES OF THE OTTOMAN RULE (XVI-XVII CENTURIES)

Author(s): Eduart Caka / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2022

The Ottoman period has an important place in the history of Albania. This is not only for the five centuries that the Ottomans were present in this region, but mostly because the archival documentation produced during this period provide us with very important information on the history of Albanians. This has been also one reason the Ottoman period is constantly in the focus of Albanian and foreign historians. Both ordinary and qualified readers already have on their hands a considerable corpus of studies on the Ottoman period in Albania.

RURAL POLICY OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

Author(s): Iliyan Genov Mateev / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The report examines rural development of the People's Republic of China and agricultural policy of the Communist Party of China in the second half of the 20th and early 21st centuries. After the end of World War II, the Chinese Communist Party largely secured its victory over the Kuomintang in the Civil War (1946-1949) thanks to the rural population of China, a predominantly agrarian country at the time. The reforms in the village envisage the implementation of an agrarian reform, expressed in the confiscation of land and means of production from the large landowners and wealthier peasants using hired labor and their distribution among the landless peasants. The first stage of the agrarian reform was carried out until 1952 and was related to the land acquisition of poor peasants. The second stage took place during the First Five-Year Plan (1953-1957) and was related to the collectivization of agriculture. In practice, the agrarian reform ends with the complete cancellation of private ownership of land. At the beginning of the period of the so-called "Great Leap Forward" (1958-1961), cooperatives were transformed into people's communes - basic public organizations in which agricultural and industrial production, trade, education, etc. was developed. After a short period of calm between 1962 and 1965, in May 1966 Mao Zedong launched the "Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution", whose vanguard were the student-run "Red Guard Squads", the so-called "Hóng Wèibīng". Undoubtedly, the impact of the Cultural Revolution (May 16, 1966 – October 6, 1976) on the PRC in social, political, cultural and economic aspects was very negative. The economy was hit particularly hard in 1967-1968. The death of Mao Zedong on September 9, 1976, the elimination of the far-left Gang of Four, the complete seizure of power by Hua Guofeng on October 7, 1976, and the rehabilitation of Deng Xiaoping, set the stage for major changes in the country's economic management. The beginning of economic reform is associated with the 3rd Plenary Session after the 11th Congress of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, held from December 18 to 22, 1978 in Beijing. The reforms start in the rural areas where 80% of China's population lived at that time and marked the beginning of the new path of building socialism with Chinese characteristics, initially reviving the family form of land management, and then developing channels for the sale of agricultural products, reviving rural enterprises related to the processing of raw materials from the rural economy. First coined by Deng Xiaoping in 1982, the concept of socialism with Chinese characteristics aims to redefine the relations between planning and socialism, and market economy and capitalism. It has preserved institutions of socialism and public ownership while importing sophisticated management experience and advanced market mechanisms from developed countries. The term "socialist market economy" was introduced in 1992 by Jiang Zemin.

Zrównoważony rozwój rolnictwa i obszarów wiejskich (na przykładzie Polski i Ukrainy)

Author(s): Yuliia Zolotnytska,Stanisław Kowalczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 196/2024

The aim of the article is to assess the level of agricultural sustainability in Poland and Ukraine and to conduct a comparative analysis of aggregated indicators of environmental and economic sustainability in relation to agriculture, and social sustainability of rural areas in regional terms. The study is based on a theoretical approach to the concept of sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas. Two research methods were used in the study: the ranking method and the point method. As a result of the research, it was established that there is a high degree of variation in the level of sustainability in all the aspects examined, both nationally and regionally. Moreover, a comparative analysis of Poland and Ukraine proved that there is no clear ‘advantage of backwardness’, i.e. there are no benefits due to the lower advancement of economic development processes (advantages of backwardness), including the industrialization of agriculture and the evolution of urban areas towards organized urban/ large-city structures.

On public participation in efforts to beautify the towns and cities of Galicia in times of its autonomy. Prolegomenon

Author(s): Andrzej Laskowski / Language(s): English Issue: 365/2022

This paper is an introduction to studies of Urban Beautification Societies (“UBSs” in the plural) active in times of Galicia’s autonomy (1867–1914). The Societies were community organisations set up in many cities and towns across Galicia from the 1880s onwards with a view to improve the aesthetic in public urban space. To Galicia, years of its autonomy yielded years of considerable expansion of civic freedoms, including the re-enacted right to association. Formed by individuals with university education, UBSs were popular throughout Galicia, their structure frequently reflecting the local cross-section and specificity of social strata. Established in large, medium-sized, and small cities and towns (such as Cracow and Lviv; Przemyśl; Wadowice and Wieliczka), they attempted to reach their goals chiefly through establishing urban parks and green squares (often as not with accompanying infrastructure, such as tennis courts or bowling alleys); planting trees in market and other public squares and along communication routes; developing aesthetically pleasing small architecture; and taking initiative to erect monuments and install commemorative plaques, usually commissioned with eminent artists. The latter – in large cities in particular, where art communities were large and powerful – were occasionally UBS co-organisers and members, and thus capable of considerable influence over any Society activities, potentially including publishing, graphic artists and painters especially prominent therein.

The re-construction of urban space in the place between art and architecture: Selected paradigms of in situ art of the period 1950–2000

Author(s): Aggela Mandilari / Language(s): English Issue: 365/2022

This study investigates in situ art of recent art history and its potential regarding the reconstruction of public space and its meanings. Paradigms of art and architecture conjugation in site specific interventions are examined with a view to answer questions such as the transformative role art can play when it constitutes a plastic phenomenon functioning in a complementary or reactive way as a part of the urban and social space. In situ’s art sculptural objects, due to their transitional form, serve as metaphors for space and time and their condition of constant change in the everyday life of the city. They constitute a physical input in the urban space that seeks to redefine its material boundaries and highlight the interaction between the individual and the city seen as an incomplete entity in a constant re-casting. Through the practice of repetition and movement, sculptural objects are put in dialogue with the objects we come into contact daily, taking part into a new aesthetic reality. It is about a process of re-configurating of the everyday aesthetics of the city, challenging the relationship between art and architecture and thus offering new modes of spatialisation. By examining specific paradigms from the in situ art of the second half of the twentieth century (e.g. Aldo Van Eyck, Daniel Buren, Rachel Whiteread), this paper, seeks to unveil the process of activating the coexistence of the visible and the invisible, the inside and the outside, the private and the collective that this specific artistic process offers in material terms. The main question that this paper seeks to answer is how in situ art- e specially when oscillating between art and architecture- affect the everyday flow of the undifferentiated space and time? How does it shape the coexistence and interaction between city’s objects and subjects? Which alternative – discursive – reality does it offer?

Sensing spaces, playing places. The sensuous geography of urban creativity

Author(s): Jakub Petri / Language(s): English Issue: 365/2022

Urban creativity tends to be defined as a driving force of the ongoing changes in modern cities. While being a formally neutral term, the “creative,” in practice usually identifies all “good” sides of processes of urban transformations, especially those concerning the rise of spaces for sensual experiencing. The Creative City makes then a certain promise of aesthetic inclusion, enhanced participation, and autonomy for its citizens and visitors. However, the Creative City itself is neither an autonomous concept, nor the self-sufficient urban entity, but is entangled in economic, organizational, and social aspects of urban performance. All this makes us ask, is its promise trustworthy or rather empty?

Evaluation of the Performance of Global Cities in Terms of GPCI Indexes and Quality of Life With the Critic Supported Gray Relational Analysis Method

Author(s): Sevgi Sümerli Sarıgül,Esra Yaşar,Pınar Avci / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Global cities are an indispensable platform for businesses around the world, with the ability to support and accommodate the economy by influencing the world economy, culture and politics. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and rank the performance of 46 global cities in the Global Power City Index for 2022 in terms of the GPCI functions of Economy, Research and Development, Cultural Interaction, Livability, Environment and Accessibility and Quality of Life using multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) method. In the study, the weights of the performance criteria are first determined with the CRITIC method and then the cities are ranked according to their performance by applying the Gray Relational Analysis (GRA) method. Empirical findings show that the most important criterion is CM (Climate index) and the least important criterion is PI (Purchasing power index). Furthermore, the findings of the GIA method indicate that in 2022, London ranks first, Frankfurt second and New York third, while Mumbai is the last ranked global city. These findings thus provide important recommendations for policymakers and investors.

Eğitim Kurumlarında Afet Yönetimi

Author(s): Hakan Kaya,Erdoğan Ergin,Mehmet Şerif Bakır,Alev Sinoğlu,Abdülkadir Tezcan,Berna Bakır,Asiye Tezcan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 20/2023

The rapidly increasing population throughout the world and the unplanned and non-engineered construction that has emerged in parallel with this have increased the impact of disasters on human life over time. Unfortunately, despite the rapid development of technology and the increased use of artificial intelligence, both unplanned construction in old residential areas and the lack of adequate engineering infrastructures of new structures further increase the negative effects of disasters on human life. One of the areas where these negative effects show themselves strongly is the education sector. Mistakes made in the selection of school places, inadequacy of structures in terms of engineering, teachers' and students' approaches to disaster management, socio-psychological processes account for only a few of the negative effects of disasters on education. In this study, in addition to the negative effects of disasters on the education sector, disaster management in educational institutions has been discussed in detail, giving examples of what should be done during and after a disaster, and recommendations have been presented on what should be done to reduce these negative effects. While this was being done, the authors were working in the Beylikdüzü district of Istanbul (Şehit Mehmet Şefik Şefektemlioğlu Kindergarten, Fatma Şensoy Elementary School, Şehit Bilal Elementary School, Dr. Ayla Savaş Secondary School) schools were considered as a sample area. The findings obtained have made important inferences that can guide educational institutions to create a more effective disaster preparedness and response strategy.

Mimarinin Modernleşmesi

Author(s): Beyzanur Demircan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 34/2024

Modernization movements which has begun 17. century in Europe, brought to changes and transformation on politics, law, education, art and arthitectural. The phenomenon of modernization which still continues today, has allowed to create own ideology every process. Using modernization effects on arthitectural, states will defined own ideology. Modernization ideologies reflected city centers in Turkey like same in West. It was seen with modernization phenomenon in Ottoman Empire’s Reform Era first time. Modern ideologies was showed in structures which was made in Istanbul city. When transforming nation state, Ankara was choosed capital in line with nationalist modern ideology. Ankara has became a “tabula rasa” for the ideology that was intended to be reflected. Thus modern ideology has found a chance to was to be reflected. Because republic is a modernizing revolution.