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Dezvoltarea arhitecturală a localităţilor, cultura mediului construit şi constrângerile legislative

Author(s): Anne Marie Gacichevici / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2023

The study analyzes the architectural development of localities through the prism of the civil servant, the chief architect who witnesses both the witness of the appearance of architectural productions on the site and actively the realization of works financed from non-reimbursable external funds or fully financed from public administrations from the incipient phase of strategy and urbanism to the stage of implementation and interior design. Analyzing the multitude of laws and related technical norms that regulate the architectural space, a series of inconsistencies were identified that generated a legislative vacuum that most designers resorted to in an abusive way. The research theme was born precisely from this issue that determined that the result of the architectural development of many localities, in different stages of historical and cultural evolution, to be a dubious one, uncertain in terms of quality, a product that does not bring added value. The space in which it is inserted. Although the projects are technically correct, respecting the framework content present in Annex 1 of Law 50/1991, updated, which lists the mandatory parts that the chief architect must take into account in the construction authorization procedure, the lack of framework legally, through which the quality can be obligatorily requested at the level of aesthetics, determines him to helplessly witness the appearance of some projects whose architecture is derisory.

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The effective role of urban planning that lays the foundation for conflicts. Case study of the Lebanese civil war (Beirut)

Author(s): Mahmoud Alturkmani / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Between the years of 1975 and 1990, one of the most multifaceted and complex civil wars had emerged in the Middle East history, known as the Lebanese civil war. The capital city of Lebanon “Beirut” witnessed a factual battleground of numerous armed factions to seize and control the city’s strategic resources. As a result of this conflict, 120,000 individuals faced their death and over a million other civilians got displaced from their regions. This article aims to assess the role of urban planning in the Lebanese civil war and explore the possible relationship between the planning of cities’ architecture and laying out the severity or resolution of civil wars. Using the Lebanese civil war as a case study, this article tries to add to the knowledge of how urban planning practices and policies might affect social conflicts by an in-depth investigation of historical records and scholarly literature.

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Assessing master plan preparation mechanisms in Syria. A Legislative Decree No. 5 of 1982 review

Author(s): Farah Nizam,Alexandru-Ionuţ Petrişor / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2025

This paper will discuss Decree No. 5 of 1982, which serves as the fundamental policy for creating master plans in Syrian cities. The study involves revising the decree using a descriptive method, followed by an evaluation to examine the efficiency of Decree No. 5 and the adherence to the principles of New Urbanism and smart growth, utilizing both the analytical comparative method and the descriptive analytical method. The results of the evaluation will be used to propose recommendations for enhancing policies and integrating the principles of New Urbanism and smart growth.

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Neurourbanism: from effective to affective computing in urban planning

Author(s): Andreea Robu-Movilă / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2025

This study stands interdisciplinarity at the intersection of computational sciences with neurosciences and urbanism that converge in the emerging field entitled neurourbanism. The generative ecosystem and ubiquitous computing in urbanism have reimagined urban planning that came with a range of implications, one of them being the fact that the design problem tends to be reduced to merely data manipulation and effective computing. This approach is simplifying in relation to many ineffable and incomputable dimensions that define the urban planning complexity and addressability. Consequently, affective computation has been identified as a direct manipulation mechanism of re-inserting the meaningful subjective human values and feedback into the generative designing processes as well as a tool for analyzing the implications that urban gestures modify or alter human perception and behavior. This paper nominates and analyses a series of studies that embrace neuroscience and affective computation in urban planning design, as well as author’s own experimental journey in this regard, intending to serve as an introduction to practitioners of this new field of study.

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De la casa ANL la „Prima casă”. Modele ale suburbanizării românești din anii 2000

Author(s): Andrei-Alexandru Corbet-Nits / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2025

In the history of Romanian post-revolutionary real-estate market, the construction of mortgage loan-financed single-family housing estates by the National Housing Agency (Agenția Națională pentru Locuințe -ANL) represents a unique chapter. These estates display both the intention of the public sector to plan the emerging suburbia and the ambition of the governments from those years to rehabilitate the state as a major participant in the housing market. The success of the first operations of this kind have pushed ANL towards more ambitious projects, the largest being the Henri Coandă development in Bucharest and Voluntari. This model project has missed its potential in the context of legislative and administrative blunders and ambiguities, the economic crisis and numerous project changes. With the downsizing of ANL's single-family housing activity, in 2009 the Romanian government launched the “First home” program to consolidate home ownership, but by delegating the entire design and construction activity to the private sector. Although “First House” has certain common aspects with the ANL mortgage loan housing program, the scale and ambition of the projects differs significantly. Through case studies, this article displays critical presentation of the impact on urban development that the last two decades of Romanian public sector involvement had in the single-family housing market, as well as observations on possible and/or necessary future evolutions.

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Blueprint for Sustainable Development of Urban Villages: A Case Study of Alipur Village, Haryana

Author(s): Hemani Singh,Zuren Thungdemo Kikon / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Urbanization process that is characterized by radical expansion of urban built up areas and rural urban migration has produced a new type of neighbourhood called Urban Village. In rapidly developing and urbanising countries like India and China, numerous urban villages dot the urban landscape and display typical characteristics of high density housing, migrant settlement, and a deteriorated urban environment. These urban villages are a result of dynamics of land use transformation of agricultural land resulting in an urbanized rural context and population. This research paper discusses some approaches that have been researched to address the sustainable development of urban villages. Sustainable development rests on social, economic and environmental aspects that have been largely ignored in urban planning policies. This research paper compiles the attempt to apply the principles of sustainable development through a multidisciplinary perspective in an undergraduate studio of urban design. The students documented and analysed an urban village, Alipur on Gurgaon Sohna Road in Haryana, through the lens of sustainable development. The proposed interventions pose solutions grounded in social, economic and environmental aspects. This perhaps is an indication that addressing the interconnected layers and issues could generate guidelines for steering urban village towards sustainable development.

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De la sécurité au quotidien à Abidjan en Côte d’Ivoire: une analyse de l’action locale à partir de la règlementation municipale

Author(s): Agnès Gnammon-Adiko / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2023

In Abidjan, as well as in many cities around the world, the pressure of insecurity is a permanent feature, with complex and diffuse manifestations. Managing it with a view to establishing a secure order, which is essential for human development and business growth, has become a challenge for local authorities, particularly those in Côte d'Ivoire. These municipalities, which have administrative and judicial policing powers as part of the powers transferred to them by the government, are trying to place their intervention within a regulatory framework, taking advantage of a legislative framework defined by the government. In this context, this article attempts to decipher the actions taken by local authorities to make their communities safer, and to highlight the actions covered by municipal laws and focused more on the issue of personal and property safety. The data used, mainly based on literature review, consists of municipal decrees collected in the 13 communes of Abidjan District, and the laws organizing the local authorities and defining their powers in this sensitive area. Activity reports, interviews at city halls and field observations complete the database used here. On the basis of these data, the article first analyses the importance of the issue of security within the range of prerogatives of municipalities. It reveals the nature of the daily safety problems to be solved and their social and spatial implications. It discusses the limits of regulation as an instrument for managing security in the daily life of local authorities. It examines the conditions under which the municipal police implement the laws and the relationship between citizens and these local police forces.

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Les défis des Systèmes de Transport Intelligent (STI) dans la mobilité du Grand Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire)

Author(s): Vakaramoko Bamba / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2023

Grand Abidjan is a geographical area comprising 19 communes over an area of 2 119 km². It is an agglomeration in which 6,321,017 inhabitants live. It is ultimately the first in terms of human concentration in Côte d’Ivoire. It has undeniable economic and industrial assets inherited from French colonization and the fact that it is the economic capital. This places it in a good position among the most attractive cities in the country and even in West Africa. Thus, Grand Abidjan has become an area with a very high human concentration which encourages the sprawl of the city. These urban phenomena lead to congestion and accidents along the way of populations in their daily mobility activities. Since 2014, the Ivorian government granted a concession to the company Quipux Afrique to plan and build an integrated management system for road transportation in Côte d’Ivoire in order to improve road security, provide the administration with information system on accidents, and to regulate the mobility of people and goods. It is in charge through its platform, of the digitization of transport related documents, allowing thus to store a significant volume of information. This study aims to identify and analyze challenges this new form of transport management faces in Côte d’Ivoire in general and specifically in Grand Abidjan. The methodological approach is based on reviewing relevant documents, data collection and analysis. The results show that the system in place allow to access in real-time all the transport procedures and offers various solutions, including the electronic management of traffic violations, providing the administration with information on road accidents and controlling the mobility of people and goods through the consolidation of unique databases.

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Disponibilité de l’eau potable, des infrastructures d’hygiène et d’assainissement dans les écoles primaires de 14 villages dans la région d’Agneby-Tiassa (Sud de la Côte d’Ivoire)

Author(s): Kouassi Jean Luc Effoh,Sylvain Beourou,Karim Tuo,Adjoba Marthe Koffi-Didia / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2023

The problem of access to water, sanitation and hygiene constitutes a great threat to human health in the world. Studies showed the inadequacy of the hygiene system, of sanitation and of drinking water favoring a disease burden particularly in developing countries. This research was carried out in fourteen (14) primary schools in rural areas in the Agnéby–Tassa region. It allowed us to assess the state and conditions of access to water and hygiene systems in these localities. To achieve the targeted objective, a cross-sectional study waas carried out from February to May 2022 in the rural area of the Agnéby-Tiassa region. In the fourteen selected schools, 270 students were interviewed. In addition, direct observations and a questionnaire survey were conducted. The results show that 53.8% of the schools surveyed do not have access to water sources. A rate of 71% have latrines. However, these latrines are used by 29% of the students who attend these schools. Regarding hygiene practices, nearly 58.5% of students have a good understanding of the need to wash their hands before eating. This is confirmed by 73.7% of the students who say they wash their hands with soap before eating. Considering all of the above, it is necessary for the authorities to make efforts to meet the need for adequate infrastructures and equipments with the aim of cleaning up schools in rural areas.

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Methodological Issues Concerning the Study of Armigerous Burghers: The Example of Brno in the Network of the Lands of the Crown of Bohemia in the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern Period

Author(s): Ludmila Sulitková / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2023

Using the example of Brno, one of the leading royal cities in Moravia (as one of the lands of the Czech Crown), the author outlines methodological issues related to the study of the so-called heraldic burghers. In towns located on the territory of Bohemia, Moravia and Bohemian Silesia, they constituted a kind of transitional group between the townspeople and nobility, based on a royal privilege granting them a coat of arms, occasionally supplemented with an actual ennoblement. However, admission to lower nobility was conditioned by acceptance from the relevant noble community. Most of the privileged burghers thus preferred to live in the city, making their living by practicing occupations typical of the urban environment. For her study, the author uses sources of Brno provenance for the early modern period, when this class of burghers was created in connection with the so-called closing of the noble estates, as well as sources of provincial provenance previously processed in thorough editions and monographs. The urban sources include not only written materials, but also preserved burgher epitaphs and possibly also burgher seals. The author pays particular attention to the social and professional composition of the armorial burghers, their share in the city administration and, last but not least, to the creation and inheritance of their coats of arms.

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THE APPLICATION OF GEOPLANNER IN THE MANAGEMENT OF LOCAL DEVELOPMENT

Author(s): Jan K. Kazak,Małgorzata Świąder,Gustavo Arciniegas,Dirk Wascher,Rengin Aslanoğlu,Grzegorz Chrobak / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2023

Motives: Local development can be supported by GIS-based tools and many solutions are beingdeveloped. They can be helpful in supporting more sustainable decision-making processes in publicadministration and can be used by stakeholders taking part in shaping common space. However,many of these tools are not used by practitioners in their daily activities. Therefore, the added valueof this research is to examine how local development might benefit from further implementationof GIS solutions.Aim: The aim of this study was to verify whether a model designed in ArcGIS GeoPlanner is considereda useful tool by local stakeholders (representatives of public authorities and NGOs), and which issuesin local development could be potential areas of application of similar models.Results: The model was tested during a workshop focused on transforming the local food systemof Wrocław, Poland. Most participants declared that they rarely use GIS-based tools (less than oncea month) or that they do not use them at all; however, they were willing to incorporate these tools intotheir activities if they meet their needs. An ex-post evaluation revealed that the use of GeoPlanner canhelp strengthen a knowledge-based approach during social participation. Participants were eager to usedifferent functionalities of GeoPlanner to modify land use structure guided by a real-time verificationof indicator-based results. Finally, a too detailed model can also be perceived as not helpful in regionalplanning. The user-friendly interface of GeoPlanner helped users develop a shared understandingof urban systems and design action plans, and contributed to capacity building by local stakeholdersand raising their awareness.

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TROPEM EKOLOGICZNYCH MARGINALIÓW. PRAKTYKA MYŚLENIA KONSTELACYJNEGO W NATURA URBANA MATTHEW GANDY’EGO

Author(s): Olga Łojewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2023

ON THE TRACK OF ECOLOGICAL MARGINIALS. CONSTELLATION THINKING PRACTICE IN NATURA URBANA BY MATTHEW GANDY

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Socio-economic implications of rural population migration

Author(s): Sorin Burlacu,Gabriela Dalila Stoica,Andreea Daniela Giucă,Maria Cristina Sterie / Language(s): English Issue: 39/2022

Considering the debates regarding population migration from rural areas, the purpose of this study is to analyze socio-economic indicators to identify the main challenges of rural areas in Romania as well as to identify solutions to ensure the development of the Romanian rural environment. Our research aims to present the socioeconomic consequences of the rural population's migration by analyzing indicators such as the population by domicile by residence, the average age of the population by domicile, the flow of internal urban and rural migration, the population activity rate, the employed population per economic activities, and the total average monthly income obtained by a rural person. In addition, at the end of the study, a Pearson correlation was made with the help of the SPSS software, which identified the link between income from agriculture and the number of people working in agriculture. The results obtained indicated that while the number of people employed in agriculture, forestry, and fishing is decreasing, the average total income from agriculture is increasing. On the other hand, the migration of the population from the rural area to the urban area is on average about 82 thousand people and the rural population is in a continuous decrease, while the average age registered in the rural area is higher compared to the average age registered in urban areas.

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PUBLIC INVESTMENT AT THE LOCAL LEVEL UNDER CHANGING CONDITIONS OF BUDGETARY ECONOMY IN POLAND

Author(s): Benedykt Opałka / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

Purpose – The aim of the article is to identify the scope and directions of changes in the situation of local government budgets and their links with macroeconomic factors, the occurrence of which is associated with the consequences caused by crisis phenomena, as well as to determine the disparity of investment expenditures in local systems in the context of the investment capacity of local government units.Research method – The study applied the method of critical analysis of the literature on the subject, as well as the method of comparative analysis using measures of statistical description in the scope of empirical data collected and own calculations.Results – The consequences of the pandemic crisis phenomena and adverse trends in macroeconomic factors affect the stability of the budgetary economy. It was observed that until 2021, the level of investment expenditures did not decrease, however, negative changes in the structure of expenditure are noticeable in many local government units.Originality/value/implications/recommendations – The analysis of the economic envi‐ ronment indicate the risk of intensification of factors destabilising economic processes. It is necessary to undertake regular analyses with a view to counteracting the further negative changes, in particular in the field of the revenue stability of territorial self‐government units, as well as the elimination of excessive spatial diversification of investment capacities on the scale of Poland.

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Paryże Europy Środkowej? Wybrane idee urbanistyczne i czynniki w rozbudowie większych miast regionu w długim XIX w.

Author(s): Aleksander Łupienko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2023

The aim of the paper is an overview of urban planning ideas and factors affecting development of towns and cities in the western part of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Greater Poland, part of Pomerania, Kingdom of Poland, Galicia) that had a real impact on the quality of life of city dwellers in the period between the demise of the Polish-Lithuanian state (1795) and the World War One (1914). In the paper I deal mainly with the restructuring of the urban fabric in the towns and cities in question in the first half of the nineteenth century, which had a decisive impact on urban development before 1914. I analyse also the main selected urban planning elements that had the closest ties with the developmental factors: the process of creating tree-lined alleys, roads and boulevards, the creation of railway districts, the impact of the military factors on urban forms and the expansion of urban greenery. It is completed by conclusions, which also discuss the urban planning regulations. Some significant elements are not mentioned: the idea of garden cities or urban land incorporations, which pertained to peripheral areas and started to change the urban landscape often only in the last years of the period. The paper is based on the existing scholarly literature and the previous research of the author, and has a review-oriented and interpretational character. It results in a new attempt at a partial, though stretching beyond the partition borders, synthesis of the urban development in the Central Europe, or – as this region is often called in the Polish literature – the East-Central Europe.

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Czy prowincja zawsze pozostawała w tyle, czyli o tym, jak modernizacja zmieniała codzienność poza wielkimi miastami (1864-1914). Przypadek lubelski

Author(s): Małgorzata Nossowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2023

After 1864 the cities of the Kingdom of Poland went through a lot of changes which can be defined with the word ‘modernization’. It refers to various spheres of reality, from economic, through social, and, finally, to cul- tural processes; it also concerns everyday life, which can be understood as material surroundings of an individual, communication, infrastructure and urban space, entertainment and free time. Using the press from that time, it is possible to trace some of the aspects of the modernization processes, the speed with which it occurred, and the relationship with the centre. The example of Lublin presents some characteristic trends of the provincial cities: following in the footsteps of Warsaw with a few-year delay, but also the problems (e.g. financial ones in the case of infrastructure or the required entertainments), which became common in the provinces; it is a fact that the material things spread faster than attitudes and some top-down activities associated with introduction of standardization, norms, and regulations in various spheres of life.

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Budownictwo mieszkaniowe w województwie pomorskim w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym (na tle ogólnopolskim)

Author(s): Mirosław Golon / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2023

The article characterises selected aspects of Poland’s housing situation during the interwar period, particularly in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, which was actually annexed to Poland in 1920. The largest urban centres were Toruń and Grudziądz for the first decade, with Gdynia coming to the fore in the 1930s. In 1938, the area of the voivodeship was significantly enlarged and its borders included, among others, Toruń. Bydgoszcz, as the largest city in the region, was added to the voivodeship, and the article made limited mention of the housing situation in this city. Most attention was devoted to the analysis of statistical data from from the two Polish censuses, including the housing situation, which were conducted in September 1921 and December 1931. For Pomerania, reference was also made to data from the German census of May 1918. Full data from the Polish censuses, including those for the area of Pomeranian Voivodeship, were published between 1927 and 1938. They made it possible to indicate that, against the national background, the situation of Pomeranian Voivodeship was one of the best in the whole of Poland. This was evidenced by a small group of the tightest single-room flats, as well as a very high index of good technical equipment of flats. Most had gas, electricity, sewerage and water supply. In the former Russian and Austrian occupied territories it was exactly the opposite. The towns there were much tighter and their technical equipment extremely modest. Despite the relatively good housing situation in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, social tensions also occurred in this area. There were social tensions over the housing situation. Above all, this concerned the lack of housing. In quantitative terms, this was not as acute as in Warsaw, Łódź or Lwów, for example, but it was also perceptible. The problem affected mainly cities, even not very large ones such as Chełmno or Chojnice. However, it was most acute in large centres such as Toruń or Grudziądz, and from 1938 Bydgoszcz, where the number of people without housing, nestling in makeshift conditions reached up to several thou- sand. The most difficult situation arose in Gdynia, as the extremely dynamic port city, with its increasingly strong industrial base and with a large number of jobs, could not keep up with the construction of housing infrastructure. The number of genuinely homeless people condemned to live in slums was reaching even over 20,000.

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Zagospodarowanie przestrzeni osiedli mieszkaniowych w aspekcie możliwości wykorzystania przez seniorów na przykładzie Lubelskiej Spółdzielni Mieszkaniowej

Author(s): Ewa Trzaskowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

Changes taking place in society in terms of age structure, needs and housing preferences mean that space requires constant modernization. A large proportion of elderly people in Poland live in housing estates built between 1960 and 1980. The majority of them do not want to leave them due to the location, transport connections, and also because living in a nursing home in Poland is the last resort. It is worth enabling seniors to stay in these places because their good condition requires maintaining independence. The adaptation of housing estates should include spaces that encourage physical activity to improve fitness or take preventive measures. The areas where the largest percentage of elderly people in Lublin live were selected for the study. The aim of the article is to determine the adaptation of housing estate areas to meet the recreational needs of seniors. The development of public spaces and greenery in housing estates, as well as the mo- dernization processes that were carried out to make the areas more attractive to meet recreational needs, are presented. The standard of development of the studied estates is varied, but each of them has a strong advantage of greenery, allowing contact with nature, and places conducive to social contacts, enabling and encouraging activity.

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Wpływ pandemii COVID-19 na zmiany podejścia do zarządzania miastami historycznymi na przykładzie Florencji

Author(s): Marek Grochowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 172/2023

Visiting historic cities has gained in popularity in recent years due to an increasing proclivity for urban travel (so-called city breaks) and the interest in exploring the charms of historic districts. The rise in the number of tourists in historic city spaces has resulted in both positive developments for cities and their inhabitants (economic growth, accelerated regeneration processes) and negative consequences (deterioration of quality of life, overtourism). The crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, which led to severe travel restrictions, has led to a discussion about the future of historic districts and the changes that should be made to reduce the negative effects of tourism on local communities. The city of Florence and its UNESCO World Heritage area were analysed using existing data, academic literature and information from in-depth interviews conducted by the author in 2022. In Florence during the pandemic, there was an intensive debate about the possible directions for addressing the challenges of the post-pandemic reality. This discussion resulted, among other, in a joint effort of the city authorities and its inhabitants to develop a new management plan for the UNESCO area. The challenges faced by the historic district, accentuated by the pandemic, have become a driving force to initiate a process of change. Some proposed solutions are already present in local urban documents and are gradually being implemented. However, the effectiveness of the instruments introduced by local authorities to manage the district of the city centre remains a topic of discussion, as does the actual impact on the functioning of the historic city centre under post-pandemic conditions.

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NE DAVIMO BEOGRAD (SERBIA) JAKO PRZYKŁAD MIEJSKIEGO RUCHU SPOŁECZNEGO NOWEJ FALI

Author(s): Mirella Korzeniewska-Wiszniewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 30/2023

The Serbian sociopolitical initiative Ne da(vi)mo Beograd (We will not give/flood Belgrade) is defined as a local political movement initiated by the citizens of Belgrade. This movement is one of the new urban social movements emerging from the so-called new social movements of the second generation and indicate the dynamic development of grassroots civic initiatives that want to change the local reality in the face of lack of trust in politicians from the central government, as people not interested in changing the situation of the average citizen. Urban movements, in turn, are characterized by initiatives aimed at improving the lives of the inhabitants of a given town. The article aims to analyze the activities of this movement as an element of a wider activity, known in Serbia as the Civic Front, which brings together local political organizations that are active in individual towns. It also aims to try to answer the question where the border of a social movement ends and the activity of a political organization begins. Ne da(vi)mo Beograd seems to be an initiative that goes beyond unambiguous definitions and may be an example of new, new civic activities that need a new definition, while setting a new framework for activity.

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