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Inspiration and issue(s) that are addressed: Situational Crime Prevention is part of the Crime Prevention Policy and in recent years, it’s proponents strive to replace the social prevention as unsuccessful in crime reduction, too expensive and too demanding to tackle the social criminal factors. That way, a group of criminologists claims that prevention from distance doesn’t work and redirect their interest toward removing the situational factors that make opportunities for crime. In that regards, our article will elaborate the basis and main findings related to the benefits and possible risks of situational crime prevention. Purpose of the paper (scientific and and/or social): The aim of the paper is to present the pros and cons of the application of situational crime prevention. The scientific and social objective to study this model of crime prevention stems from the need that the wider crime policy should encompass, not just the repressive measures, but also preventive, and not just undertaken by the criminal justice system, but beyond and by the agencies within civil society and private sector. Methodology/ Design: This paper provides an overview and analysis of certain scientific papers and studies that present research findings and results related to situational crime prevention. Also, we will go through several criminological theories and perspectives within the environmental criminology, in order to present theoretical background of situational crime prevention. Limitations of the study/ paper: Lack of public and scientific discourse, as well as un-recognition of the importance of situational crime prevention among criminal justice policy makers in our country. Results/Findings: Main findings refer to the recognition of the benefits of situational crime prevention, but also of certain negative sides that demand careful application and selection of certain prevention measures by the main stakeholders. General conclusion: Situational Crime Prevention may reduce crime in certain circumstances, but cannot solve the crime problems, i.e. cannot decrease or remove the criminal factors. That way, it can be part of the general national crime prevention policy, but only together with the social prevention, because those two are like two sides of one coin. Justification of study/ paper: Research and situational crime prevention in the Republic of Macedonia should be subject to continuous analysis. Science, based on scientific research and results should help to promote the positive effects of its application in order to find its appropriate place within criminal justice policy.
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The levels of poverty indicators in Romania, but especially the ones regarding the rural space, analysed including the chronological perspective, denote substantive vulnerabilities and indicate a low national and local capacity of managing and overcoming this problem. We highlighted that poverty is more than a theoretical concept being in reality associated with a large variety of problems, like lack of: development, security, determination, trust, health, social inclusion etc., that tend to become its facets when this phenomenon has a persistent character. In this regard, we analysed the possible solutions for the problem of poverty considering (1) education and investment in its quality, and (2) entrepreneurial initiative, as principle vectors of breaking the vicious circle of rural poverty.
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For several centuries, the Portuguese, Dutch, Spanish, French and English traded in slaves and tropical products on the Wouri estuary. The main providers of these slaves were the residents of the Duala who at the same time were the obligatory intermediaries. Before being a city, Douala is therefore above all a site and port situation (Mainet (1981: 1). The exchanges which developed thereafter turned to the advantage of Europeans thanks to their technical superiority. CameroonTown by the British on Duala lands since 1840 which became Kamerunstadt after the capture of this territory by the Germans in 1884, reflects the problem of European mercantile, cultural and political domination in Africa in the 19th century, which also recurs in all scientific debates today. The strong immigration observed in the city of Douala during the period between the wars is due to the economic boom that it has experienced since the German occupation and which continued after the change of colonizer. As a result, Douala on the eve of the reunification of the two Cameroonians in 1961 is a city with two faces: an indigenous construction on the one hand and a euro enterprise. Pean on the other hand. The purpose of this article is to analyze this process of construction of the city of Douala from constructivist and diffusionist theories, this study intends to demonstrate that Douala is above all a site and a port situation occupied by the natives, then a construction colonial and finally a land of immigration thanks to its economic functions.
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In the history of the reception of cultural heritage, one notes a systematic shift in the focus of attention from material to intangible bearers of value at the beginning of the 21st century. The roots of this change in approach lay in the deconstruction of modernist doctrine and the aspiration to base our dealings with heritage on an understanding of traditional value systems and the maintenance of social continuity. Over the past two decades, the theory of cultural heritage protection and conservation has undergone a revolution, based upon geographic, historical, and cultural contextualisation and on placing people at its heart. William Logan presents this shift, which runs through theory, doctrine, and practice, as due to our having realised that heritage is incarnated in people and not in inanimate objects (Logan 2007).
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This article presents the results of analysis of the particularities connected with the formation and development of national and regional labour markets of the Republic of Moldova. The research is based on statistical data on the number of the resident population and the population with usual residence, which reflects the real situation in the country, taking into account the population, that absence of more than a year. Evaluation of impact of demographic factors, including the population decline, the change in the age structure and demographic ageing, and migration processes, was given in the analysis of labour force market and the possibility of its reproduction. Economic factors have importance for the stable development of labour force market, including the state of production and social structures in regions, the development of different forms of property, the quality of professional training of labour force, as well as the level of remuneration or wage. As a result of a comparative analysis of the situation in the regional aspect, the main challenges of labour market were identified. The proposals to improve the socio-economic policies were developed, including to increasing of employment rate of working age population, reducing the regional differentiation of local labour markets, promoting new perspective forms of remuneration and, as a result, increasing the stability and sustainability of the above markets to exogenous and endogenous factors.
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The paper aims to carry out an analysis of the performance components of the local development strategies funded under the LEADER Measure from the National Rural Development Program 2014-2020. The article analyzes the Local Development Strategies financed in each development region of Romania from the perspective of the most relevant performance indicators achieved through the implementation of these strategies. The paper emphasizes the contribution of the Local Development Strategies to supporting the bioeconomy, as a smart specialization field, in the National Strategy for Research, Development and Innovation and within the smart specialization strategies adopted by Romania’s development regions. The "bottom-up" approach, specific to the LEADER concept, is highlighted, and the role of the Local Action Groups implementing the Local Development Strategies is outlined, in supporting the development and innovation at the local level, as well as in supporting the areas of smart specialization within the relevant regional and national strategies. The paper concludes that the field of bioeconomy, benefiting from the huge potential of the Romanian agriculture, in the context of a growing food industry, could represent a key sector of development of the Romanian economy.
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It is obvious that international migration is a phenomenon affecting all the countries and regions of the world, and Romania is no exception. Romania is not only a country of origin, but also a country of transit and destination. The purpose of this research is to study the phenomenon of immigration in Romania. The statistical analysis of immigration data provided by the United Nations, Eurostat, the National Statistical Institute of Romania, the International Organization for Migration, the International Organization for Migration, the Office for Romania was chosen for statistical analysis. The evolution of the international migration stock highlights the increase in the number of migrants from one year to the next. Thus, if in 1990 Romania had a level of 135,825 migrants, in 2019 the value amounted to 462,552 migrants, the highest level in the period 1990-2019. However, immigrants are not frequently interested in Romania. Rather, Romania is a transit state to developed countries.
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Traditions of Karelian maternity rituals are widely represented in the ethnographic historical science literature. At the same time motherhood as an institution and as a social and cultural status deserves special consideration. The paper is aimed at describing the development of the motherhood within Karelia in historical dynamics, as well representing the social and cultural status of the mother and the changes in the strategy of reproductive behavior in the Karelian village. The events presented in the paper refer to the period of the late XIX - early XX c. It was a time of economic, social and cultural reforms in Russian society, which had some specific repercussions on the empire borderlands. The paper uses a large number of recently published and unpublished ethnographic and historical sources, dialect vocabulary data, some of the author’s field materials and scientific works on the topic. The author adheres to the principles of gender history proposed by J. Scott, which involves the analysis of cultural symbols, normative prescriptions and social institutions and life stories of individual women. The author comes to the following conclusions. 1. Marriage and the maternity increased the social prestige of the peasant women, because they realized her main purpose. 2. The gender of the child had a different meaning for the male and female part of the peasant family collectives. If considering the patrilocal line of inheritance, preference was given to the birth of a boy. At the same time, the Karelian language data indicate a higher status of the mother after the birth of the girl. 3. There was a change in reproductive behavior in the North Karelian families in the second half of the XIX c. towards to reducing the number of children in the family to two or five. The reasons for such transformation were the growth in the importance of non-agricultural earnings, and the border position of the region (the cross-border marriages), which changed the customary cultural norms. 4. Some elements of modernization were not perceived by Karelian women. They continued to apply to rural midwives despite the growth of the network of obstetric care, and they also preferred the bathhouse or barn as a place for childbirth instead of medical institutions.
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In the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a lot was done in the field of educating the population of the Russian Empire and introducing it to reading. The reforms of Alexander II gave an additional impetus to the development of book publishing in the Russian province. This article is devoted to two bright representatives of the intelligentsia, natives of the peasantry of the Upper Volga region, I. A. Golyshev and I. D. Sytin. Evidently, I. D. Sytin stands alone among the representatives of the peasantry of the Kostroma province. He was the greatest pre-revolutionary book publisher of the Russian Empire. A peasant from the settlement of Mstera I. A. Golyshev also made a significant contribution to the book publishing business of Russia, but in the Upper Volga region. Both of them day after day, to the best of their abilities, made everything that depended on them, so that a book, a newspaper, a magazine could become closer to the average citizen and villager. The article demonstrates the desire of I. A. Golyshev and I. D. Sytin to make as many ordinary city and village residents as possible prefer addressing the printed word rather than spending time idly (often abusing alcohol). Thanks to the activities of such ascetic educators (cultural traders), the scope of influence of printed materials on the ordinary population of the Russian Empire has expanded. In general, book publishing and educational activities of the characters of this article did not go beyond the dominant ideology of tsarist Russia, based on the famous triad by S. S. Uvarov — «Orthodoxy — Autocracy — Nationality».
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The built heritage, through the multiple meanings it associates (oldness, architectural, aesthetic, symbolic, authenticity), is characterized by uniqueness and irreversibility, being frequently related to the cultural and implicitly tourist image of cities. Due to the seniority of architectural heritage and the special relations established with the place and people, under the direct influence of the socio-cultural and political factors, it ensures the accumulation of symbols that codify the urban space. As a result, heritage buildings are associated with elements of territorial identity. Visual imagery is used as an argument to support the process of selecting significant buildings for local / national culture. These are promoted among the general public. Most of the time, the selection process aim s at identifying representative buildings, a process that registers the influence of socio-cultural and politic factors. This article focuses on the socio-cultural evolution of the Romanian Athenaeum, a symbolic building of the Romanian culture. Based on a rich background of historical illustrations and recent observations, the authors analysed the symbols associated with the Romanian Athenaeum, in various historical periods. The authors used a sample of picture postcards with representations of the Athenaeum and interpreted the information they provided. The key results show the cultural role of the Athenaeum for the capital city, Bucharest, and its relation with the political factor, as this building was selected as the host for important political events with a deep historical charge, most often having the support of national authorities. In the course of time, the Athenaeum was represented constantly in picture postcards, as cultural building symbol and tourist attraction, due to its unique characteristics which emphasize its role as element of urban identity for Bucharest. At the same time, the interpretation of visual imagery allowed the decoding of the symbols and identification of the identity narrative and politics built around the Athenaeum, which, through the interactions generated by the socio-cultural and political plans, confer it the quality of symbolic building for the national and European culture.
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ASEEES 52nd Annual Convention, Washington – Report from the panel “Cities between history and memory; Cities between History and Memory in post-1989 Central Europe: The Example of Budapest, Košice, and Western Romania”, Washington, November 5th – 8th and 14th – 15th, 2020. – online
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La vallée de la rivière Shkumbini a servi depuis l’Antiquité comme un artère puissant de mouvements liant la côte littorale avec les contrées intérieures des Balkans. Les archéologues ont déjà prouvé que la vraie histoire de la voie qui parcourait cette vallée date de la période du fer. Il est déjà connu, que c’est sur ce tracé que passait la voie Egnatia, l’une des lignes importantes de l’Antiquité qui liait les contrées occidentales à celles orientales. Cette voie, étant la voie principale de l’llyrie du Sud, partait de Durrësi et arrivait à Constantinople. Très significatifs en sont des traces et des toponymes de nos jours qui sont restés depuis le temps des conquêtes romaines. Il s’agit de fragm ents du tracé de la voie, des grandes ou petites stations ou des traces de constructions trouvées à Miraka, à Qukësi, à Babje, â Spathar, à Dardhë, à Xhyrë etc. Le cadre est enrichi des objets trouvés occasionnellement où la principale place revient aux monnaies métalliques trouvées à Spathar, à Kotodesh, à Përrenjas, à Rajca, à Togëz, à Karkavec, à Qarrishtë etc. Tout ce matériel nous fait convaincre que cette vallée a eu dans le cours du temps non seulement un caractère stratégique militaire mais elle a été même un puissant artère commercial.
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Delvina et son environnement rural sera le point de mire dans cet ouvrage. Environ d’elle se trouvait un nombre relativement grand de villages de l’Albanie du Sud-Ouest, avec un niveau supérieur de développement économique. Delvina est un exemple des plus typiques de la transformation d’un village moyennement développé en un centre urbain et plus tard aussi en un centre plus important administratif, militaire et économique de l’Albanie Méridionale. Grâce à sa position stratégique dans la voie qui liait l’Albanie intérieure méridionale avec les côtes de la mer Ionienne, elle s’accrut et se développa petit à petit jusqu’à la deuxième moitié du XVIe siècle et elle devint un centre de sandjak.
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Në këtë punim do të bëhet objekt studimi Delvina dhe rrethinat e saj fshatare. Po e përqëndrojm ë vëmendjen këtu jo rastësisht. Rreth saj ndodhej një numër relativisht i madh fshatrash të Shqipërisë Jugperëndimore, me një nivel zhvillimi ekonomik të lartë. Delvina është një prej shembujve më tipikë të shndërrim it të një fshati mesatarisht të zhvilluar në një qendër qytetare e më vonë edhe në qendrën më të rëndësishme adm inistrative, ushtarake dhe ekonomike të Shqipërisë Jugore. Falë pozitës së saj strategjike, në rrugën që lidhte Shqipërinë e brendshme jugore me brigjet e detit Jon, ajo u rrit e u zhvillua shkallë-shkallë deri sa në gjysmën e dytë të shekullit XVI u bë qendër sanxhaku.
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Zonat malore të Shqipërisë së Mesme ruajnë nga e kaluara një trashëgimi me vlerë edhe në fushën e arkitekturës popullore. Problematika komplekse që ato i ofrojnë studiuesit, nuk qëndron vetëm tek banesa, si kategoria më masive ndërtimore, por edhe tek vendbanimet, ecuria në kohë dhe karakteri i tyre. Në këtë artikull do të ndalemi në zonën e Shmilit, e cila, ndonëse përbën një rrethinë të vogël etnografike, ruan tipare të vetat. Analiza e materialit të mblëdhur në gjurmimet e kryera sjell ndihmesë në njohjen me to, duke hedhur dritë, në kuptimin e gjerë, edhe për mënyrën e jetesës.
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Review of: Prof. Dr. Hivzi Islami, FSHATI I KOSOVËS - kontribut për studimin sociologjiko-demografik të evolucionit rural. «Rilind ja», Prishtinë, 1985, 279 faqe. Review by: Mark Tirta
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Review of: K. Abate - M. Berhman - «I germaaesi, Storia e vita di una comunita Calabrese e dei suoi emigranti», Pelegrini Editore, Cosenza, 1986, f. 254. Review by: Gjovalin Shkurtaj
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Les problèmes complexes de la paysannerie et de la transformation socialiste de la campagne ont toujours attiré l’attention du camarade Enver Hoxha, qui, en faisant la synthèse théorique de l’expértence accumulée dans ce domaine et en appliquant les principes fondamentaux du marxisme-léninisme nous a légué des recommandations qui orientent le travail pour la réalisation du programme du Parti concernant la transformation socialiste de la campagne albanaise.
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Në këtë artikull do të ndalemi në materialin e mbledhur në fshatrat e zonave malore të Shqipërisë së Mesme. Shumica e tyre përmenden në defteret osmanë të shek. XV dhe XVI. Në ta është fiksuar numri i banesave, i familjeve (përmes emrit të kryefamiljarëve) dhe i taksave që vilte pushtuesi. Këta tregues dëshmojnë se vendbanimet kanë qenë të ngulitura kohë më parë se të fiksoheshin në defterë. Nga natyra e taksave mësohet se veprimtaria bujqësore dhe blegtorale kanë luajtur rol parësor në jetën e banorëve. Me gjithë ndryshimet që kanë ndodhur në rrjedhë të kohës (rritje ose rrudhje), një pjesë e mirë e këtyre vendbanimeve kanë arritur deri në shekullin tonë me një natyrë të tillë të ngulitur, me një territor të përcaktuar dhe me një ekonomi të përzier bujqësore e blegtorale, me përparësi diku të njërës e diku të tjetrës. Mjaft kuptimplotë është mendimi i shprehur nga të moshuarit e këtyre zonave: «Jemi marrë me gja (nënkupto: blegtori - AM) e me bujqësi, se gjaja nuk të mban po nuk bane bukë.»
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