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Türkiye’de 2002 sonrası muhafazakâr düşüncenin kent kimliği üzerindeki etkisine ilişkin bir değerlendirme

Author(s): Kıvanç Demírcí / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2021

One of the main aims of the study is to explain the elements of conservative urban identity by determining how conservatism transformed urban areas in 2002 and after. In addition, raising awareness about conservative urban studies that are lacking in the national literature and eliminating the deficiency is one of the main objectives of the study. For these purposes, the general structure of conservatism will be explained. It will be dwelled on in what ways and means this idea gives identity to urban areas. The study is based on the content analysis method, which is accepted as a qualitative research method. In this context, studies that examine conservatism and the conservative city in international and national literature are included in the research. Analyses of the studies of media organs on this subject are also included. Within the context of the study, it was seen that urban areas in Turkey are not merely spaces, but they are also intellectually shaped. Although there are various ideologies that shape urban spaces depending on administrative institutions, it was concluded that conservatism was more effective in shaping urban spaces due to the political conjuncture after 2002. Increasing the number of conservative religious structures and educational institutions consolidate the conservative structure of urban areas in Turkey. Similarly, reflecting the traditions on urban images and making the previous Turkish-Islamic practices visible in the most used urban areas also consolidate the conservative identity.

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Utjecaj obitelji Stjepović-Skočibuha na strukturiranje naselja Suđurađ na otoku Šipanu

Author(s): Mara Marić,Dubravka Mirošević / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 60/2021

The paper focuses on the impact of the Stjepović-Skočibuha family in shaping the settlement of Suđurađ on the island of Šipan near Dubrovnik. It discusses the social, economic, and cultural context of Šipan in the 16th century, with special reference to the development of Suđurađ. Biographical data of the progenitors of the Stjepović-Skočibuha family are presented, who are merited with the construction of two representative summerhouse and economy assemblies in the settlement, which over time became the main landmarks of Suđurađ. The starting hypothesis of the research is that the summerhouse assemblies of Tomo and especially Vice Stjepović-Skočibuha significantly influenced the urban structuring of the settlement. The stylistic characteristics and organization of the two building assemblies and the associated lands have been analysed in relation to the settlement, with a detailed transcription of the Austrian cadastre from the first half of the 19th century, including an analysis of land ownership and uses of individual land plots, which confirmed the starting hypothesis. The heirs of the family were still the majority owners of buildings and land plots in Suđurađ at the time.

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O antropolizie

Author(s): Benjamin H. Bratton / Language(s): Polish Issue: 41/2021

When Hegel was binding the history of the world to the history of European national self-identity, it was assumed among his public that the age of the planet could be measured in a few millennia (1e3 or 1e4 years), not aeons (1e9 years). The fabrication of social memory and the intuition of planetary duration were thought to operate in closely-paired natural rhythms. While the deep time of the genomic and geologic record shows that that they do not, the illusion of their contemporaneity also brought dark consequences that, strangely enough, would actualize that exact same illusion. In the subsequent era, the meta-consequence of this short-sighted conceit is the Anthropocene itself, a period in which local economic history has in fact determined planetary circumstances in its own image. The temporal binding of social and planetary time has been, in this way, a self-fulfilling superstition. As such, how is the anthropos of Anthropogeny similar to or different from the anthropos of the Anthropocene? Are they correspondent? Does the appearance of the human lead inevitably toward, if not this particular Anthropocene, then an Anthropocene, and some eventual strong binding of social and geologic economies?

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Коллективная стратегия решения проблем ЖКХ в условиях «старого соседства» в российском мегаполисе. Можно ли песок растворить в воде?

Author(s): Elena Bogdanova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2021

How Do Russian people prefer to solve problems of public services—together or separately? Do the institutional conditions, determined by private property rights, the specifics of privatization carried out in the 1990s, the structure of the housing and communal services system, or the memory of the Soviet model of communal services play any role in the emergence of sustainable forms of solidarity among neighbors? This article considers these questions through the prism of a case study conducted in the historical part of Saint Petersburg, in a residential building built in 1905. The study is based on two years of ethnographic observations of the everyday life in the apartment building and the practices of everyday interactions among neighbors, investigation of the history of the house, the analysis of the correspondence between residents and service companies about the residents’ complaints, and 10 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with inhabitants of the apartment building. The study was triggered by the real-life situation of the establishment of a neighbor association in the form of the house council (domovoi sovet), in accordance with the 2011 amendment to the Russian Housing Code. This became the first experience of cooperation in an “old neighborhood,” as well as the first attempt of collective care for the building’s common areas. Efforts, achievements, and failures of the house council are analyzed through the prism of collective action theory and the concept of materiality. The article demonstrates that a collective strategy of care for the common areas of a multiunit residential building can be successfully implemented, although institutional conditions make it compete with individual strategies for improving living spaces. Alternative solutions—such as calling help-lines or informally contacting local officials— may lead to positive changes for individual households or groups of neighbors. Yet, such uncoordinated individual efforts disrupt the common schedule for repairs and other improvements in the building, as approved by the house council, and redirect financing from common to individual needs. The overall conclusion is that in the conditions of contemporary Russian society, an association of neighbors of a democratic type turns into a risky project, which can serve as an extended metaphor for democratic initiatives in the country and resembles a futile attempt to “dissolve sand in water.”

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Как понимать и как исследовать соседство?

Author(s): Elena Bogdanova,Olga Brednikova,Oksana Zaporozhets / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2021

This essay presents a review of classical and modern approaches to the study of residential neighborhoods. Its main goal is to help researchers of urban neighborhoods in Russia to develop their theoretical frameworks and conceptual apparatus that would allow to study neighborhoods as a phenomenon undergoing significant changes to its structure and its agents. We present a number of goals, the first of which is to identify the main ”entry points” into the study of neighborhood. Neighborhood is considered from the perspective of collective action, new materiality, everyday interactions, and multiagency. Addressing the second task, we reveal the diversity and dynamism of the understanding of neighborhood that are a result of the ongoing debates in scholarship and of varied sociocultural conditions, paying special attention to the context of contemporary Russia. A review of approaches to the study of neighborhoods allows us to determine the specifics of modern residential neighborhoods that exist in Russian cities. Instead of the widespread concept of ”neighborhood,” focused on the territorial and social community, as well as the group nature of relations among neighbors, we propose to use the concept of ”neighboring,” more focused on individual experience and practice of building interpersonal interactions. In the development of neighborly relations in Russia, we distinguish three stages: “forced neighborhood” specific to of the post-Soviet period, “controlled distant neighborhood” of the 1990s–early 2000s, and “controlled diversified neighborhood” that began to manifest itself in the 2010s. As our third task, we formulate the main conceptual aspects of contemporary understanding and study of the phenomenon of residential neighborhood. The current debate in this field of study moves away from the close connection between the concepts of neighborhood and community and proposes to focus on individual actors who set in motion the sociability of the neighborhood, produce multiple practices and scenarios, and purposefully engage in building the neighboring as the main unit of neighborhood relations. In the understanding and study of the neighborhood the hermeneutic approach, dealing with complex, multiple, changing, constantly reassembling relationships, begins to dominate.

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Political Economy of Straw Houses: Traditional and Contemporary Way of Enhancing Sustainability of the Buildings

Author(s): Egemen Sertyeşilişik,Şeyma Yilmaz,Begüm Sertyeşilişik / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Cities, as production and consumption hubs, cause significant amount of global CO2 emissions and energy consumption. Climate change challenges world’s welfare due to the global warming. Cities’ environmental footprint can be reduced with the help of energy efficient and sustainable built environment which can further contribute to the wellbeing and welfare of the urban population contributing to the solution of the fuel poverty. Straw is a traditional and contemporary material having outstanding technical characteristics (e.g. thermal insulation). Straw is a traditional material as it has been used in sheltering starting from the ancient times. Straw is a contemporary material as it is used even in small buildings with the help of innovations. Furthermore, it is a cost effective material from initial investment as well as maintenance and repair aspects. Straw houses can reduce energy consumption. This can reduce countries’ trade deficit due to the reduced demand for energy import, contributing to the solution of the fuel poverty. Straw is environmental friendly natural material. Constructing straw houses is important for sustainable living. Giving importance to the straw house construction can help reduction in the CO2 emission and in the energy consumption. Based on an in-depth literature review, this paper investigates political economy of straw houses and straw houses’ contribution to the sustainability performance of the built environment. This paper introduces to the literature political economy of the straw houses and provides recommendations on how to widespread the use of straw houses.

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Interaction Among Social, Cultural and Environmental Factors in Vernacular Settlements. The Case of Korogonianika, in Lakonia, Greece

Author(s): Evgenia Tousi / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

The article presents the main findings of a research focusing on the unique attributes of vernacular architectural heritage of Southern Greece. The analysis of the interaction between social, cultural and environmental factors, is based on literature review and field work. This interaction is portrayed through the use of a pilot case study, the village Korogonianika which is a typical and representative example for all vernacular settlements of eastern Mani. Field work involves original cartographic depiction, photos, drawings as well as participant observation and interviews.

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Муниципальные служащие и их легитимация через ритуалы и церемонии в Англии XIV—XV веков (как аспект становления управленческой протоинтеллигенции)

Author(s): Marina Aleksandrovna Guseva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2021

Medieval municipal officials were a fairly closed community. This was due to both the requirements of local legislation and established traditions. In particular, the applicant for municipal positions had to be a freeman, lead a law-abiding lifestyle, exclude a number of occupations in their activities. At the same time, there were differences between the requirements for a provincial and a metropolitan official. This is the level of financial wellbeing of the applicant, his professional affiliation, place of birth. The position held in the municipal administration required the official to observe certain rituals, to participate in official ceremonies. Most of these requirements related to the top officials of the corporation. A significant place among the town rituals was occupied by the inauguration of the mayor. This procedure was separately described in the resolutions of the local authorities. The mayor also organized a dinner for members of his council, respected citizens, both when taking office and when leaving it. For such needs, money was allocated from the treasury, the spending of which the official reported to the auditors. At official ceremonies, the highest officials of the town were accompanied by sergeants carrying their imperious insignia. They were given a special place in the church. Municipal legislation also regulated the appearance of officials, in particular, clothing. Usually it was a mantle of a certain color, length, quality of fabric. Money was also allocated from the city treasury for sewing the robes. At the same time, officials, trying to show their social and financial status, often did not limit themselves to this amount of money.

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Interpreting Alexander Chayanov’s Peasant Utopia since 1991

Author(s): Lucian George / Language(s): English Issue: 38/2021

Composed in 1919 as a rebuke to Bolshevik rule, Alexander Chayanov’s utopian story about a future, peasant-dominated Russia has fascinated scholars from a wide variety of disciplines. This article provides a critical overview of the Russian- and English-language scholarship on Chayanov’s peasant utopia that has emerged over the last three decades. The intellectual and ideological contexts in which the text has been situated are explored and compared. The article also discusses how the utopia has been understood in ideological and political terms, and how scholars have wrestled with ambiguities arising from its relativism, parodic qualities and potentially dystopian elements.

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Rola miast w czasach kryzysu multilateralizmu

Author(s): Agnieszka Szpak,Joanna Modrzyńska,Michał Dahl / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

The article shows how cities are nowadays stepping into the role of nation states and how they efficiently cooperate with other cities on transnational level, not only bilaterally but also multilaterally. The authors point to the clear symptoms of the crisis of the multilateralism and against this background focus on the role of cities in saving and/or fixing the multilateral system and solving global prob-lems. An example of such activity is that of cities’ during the current covid-19 pan-demic. Finally, in the conclusions an attempt is made to answer the research ques-tion: can cities be regarded as a helping hand or a fix for the multilateral system? The research methods used are those of literature analysis and formal -legal analy-sis. The analysis made it possible to conclude that the answer to the research ques-tion is positive – cities may help to fix or even save the multilateral system.

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Miasta i paradyplomacja pamięci Międzynarodowy wymiar lokalnych polityk historycznych

Author(s): Krzysztof Wasilewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

The role of cities in international relations is systematically growing. Many con-temporary global initiatives in the field of environmental protection, combat-ing social inequalities or illegal immigration originate from the foreign activity of local governments. Cities seem to be more willing to build their international potential through so-called memory diplomacy. The past, or in fact a top-down form of its commemoration or forgetting, becomes one of the main categories of foreign policy. By using various tools of implementing memory policy, such as the construction of public space or supporting activities of memory institutions, local governments create the desired image in the international arena and, conse-quently, strengthen their own economic and political potential.

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Городское общество Казани и санитарно-экологические проблемы во второй половине XIX – начале XX века

Author(s): Andrey Olegovich Kislenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2021

The attitude of the Kazan community to the urban environmental and sanitary problems during the second half of the 19th–early 20th centuries was discussed. The measures taken by the local government were analyzed. Based on the administrative sources and periodicals of that time, an ambiguous reaction to the governmental measures was noticed among the residents of Kazan, as compared with a similar situation in St. Petersburg. In Kazan, the residents intermittently violated the compulsory resolutions adopted by the local government to improve the environmental and sanitary situation: they kept the latrines dirty, failed to timely clean the street areas, and discharged their household wastes in the river waters. It was revealed that the residents tended to neglect the sanitary rules because of both irresponsibility and the difficult socioeconomic situation, i.e., sewage cleaning was expensive and complicated. Interestingly, the steps undertaken by the local government are quite confusing and questionable: on the one hand, the authorities did their best to prevent littering, deforestation, and sewage discharge; on the other hand, they were eager to solve the burning sanitary problems at the expense of the ecological well-being of the city.

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Heritage of (non-)existing cities – on the Polish examples of medieval Świecie and Renaissance Krasiczyn

Author(s): Karolina Zimna-Kawecka,Dominika Kuśnierz-Krupa,Michał Krupa / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

This article analyses the urban heritage protection and spatial development policies of two model historical urban centres in Poland, whose spatial layout has been erased: medieval Świecie nad Wisłą (the Pomeranian region) and Renaissance Krasiczyn (the Subcarpathian region). Their urban layouts had a significant compositional factor (a town and castle complex in axial plan). The second element important in terms of landscape protection and spatial planning is their history: at the end of the eighteenth century and during the nineteenth century they had to be relocated. The analysis covers the spatial form during the period of their founding, the reasons for transformation, their present-day state of preservation, and the current spatial conservation and development policy. General conservation conclusions have also been formulated.

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Despre teoria centru – periferie. Urbanitate şi modernitate în Timişoara

Author(s): Daniela Stanciu-Păscărița / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XVIII/2021

The study aims to highlight and analyze some aspects of modernity in the city of Timisoara in strong relation with the theoretical approach of the highly used in social sciences dialectics of center and periphery. Under focus of my research lays the investigation of the urban space in a peripherical city of the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy, analyzed from the point of view of historical and urban development. By using local literature, urban monographies written by the local intellectual elite and German newspapers, scope of the study is to comprise some of the major urban transformations occurring in the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century Timisoara. The research questions gravitates along the subject of sharing cultural goods and thoughts from the imperial cities of Vienna and Budapest to the more peripherical Timișoara. Of interest for the research is to comprise the Zeitgeist of the time by adapting the urban and architectural transformations in the periphery as are being imitated and adapted to the models of the two imperial and monarchic centers.

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Appraising the Local Village Leaders‘ Response to the Challenges Faced by Rural Households during the Corona Virus 2019 National Lock-down in South Africa

Author(s): Ekene Kingsley Amaechi,Ishmael Obaeko Iwara,Faith Musvipwa,Raymond Raselekaone / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 4/2021

This study investigates Tswinga village local leaders‘ efforts in responding to COVID-19 pandemic challenges grappling its households. It draws from ideas in Afrocentrism to evaluate local community leaders‘ response to the pandemic during the first 65 days of the South African COVID-19 lockdown. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews of both local leaders of the village and the local Municipality‘s COVID-19 response team. The study found that no significant progress in the fight against the COVID-19 would have been made if the national strategy to combat the virus had not been adapted to the local situation by local leadership. Hence, the study recommends a comprehensive multi-stakeholder involvement and a bottom-up approach when developing strategies to curb the pandemic to ensure that the strategy responds to the varying dynamics prevailing in different regions of the country.

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Village and (dis)trust in the political institution of the society

Author(s): Rade S. Šarović,Goran D. Ćeranić / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 4/2021

The subject of this paper is the (dis)trust of peasants towards the social order and political institutions of the Montenegrin system. This relationship is most often reflected in the fact that peasants are more subordinate to the global society, the state, and the ruling regime than all other strata in one system. In small societies such as Montenegro, their influence as a political factor and an active participant in the creation of political life is minor. This exclusion is primarily the result of the small number of people remaining to live and work in the village today, and of their demographic characteristics. The involvement in public action is reduced to the execution of orders, payment of taxes, and voting in elections to support or not support those in power. Hence the story of peasants (dis) trust in the institutional system they live in.

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Acceptance and diffusion of hybrid corn seed in Vojvodina/Serbia

Author(s): Dejan R. Janković,Dragan M. Milić,Marina D. Novakov / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 4/2021

The paper analyzes the modernization process of agricultural production in Serbia/Vojvodina, observed through the intensification of mercantile corn production that takes place by introducing the genetics of high-yielding seeds. This process is analyzed for the period of last 20 years through the theoretical-hypothetical framework of the theory of diffusion of innovations, in this case, the diffusion of seeds of non-Serbian seed companies (after 2000), which resulted in more intensive production, higher yields and different production practice of farmers in Serbia. The empirical research was conducted on a sample of 110 farmers and very similar to previous research on this topic, proved the innovativeness of certain producer groups and the relations between the diffusion of this innovation and the size of farms, values, habits and behavior patterns of farmers.

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Depopulation and availability of services, contents for social participation and infrastructure in rural settlements – illustrated by the devastated municipalities in South-Eastern Serbia

Author(s): Sreten M. Jelić,Vukašin Ž. Kolarević / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 4/2021

Depopulation of rural areas as a global process has not bypassed our country either. Demographic changes in the structure of the population have especially affected the rural population and the village in our society. Depopulation of a number of villages, especially in South-eastern Serbia, means that some villages are almost empty or with older people and a minor share of young people. The aim of this paper is to analyze the availability of services, social participation contents and the quality of infrastructure in rural settlements. Therefore, the research was conducted on the basis of a survey questionnaire in 176 rural settlements in the municipalities of Bojnik, Crna Trava, Medveđa, Surdulica and Trgovište. The findings indicate the extent to which negative indicators of the number of inhabitants in rural settlements are related to available services, social participation contents and infrastructure based on the correlation analysis.

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Geographical indications as a means of valorization of economic business - a chance for rural recovery

Author(s): Mario V. Lukinović,Ana I. Opačić,Ivan M Milojević / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 4/2021

Preservation of the characteristics of agricultural and food products is directly correlated with the system of geographical indications. Today, in more than 150 countries around the world, geographical indications are in the service of guaranteeing quality, origin, method of production, often tradition and, finally, product safety. The authors point out the changes in consumer behaviour, the change in the propensity to consume products that are differentiated on the market by different forms of marking and certification, and the willingness to pay for the same products at premium prices. Additional labels have imposed themselves as the main means of valorizing products on the market. The authors point out the potential of Serbian agriculture and give recommendations to the legislator, but also to other competent institutions, in order to improve position of the overall national economy. Ecological, agriculture, based on the principles of non-GMO impurities, with a clear commitment to the integral principles of land cultivation represents the greatest potential of our country. Additional state measures that would support better education and improvement of the position of farmers, with careful strategic planning of agriculture on the already mentioned principles, would make it an accelerator of the overall economic development. Geographical indications as well as standardization and certification must be an indispensable tool along the way.

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Orhan Hançerlioğlu’nun İnsansız Şehir’inde Köylüler ve Kentliler

Author(s): Meral Demiryürek / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 107/2021

Orhan Hancerlioglu (1916-1991) was a writer who served in civil service positions in Istanbul, Anatolia and Thrace. Although at the present day he is usually remembered with his philosophical works, he had contributed to the Turkish literature with his novels and stories, in which he had told his observations about the places where he had lived and observed depending on people, nature and tradition. In particular, his stories which were published between 1946 and 1953 drew attention with his observations about the people living in Istanbul together with the details about Turkish villagers from the point of view of a townsman who had to serve away from the city. The contrast depending on a townsman who live in a village creates an astonishing and strengthening effect of the perception about rural settlement. Depending on the features of Turkish peasants and townsmen which were presented by Hancerlioglu in his Unmanned City, which was published in 1953, this essay seeks to commemorate him on the 30th anniversary of his death, examine the various aspects of Turkish people’s abilities in rural and urban life through the possibilities of fictional structure and remember his place in Turkish literature.

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