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Aktywizacja funkcjonalna małych miast przy pomocy środków z funduszy europejskich na przykładzie miasta i gminy Gołdap

Author(s): Agnieszka Kardaś / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2014

Gołdap – a small town near the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast – has beenstruggling with a number of problems such as the ongoing processes of society aging andmigration, unemployment, low activity of the inhabitants, or historically conditioneddefects in the functional and spatial structure, which are a major challenge for the cityauthorities. To counteract negative phenomena, the authorities decided to use localpotential – environmental values, and changing the character of commune fromagricultural to recreational. Numerous investments have been realized thanks to the EUfunds. Aim of this paper is to analyze the transformations that have taken place in thefunctional and spatial structure of the city as a result of the use of funds from theEuropean Union. The study made it possible to evaluate changes in the urban tissue,their impact on the organization of space, as well as identify development trends inGołdap.

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Типови региона у Србији и њихова територијална неусклађеност

Author(s): Branka Tošić,Zora Živanović,Jasmina Đorđević / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 2/2010

Regionalization of Serbia, as an instruments whose adequate use would contribute to a decrease in interregional differences in development of certain parts, represents a complex task, which is only to some extent finished by adopting bigger territorial parts in Serbia. This work is made for the purpose of presenting the problems with regional planning process deriving from inconsistency which exists between administrative territorial organization into districts of the Republic of Serbia and functional areas of regional centers defined by The Spatial Plan of the Republic of Serbia, issued in 1996, then functional urban areas presented in The Strategy of Spatial Development of the Republic of Serbia in 2009-2013-2020 and in The Draft Law of Spatial Plan of the Republic of Serbia in 2010-2014-2021. Moreover, the work compares the above mentioned spatial areas with planned regions, for which the drawing up of regional spatial plans is scheduled, namely with statistical macroregions, whose defining is one of the recently adopted decisions in the Republic of Serbia. The aim of pointing out to the above mentioned inconsistency in so far used concepts of regionalization, is to contribute to the quality of regional planning of development, as well as to finding solutions which would refer to establishing borders of smaller, meso-regional totalities, and also to the determination of authorities of both middle levels of administration in our country.

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STAMBENE SUBVENCIJE U AUSTRIJI POVIJESNI RAZVOJ I KONCEPTI

Author(s): Eva Bauer / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 09/1994

Starting with a comparison of the Austrian system of housing promotion with those of other European countries, the article deals with the development of the present system. The description of the history of housing promotion in Austria goes back to the 19th century when public action in housing was very limited. The today's system of security of tenure was introduced during the Austrian monarchyat the end of world war I; the respective principles were transformed into a republican law in the 1920s. At that time promotion of housing construction via a special tax system was only performed by the city of Vienna. On a nation wide base housing promotion was founded in the years after the end of world war II, when a political consensus could be reached about its necessity.lnfunctionallinkagewith non-profit housing a system of public subsidization of housing construction - mainly via public loans and later on via operating subsidies in addition - was created. Public funds for housing promotion were and still are fed by a certain share of income and corporation tax as well as repayments for the pubfc loans. Public grants are not restricted to the rental sector but also go to owner occupied dwellings as well as homeowners.

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Sexual Violence Against Women in Ecuador: An Overview From the Rural and Indigenous Areas of Imbabura

Author(s): Santiago Boira,Maria Teresa Muñoz,Anita Nudelman / Language(s): English Issue: 11/2021

Objectives. Sexual violence against women is a major social problem for governments and institutions. International reports warn about its magnitude and its global nature and findings from Latin America have also confirmed the seriousness of the issue. The objective of this article is to address the problem of sexual violence against women in Ecuador, with emphasis on rural and indigenous areas. Material and methods. The official data offered by the Attorney General of the State of Ecuador is analyzed. Likewise, the qualitative information provided by professionals in the province of Imbabura through interviews and focus groups. Results. Quantitative data shows a very significant increase in the number of crimes of sexual violence against women in practically all the provinces of Ecuador in the past three years. Likewise, from a qualitative perspective, patriarchal culture is very present as one of the causes that explain violence. As for the manifestation of sexual violence, its most frequent form is within partner relationships. However, cases of incest, sexual abuse and aggression against minors within the family environment are also common. Conclusions. Data for disaggregated and specific monitoring of sexual violence in Ecuador is limited. In this regard, the use of qualitative methodology to complement such information is recommended. This study identifies a serious situation both in terms of the prevalence and of the impact of sexual violence in Ecuador.

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The role of innovation in urban logistics on the example of Rzeszów

Author(s): Sławomir Stec / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

The article presents the role of innovation in city logistics, and above all the impact of modern logistics investments on the quality of life of residents. On the example of the proceedings of the local government of the city of Rzeszów, a brief description was made of activities related to innovations in urban logistics of various types: technological, organizational, structural, process and image-related. On the basis of a survey among the inhabitants of Rzeszów and the Rzeszów agglomeration, the impact of innovations in urban logistics was examined, among others on changing the behavior of society, lifestyle, preferences in movement, quality of life, as well as the identification of residents with the city. As a result of the research, it was found that the inhabitants perceive very well all already implemented and being implemented innovations in urban logistics. It was also recognized that modern investments contribute to improving the quality of life, lifestyle, air quality, health and safety. In particular, it can be said that the innovations made it possible, among others, to shortening travel time by public transport, smoothing traffic in congested areas, infrastructure integration of ecological forms of transport operating in the urban and suburban areas, connecting public transport with individual bicycle, pedestrian and car communication, improving the mobility of people with disabilities or people with reduced mobility, energy efficiency of urban transport by investing in transport with alternative propulsion systems, reducing the negative impact on the environment, including reducing noise and vibrations as well as greenhouse gas emissions, mainly CO2.

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Rehabilitation of Urban Heritage in the Service of Ethno-National Divisions on the Example of Sarajevo and Banja Luka

Author(s): Ranka Perić Romić / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2020

This paper discusses the impact of the process of rehabilitation and revitalisation of the cultural and historical heritage of Banja Luka and Sarajevo on the strengthening of ethno-national policies /patterns of a divided society. Special attention will be paid to the processes of preserving the urban centres/historical cores of the mentioned cities, which are recognisable as places of separation and distancing for ‘non-belonging’ ethnic groups. In that sense, the rehabilitation of the urban heritage of Banja Luka and Sarajevo will not be exclusively problematised as preservation and aestheticisation of cultural and historical heritage ‘per se’, but as a kind of instrumentalisation of urban space for the purpose of overemphasising ethno-national identities in the post-war period. The survey will be primarily based on a comparative analysis of available data on the development of urban centres so far. The survey results indicate that the mentioned instrumentalisation of urban heritage is manifested through the planning and construction/renovation of specific facilities that (un)justifiably fit into the existing cultural and historical context characteristic of these cities. From that perspective, it is noticeable that the cultural and historical cores of Banja Luka and Sarajevo today have a far more significant role in promoting ethno-national identities and divisions than was the case in the past. The character of these processes does not have exclusively intentional features, but is conditioned by other current policies of urban development that do not have an ethno-national background.

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Nad zalew bym sobie pojechał

Author(s): Małgorzata Michel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

Malgorzata Michel, PhD at Jagiellonian University works at the Institute of Education. Her research focuses mainly on local prevention and rehabilitation systems, studying activity of the „street children” afiliating with youth gang activity and deviant hooligan groups in the context of urban studies. The presented text is the outcome of taking part in Mikolaj Grynberg’s workshops focusing on writing about city memory and personal stories in years 2019-2020. Malgorzata Michel combines being a qualitative researcher set in ethnomethodology and writing skills achieved on later mentioned workshops. Her text is an outcome of a process starting with and interview with a teenage hooligan, ex street gang member. Finally, the author showcases a way to present qualitative data in form of a reportage.

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НАТУРА І ОБРАЗ: МІСТО В МИСТЕЦТВІ ЧЕРНІВЦІВ ХХ – ПОЧАТКУ ХХІ СТОЛІТТЯ

Author(s): Iryna Mishchenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2021

The purpose of this article is to consider the peculiarities of the reflection of the city – its architecture and inhabitants – in the works of Chernivtsi artists of the 20th and early 21st century, to analyze the differences between their views on the reproduction of urban motifs. The methodology consists in the application of the historical chronological method, art analysis, and generalization, comparative and systematic approach. The scientific novelty lies in the introduction into scientific circulation of works by artists of the specified time, in understanding the evolution in the reflection of the city in the works of authors with various artistic orientations. Conclusions. In the paintings and graphics of the 20th – 21st centuries, several options for solving urban landscapes can be defined, among which the most common is a careful reflection of existing architectural monuments. In the 19th century in European art, in particular in Impressionist painting, the desire to convey not only the appearance but above all the spirit of the city became noticeable, depicting the townspeople, emphasizing the bustle or poetry of squares and streets. At the turn of the 20th-21st centuries the artists are no longer limited to the usual fixation of what is seen, but try to create a conceptual image of the city, to tell a story through iconic images and symbols, reveal their own position in particular and to preserve the authenticity of an object or the city in general. Such a variety of approaches for creating an urban landscape is partly due to differences in preferences formed during studies in art institutions and is also characteristic for the art of Chernivtsi – a city where people of many nationalities with different cultural traditions have lived side by side for centuries. Ultimately, the artists who worked here in the 20th century were often graduates not only of Ukrainian schools or universities, but also of well-known European institutions, including Vienna, Munich, Florentine, Berlin, Kraków, or Bucharest academies.

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РЕТРОСПЕКТИВНИЙ АНАЛІЗ ПАРКІВ ІРПЕНЯ XX СТОЛІТТЯ В КОНТЕКСТІ ІСТОРИЧНОЇ, СОЦІОКУЛЬТУРНОЇ ТА РЕКРЕАЦІЙНОЇ ЦІННОСТІ МІСТА

Author(s): Iryna Shvets,Svitlana Palamarchuk,Olena Stanislavivna Podvolotska,Andriy Kulik / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2021

The purpose of the article is to conduct a retrospective analysis and generalize information about the parks of Irpin, including their location, size, historical aspects of establishment and development, planning structure, current state and composition of greenery, importance for the city and the level of socio-cultural needs of modern society; formulating conclusions on the prospects of their preservation and optimization. Methodology. The study of the historical aspects and current state of Irpin parks (retrospective analysis) was established during 2019-2021. Field and analytical methods were used, in particular, most of the historical information about the formation and development of parks was obtained from scientific literature sources and archival materials, and the assessment of the current state was carried out as a result of own route surveys. The scientific novelty is to reveal the need to study the Irpin parks, as important centers of historical, socio-cultural and recreational value, in the context of their protection and preservation under the conditions of powerful modern urban transformation of the city. In addition, for the first time in decades, a retrospective analysis of five Irpin parks was conducted, and the collected material was grouped in one publication, which is important for current and future research. Conclusions. A retrospective analysis of five parks in Irpin was carried out, in particular: Volodymyr Pravyk City Park; Dubky City Park of Culture and Recreation; Victory Park; Mikhail Stelmakh Park; Park of Heroes. The study found that the founding of these parks dates back to the twentieth century, respectively, today they represent a significant historical, socio-cultural and recreational value of the city, continuing to exist fully. However, in the process of adaptation to modern needs of society under the influence of constant urban transformation of the city, currently characterized by significant changes in planning structure and functional zoning, elements of landscaping, the composition of greenery, including cultivated dendroflora. Given these changes, it is extremely important to take care of the preservation of parks (territorial integrity and cultural dendroflora), which can be achieved through the widespread promotion of parks among local residents, reconstruction (fragmentary or complex) to maintain the proper condition of parks and their compliance with the requirements of modern society. It was established that the establishment of these parks was carried out in the twentieth century, so today they are a significant historical, socio-cultural and recreational value of the city, continue to exist fully.

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The use of neural networks to determine value based drivers for SMEs operating in the rural areas of the Czech Republic

Author(s): Jaromir Vrbka / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

Research background: In the past, the main objective of a company was to generate sufficient profit. Nowadays, a company must seek to achieve much broader objectives. To be successful in this pursuit, it must not only measure financial performance, but also monitor internal and external developments, increase shareholders’ wealth and protect the interests of other stakeholders, i.e. to analyze and act on those factors that affect company value. Purpose of the article: The objective of the contribution is to determine through the use of artificial neural networks the relationship between business value drivers, or value based drivers (VBD), and EVA Equity, which is economic value added (EVA), of small and medium-sized enterprises operating in the rural areas of the Czech Republic. Methods: The data was obtained from the Bisnode´s Albertina database. The data set consists of the profit and loss accounts for 2013 to 2017 of small and medium-sized enterprises operating in rural areas of the Czech Republic. Two scenarios are analyzed. In the first, the independent variables are only the value drivers, whereas in the second, company location (region) is included. The objective is to find the dependence of EVA Equity on individual VBD and company location. A sensitivity analysis is conducted, on the basis of which the importance of individual value drivers and company location is determined. Findings & Value added: The output is a set of value drivers, which could be used by company managers to regulate the growth of EVA Equity, i.e. value for shareholders. The findings reveal that the difference between successful and unsuccessful companies is determined by the level of involvement of human capital; companies use a large number of substitutes for factors of production, whereby the involvement of borrowed capital is likely to cause a positive financial leverage effect.

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Analysis of socio-economic spatial structure of urban agglomeration in China based on spatial gradient and clustering

Author(s): Li He,Jian'ge Tao,Ping Meng,Dan Chen,Meng Yan,Laszlo Vasa / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

Research background: Previous studies on the economic and social development of urban agglomerations mostly focus on a single primacy comparative analysis and efficiency evaluation. Spatial structure differentiation is an important feature of urban agglomeration. The lack of economic and social analysis on the spatial structure makes it impossible to determine the development positioning of each city in the urban agglomeration, which affects the sustainable economic development ability of these areas. Purpose of the article: The objective of the article is to analyze the spatial development law and experience of urban agglomeration, this study explores the practice of economic and population spatial structure of city areas in China. For this purpose, CPUA and its central city Zhengzhou was taken as an example, the spatial gradient structure of example was analyzed. Methods: Using economic and population data of 32 cities in this region, growth pole theory, and pole-axis theory, the economic and population spatial structure of urban agglomeration, the spatial gradient structure of central cities in urban agglomerations were analyzed with the method of cluster about radiation index. Findings & value added: (1) In the process of the formation of CPUA, the geographical spatial pattern plays a decisive role in economic and social development. This is an experience from developing countries. (2) CPUA presents a gradient development pattern with Zhengzhou as the center, and economic and social development gradually radiates to the metropolitan area, the core development area, and the character development demonstration area. (3) The economic and social gradients of Zhengzhou, the central city, present the hierarchy rules and characteristics which are driven by the Beijing-Guangzhou-Railway axis and the Longhai-Railway axis. (4) The central city of Zhengzhou still presents insufficient primacy in regional development, which shows that Zhengzhou accounts for 6% of the population of the Central Plains Economic Zone and 14% of GDP, and insufficient agglomeration. Different countries at different stages of economic development have different urban agglomeration development models. The conclusions from China provide new decision-making ideas and methods for spatial structure research and development strategy analysis of urban agglomerations.

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Travel Account of Nasser Khosrow Qobâdiâni or Daily Accounts of an Anthropologist in Retrospect

Author(s): Sohelia Shahshahani / Language(s): English Issue: Spec. Iss./2019

In this article the author claims that there is good reason to search in Iranian scholarly writings to find the origins of anthropology in retrospect. The author claims that the intentions of Nasser Khosrow Qobâdiyani were different from that of a student of anthropology when he/she sets out to do research to become an anthropologist, but the descriptions of what he sees are very important for various subfields of anthropology today. Nasser Khosrow paid particular attention to city planning, architecture, interior decoration of various sites, and then to water and uses of rain water, agriculture and herding. He described in great detail locations of pilgrimage where he performed what was expected, and he also gave minute descriptions of celebrations across various classes, and various ethnic and religious groups.

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A hazai élelem-önrendelkezés centrális mozgalmainak és periférikus szerveződéseinek feminista olvasata

Author(s): Herstory Collective / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 29/2021

Both green organisations focusing on food sovereignty and feminist associations have a long history in Hungary, but their programs and goals have barely found common ground in the past decades. Literature exploring food sovereignty practices shows that more attention has been paid to the grassroots movements' discourse than to the lived experiences of women and men involved in local food production. In this multi-authored paper, the HerStory collective spots the Hungarian green and feminist initiatives' common grounds and addresses the current food sovereignty research gap. It explores the concept and practices of food sovereignty from the perspective of women living and/or farming in rural Hungary. Furthermore, it uncovers what problems and solutions, individual struggles and coping strategies emerge on the periphery of green and feminist initiatives. Academic and activist approaches simultaneously applied in this paper in the following three parts: (1) review of green and feminist initiatives, (2) a methodological account and semi-structured interview analysis (3) recommendations regarding collective actions in the food sovereignty movements and a solidarity base available for women and communities outside the movements' zone.

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Az élelemtermelés társadalmi és környezeti dilemmái egy Termelési és Értékesítési Szövetkezet példáján keresztül

Author(s): Melinda Mihály,Izóra Gál,Gábor Velkey / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 29/2021

In the context of the ecological and climate crisis and growing socio-spatial inequalities, there is an increasing urgency to think about environmentally and socially sustainable food-provisioning, the possible structures of food-sovereignty. The currently dominant economic system keeps the prices of food, raw materials, labor, and energy low by exploiting nature and people (Moore 2019 [2014]). Through studying a producer cooperation that was able to survive several eras (including state socialism) we would like to understand those structural pressures that push a producer organisation to externalise the costs of production on the society (employees) and on nature. Our research question: How does the globalized food system shape the strategies of a producer organization aiming to help producers to survive? What social (labor cheapening) and environmental (e.g., soil degradation, environmental impact through the use of plastics and chemicals) exploitation mechanisms does a producer cooperation existing under the pressures of global capitalism have? We aim to answer the research question in an interdisciplinary author community through the analysis of semi-structured interviews with farmers and local decision makers (39) and field notes from participant observation (day laborers working on films and 1-1 working days with packaging plant staff).

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Exploring bike-sharing systems in Poland co-financed from the European Union funds

Author(s): Michał Dzięcielski,Marcin Woźniak,Adam Radzimski / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

In recent years, numerous Polish cities and municipalities have become involved in the creation of bike-sharing systems. Although the contribution of bike-sharing to creating sustainable transport caused some controversy in the literature, the positive role of cycling in promoting low-emission mobility and a healthy lifestyle is widely acknowledged. As part of the European Union’s sustainable transport agenda, some Polish local governments have obtained funding from structural funds for the implementation of bicycle-sharing schemes. This article presents an overview of selected systems, as well as a preliminary analysis of their users’ activity based on data obtained through a Web API. Although the scope of the data was limited in time due to the shutdown of the systems caused by the COVID-19 pandemic shortly after their spring reactivation, some patterns could be observed. In particular, users activity was more evenly distributed over time in larger cities (over 300 thousand of residents), whereas in smaller cities alternating periods of high and low activity was observed.

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Jerzy Kochanowski: „Wolne Miasto“ Zakopane 1956–1970.

Author(s): Markus Krzoska / Language(s): German Issue: 3/2021

Book-Review: Jerzy Kochanowski, „Wolne Miasto“ Zakopane 1956–1970. [„Freie Stadt“ Zakopane 1956–1970]. Wydawnictwo Znak. Kraków 2019. 332 S., Ill. ISBN 978-83-240-5802-0. (PLN 59,99.) ‒ Markus Krzoska

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Młodzież wiejska na polskich uniwersytetach – dynamika zmian w latach 2006–2018

Author(s): Krzysztof Wasielewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2020

This article presents the analyses access to university studies in Poland for rural youth. The empirical foundation of the research is based upon the data covering the entire population of students from three Polish universities of different prestige from 2006 to 2018. The following three trends emerge from the data gathered. Firstly, we observe a surge in the presence of rural youth in the structure of the three universities studied. Secondly, the presence of rural youth in the universities has risen regardless of their academic prestige and size; this trend applies to all types and level of education (bachelor’s degrees, master’s degrees, doctoral and unified master programs). Thirdly, despite the increasing rates of rural youth’s presence at universities, the vertical distances – measured by the type of students’ place of residence – between universities of different academic reputation remained unchanged.

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Public transport in a big Polish city (as exemplified by Łódź) in the opinion of older persons

Author(s): Marta Borowska-Stefańska,Michał Kowalski,Martyna Maczuga,Bartosz Szustowski,Szymon Wiśniewski / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

The aim of the conducted research was to assess how the elderly viewed the functioning of public transport, with Łódź, a large city in Poland, as the example. The data presented in the article originates from research of 400 inhabitants aged 60+ was conducted in the district of Bałuty in Łódź at the turn of November and December 2018. On the basis of the questionnaire survey (which contained questions concerning the use of local public transport by the over 60s for daily journeys and was accomplished by CAPI and MOBI methods) it was found that the over 60s have quite a high opinion of the offer of the municipal transport company MPK (they hardly ever use services of other carriers). As for the means of public transport, the tram is rated slightly higher compared to the bus. The results of the research enable the proposal of general recommendations for the transport policy in Łódź. This policy should be focused to a larger degree on: shortening the waiting time and, consequently, increasing the frequency of connections and punctuality, while continuing to provide high travel comfort, increasing the level of accessibility to stops and enhancing the clarity of information with regard to fare prices and exemptions.

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The influence of COVID-19 on international and long-distance passenger rail transport. The cases of Italy and Poland – the first observations

Author(s): Jakub Taczanowski / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

The objective of the article is to present the influence of COVID-19 on international and long distance passenger rail transport in Italy and Poland. Despite differences in the development of the pandemic the decision to put limits on long-distance rail services was taken in both countries at the very same time. On 23 March 2020 the last large-scale cancellations so far were introduced both in Italy and Poland. The entire rail transport in the two countries has been stopped to a very large extent. The only remaining international trains in Italy and Poland are cross-border regional trains operated by some railway companies from the neighbouring countries – France and Switzerland in the case of Italy and Germany in the case of Poland. As far as long-distance rail traffic is concerned, in Italy over 90% of all trains of this kind have been cancelled whereas in Poland the figure is 43%. A similar characteristic is the fact that almost all prestigious high speed trains have been cancelled. This is probably connected with the fact that their main target are business trips which in the time of pandemic have come almost to a complete stop.

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Keerulise lähiajaloo pärandi ümbermõtestamine Maarjamäe nõukogudeaegse memoriaalansambli näitel

Author(s): Anni Martin,Katrin Aava,Esta Kaal / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 03+04/2021

In this article, we describe a model for studying ideologically complex recent historical built heritage objects. The model provides a guide for making decisions about recent heritage based on architectural and urban spatial value, as well as the context of memory landscape and the sensitivity of memory heritage. The model combines the practices of architectural history and communication research with the aim of understanding changes in the meaning of objects over time, the need for rethinking and, when necessary, practical input for communication planning. The article uses the results of Anni Martin’s master’s thesis research as examples. The presented model is a further development of the master’s thesis for rethinking objects with a complex past.

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