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The study of linguistic landscape is an emerging interdisciplinary field which encompasses areas of research such as sociolinguistics, language policy and planning as well as other disciplines.
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The study of linguistic landscape is an emerging interdisciplinary field which encompasses areas of research such as sociolinguistics, language policy and planning as well as other disciplines.
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One of the most recent criteria for the positioning of cities is their innovation. This feature refers to the concept of the “new economy”, an economy based on knowledge and learning organizations. It expresses a new look at the conditions and factors of urban development. Due to this new approach urban development is determined by the level of reorientation of the new factor of progress - innovation. Creating new ideas, solutions and products will decide about the future of cities, also about the future of their all associated stakeholders, both internal and external. Having an image of innovative city is undoubtedly a decisive factor for its competitive advantage. It has to be underline that achieving the status of innovative city is not an easy task, achieved by one-off action. It requires a long-term and consistent implementation of the strategy of image positioning.
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This article argues for the integration of environmental perspectives into historical studies of territorialization. Using the case of the Western Expedition for the Drainage of Marshlands in Polesia (1873-1902), it shows that the transformation of the environment was one of many means by which the government of the Russian Empire sought to integrate the imperial territory and to develop regions that were considered backward. Three factors shaped these territorialization efforts in Polesia: firstly, the desire to foster economic development in rural areas; secondly, the role of the state as landowner; and, thirdly, a widespread consensus regarding the economic uselessness of wetlands. The canal network built by the Western Expedition improved conditions for commercial forestry in Polesia and connected the region to important transport routes. Yet, canal construction and river straightening measures were contested, as they subordinated existing land and water use practices to the interests of the central government. The example of the Western Expedition demonstrates that the concept of the “ecosystem engineer” can help to analytically grasp the ecological dimension of imperial rule. At the same time, the case is symptomatic of a new paradigm in the relationship between state and nature in modem Russia: Environmental change was not a side effect of the state’s territorialization efforts, but an actively applied means of spatial consolidation.
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For centuries, Southern Belarus was notorious in neighboring regions for its impassable marshland landscapes. In the course of historical and political reforms and reorganization, this outlying borderland experienced lively changes of rulership and government. All attempts made by the Russians, Germans and Poles to make the area easier to access and traverse for the purposes of stimulating the economy, exploiting natural resources or developing tourism ended in only modest success. After the October Revolution, the draining of the swamps was proclaimed by the new Soviet powers to be a top agricultural priority. However, the project could only be partially realized in the early decades of the Soviet Union due to industrialization, which significantly depleted state resources. With Leonid Brezhnev’s assumption of power in 1964, the increase of land yield in the race against the USA was seen as an indicator of the potency of Soviet state power. For this purpose, vast state resources were made available. A side effect of swampland drainage and the improvement of soil conditions was an initiative to modernize the rural region, so, with the establishment of large state-owned agricultural enterprises came the expansion and development of infrastructure. Roads were laid across the countryside and modem houses, schools and kindergartens were built. Thus, after 45 years of Soviet power, the rural population was also able to enjoy the benefits of modem achievements. Gradually, Polesia started making the headlines. Films were made and countless newspaper articles written. With the expansion of the airport near the transforming city of Pinsk, a direct air connection could be established between the region and the Belarusian capital of Minsk. This made it possible to hold both national and international conferences in Polesia.
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Review of: Ondřej Haničák: Renesanční domy moravsko-slezského pomezí. Příspěvek k poznání typologie a formálních aspektů měšťanské obytné architektury 16. a 17. Století. [Renaissancehäuser des mährisch-schlesischen Grenzgebiets. Beitrag zur Forschung über die Typologie und formale Aspekte bürgerlicher Wohnarchitektur.] Slezské Zemské Muzeum. Opava 2015. 279 S., Ill., zahlr. graf. Darst. ISBN 978-80-87789-27-8. (€ 13,–.). Reviewed by Jana Niedermaier.
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Aufgrund der geografischen, ethnischen und kulturellen Nähe spielte Finnland eine wichtige Rolle bei der kulturellen und politischen Entwicklung Estlands. In den Jahren 1904- 1914 erlebte die estnische Architektur ihre Finnische Periode. Wichtige staatliche Gebäude in Estland wurden von finnischen Architekten entworfen. Für viele Esten war Helsinki die nächstgelegene europäische Großstadt; ein Besuch dort lag nur 80 Kilometer über die Ostsee entfernt. Helsinkis Stadtentwicklung fand seit den 1890er Jahren in estnischen Zeitungen ihren Widerhall. Zu den urbanen Errungenschaften Helsinkis, die dort hervorgehoben wurden, zählten die Boulevards, Parks und Denkmale, die Neubauten, der moderne Straßenverkehr und vor allem die Sauberkeit im Stadtbild sowie das zivilisierte Auftreten seiner Einwohner. Im Jahr 1904 errangen die Esten bei der Wahl zur Tallinner Stadtverordnetenversammlung erstmals die Mehrheit. Orientierten sie sich im Folgenden, konfrontiert mit der praktischen Verwaltungsarbeit, an Helsinki als dem Modell einer europäischen Stadt? Angesichts des immer dichter werdenden kommunikativen Netzwerks zwischen den beiden Stadtverwaltungen wird in dem vorliegenden Beitrag der Standpunkt vertreten, dass beim Transfer von Wissen bezüglich kommunaler Verwaltung auch Städte an der geografischen Peripherie als Vermittler von Innovation auftreten konnten. Der internationale Wettbewerb eines Generalplans für Tallinn (1913) war der erste seiner Art im Russischen Reich. Bedenkt man den finnischen Einfluss auf die estnische Architektur, war es nur zu natürlich, dass der finnische Architekt Eliel Saarinen eingeladen wurde, um den Wettbewerb vorzubereiten. Zugleich rezipierten die Angehörigen der Tallinner Stadtverwaltung die zumeist deutsche Fachliteratur und verbanden diese Recherchen mit Studienreisen nach Deutschland. Joseph Stübben und Theodor Goecke, führende Experten im Bereich der Stadtplanung, wurden in die Jury berufen, wo sie auf Bertel Jung aus Helsinki und Grigori Dubelier aus Kiev trafen. In ihrem Bestreben, den Planungswettbewerb für Tallinn auf ein möglichst hohes Niveau zu heben, zeigten sich die estnischen Verantwortlichen flexibel und wandten sich best-practice-Beispielen in ganz Europa zu – auch in Ländern wie Deutschland und Russland, denen die Esten in kultureller Hinsicht eigentlich reserviert gegenüberstanden. Professionalität zählte hier also mehr als Nationalismus.
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Die gesellschaftliche und Unterhaltungspresse war in den polnischen Gebieten im 19. Jahrhundert darum bemüht, aus dem Westen stammende Modelle zur Modernisierung und Umgestaltung als Werkzeuge zu nutzen, um eigene positivistische, religiöse, sozialistische oder auch nationalistische Weltanschauungen zu propagieren. Die Öffentlichkeit sollte so dazu bewegt werden, politische und gesellschaftliche Reformprojekte in möglichst großer Breite zu unterstützen. Ein ganz anderer Ansatz lässt sich in den Büchern, Broschüren und Zeitschriften von Technikern, Ingenieuren und weiteren ähnlichen Berufsgruppen feststellen: Hier wurden Denkanstöße und Beispiele aus dem Ausland im Detail untersucht, erwogen und verglichen. Auffällig ist dabei, dass ein recht großer Anteil der dabei entstandenen Lösungsvorschläge aus dem benachbarten Ausland, also ganz aus der Nähe, stammte. Hierbei spielte natürlich die Durchlässigkeit der Grenzen zwischen den drei Teilungsmächten Österreich-Ungarn, Russland und Preußen bzw. Deutsches Reich eine wichtige Rolle. Wissenschaftler und Ingenieure aus Lemberg, Krakau, Warschau oder Posen erschufen und nutzten Netzwerke, die auf Publikationen, Besuchen, Ausstellungen und Kongressen beruhten, sowie auch persönliche Kontakte, die ihnen dabei halfen, gemeinsam die immer vielfältigeren Probleme der Stadtentwicklung zu bewältigen.
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Review of: Raimund Graf: Geschichte des Bundes der Landwirte. Politische Partei des deutschen Landvolkes in der Tschechoslowakei 1918-1938. Aufstieg und Untergang einer deutschen Bauernpartei. Hrsg. von Helga Wilms - Graf Verlagsbuchhandlung Sabat. Kulmbach 2017. 551 S. ISBN 978-3-943506-43-3. (€ 34,90.). Reviewed by Kristian Mennen.
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Review of: Juliane Tomann: Geschichtskultur im Strukturwandel. Öffentliche Geschichte in Katowice nach 1989. (Europas Osten im 20. Jahrhundert, Bd. 6.) de Gruyter. Oldenbourg 2017. VIII, 436 S., Ill. ISBN 978-3-11-046609-6. (€ 49,95.). Reviewed by Andrew Demshuk.
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Review of: Races to Modernity. Metropolitan Aspirations in Eastern Europe, 1890-1940. Hrsg. von Jan C. B e h r e n d s und Martin K o h l r a u s c h . Central European Univ. Press. Budapest u. a. 2014. XII, 356 S., Ill., Kt. ISBN 978-963-386-035-9. (€ 45,–.). Reviewed by Felix Ackermann.
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Review of: Slawen an der unteren Mittelelbe. Untersuchungen zur ländlichen Besiedlung, zum Burgenbau, zu Besiedlungsstrukturen und zum Landschaftswandel. Beiträge zum Kolloquium vom 7. bis 9. April 2010 in Frankfurt a. M. Hrsg. von Karl-Heinz Wi l l r o t h , HansJürgen B e u g , Friedrich L ü t h und Frank S c h o p p e r . (Frühmittelalterliche Archäologie zwischen Ostsee und Mittelmeer, Bd. 4.) Reichert. Wiesbaden 2013. XIV, 305 S., 207 Ill., 13 graph. Darst., Kt. ISBN 978-3-89500-962-4. (€ 49,80.). Reviewed by Anne Klammt.
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The review of: Ylberza Halili, “Grafitet në folklor”, botoi: Instituti Albanologjik, Prishtinë, 2019; 168 f.
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Review of: Anna Moskal: Im Spannungsfeld von Region und Nation. Die Polonisierung der Stadt Posen nach 1918 und 1945. (Studien zur Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte Ostmitteleuropas, Bd. 23.) Harrassowitz. Wiesbaden 2013. XIV, 298 S., Ill. ISBN 978-3-447-06755-3. (€ 56,–.). Reviewed by Agnieszka Zabłocka-Kos.
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The article seeks to compare the functioning of cultures of remembrance in several cities. The choice of comparative perspective should particularly provide answers to two questions: a) is it true that formation and functioning of cultures of remembrance in the peripheral cities did not differ from those in a central city of the same national culture, as is argued in historiography?; and b) how did cultures of remembrance in cities under different conditions of social structure and political order function? For that purpose, three cities which belonged to the same state in two different periods, before and after WWI (until 1933), have been specially chosen for comparison: Berlin is considered to be central, Memel peripheral, and Königsberg peripheral in respect of Berlin and central in regard to Memel (in 1923-1939 Memel belonged to Lithuania but was still under strong German cultural influence). In the article, Memel is taken as the starting point for the comparison – not only because of relatively well-investigated processes of memory formation in this city in the 20th century but also with the intention of giving the role of starting point to a peripheral city situated in a frontier area. It is these attributes that often give rise to case-studies which examine the functioning of cultures of remembrance in a single city. The first part of the article investigates the contents of dominant cultures of remembrance. It states that during the Kaiserreich period in all three cities, the borussianistic historical master narrative constituted a basis for this content, while after WW1, its role was supplanted by the group experience of those who had lived through the war. However, this commonality was incident not because of the status of a city in the axis of centre-periphery but due to the peculiarities of the political and social order. The latter are analysed in the second and the third parts of the article where it is stated that a distinct role of the all-German network associations maintaining the dominant culture of remembrance can already be observed in the Kaiserreich period. Until 1918, the role of the authorities in determining the meaning of public remembrance was more pronounced only in Berlin. After 1918, the consensus on ideology and value-systems reached between the authorities and public societies became increasingly responsible for whether or not different communities of memory maintaining heterogeneous recollections would gradually develop into a homogenizing culture of remembrance and whether the latter would acquire an ambition to expand. This process was more effective in peripheral Memel for it was the only one of the three cities to be directly affected by WWI and in which such a consensus in the interwar period was encouraged by the national tensions between the Lithuanians and the Germans. The fourth part of the article is devoted to discussing the alternatives to the dominant culture of remembrance. This aspect of investigation is oriented towards the period before 1918, thus attempting to show that such alternatives may not necessarily form in pluralistic societies or under democratic circumstances. Before 1918, the most pronounced alternatives in all three cities were formed from the völkisch-nationalist discourse and the activities of the social democrats. In both cases, the network associations constructed on the same principles as those maintaining the dominant culture of remembrance constituted the structural basis of the communication milieus in which the alternative to the latter had formed. In Memel, however, already before WWI, there were attempts to form such an alternative expressing the ethnic peculiarities of the Prussian Lithuanians. Thus, in cities situated in the periphery and on the frontier of several nations, the possibility of competition between cultures of remembrance based on national differences is higher. On the other hand, this competition encourages the increase in demand to refer to the dominant meanings of national culture of remembrance in the periphery.
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Review of: Tallinn ajaloolistel linnaplaanidel 1634-1989/Maps of the City of Tallinn/Tallinn auf den Stadtplänen/Plany goroda Tallinna. Hrsg. von Tõnu R a i d . Grenader. Tallinn 2011. 184 S., überw. Kt. ISBN 978-9949-448-54-8. (€ 24,90.); Eesti linnade plaanid 1584-2011/Maps of the Towns of Estonia/Pläne der estnischen Städte/Plany gorodov Ėstonii (i Sankt Peterburga i Rigi). Hrsg. von Tõnu R a i d . Grenader. Tallinn 2013. 304 S., überw. Kt. ISBN 978-9949-512-09-6. (€ 39,–.). Reviewed by Wolfgang Kreft.
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Review of: Ion Lihaciu: Czernowitz 1848-1918. Das kulturelle Leben einer Provinzmetropole. (Bukowinastudien, Bd. 1.) Parthenon-Verl. Kaiserslautern u.a. 2012. 258 S. ISBN 978-3- 942994-00-2. (€ 29,80.). Reviewed by Jan Surman.
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This paper focuses on agricultural reform and land ownership as key tools for modernisation projects and as the driving forces of social change in Poland, Romania, and Yugoslavia in the 20th century. Using methods of cultural history, the change in the conception and empirical practice of property is analysed as a process in which expectations and the behaviour of participants in the countryside began to shift towards state action. The reason for this is the significant turning away on the part of the elites from the 19th century liberal conception of property and its national-collective encroachement especially with regard to the ownership of land in the agricultural reforms of the interwar period as well as that of the popular front governments which were characterised by marked forms of (ethnonational) state and nation building. Using sociological and economic methods the institutions and professions associated with land ownership (land registry, property register, land survey information, notaries, solicitors) are analysed as relatively weak intermediary instances which were hardly able to provide any security concerning legal matters or confidence for the future. In the period of state socialism the communist-collectivist revision of the concept of property together with the processes of urbanisation and industrialisation led to liberal-individualistic property rights to tangible things like land in Eastern Europe being displaced – much the same as in Western Europe – by legal claims of social insurance funds as the most significant source of social reproduction.
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The requirements of the time, the growth of the settlements parallel to the increasing population, the efficient provision of public services, necessitate changes in the administrative system. In cities with increasing population, lack of coordination between local administrations causes problems such as disruption of services and waste of resources. New metropolitan municipalities have been established in our country with the idea that services will be carried out from a single center, coordination between local administrations will be strengthened, service quality will be increased and unit cost will be reduced. One of them is Tekirdağ metropolitan municipality, which was established in 2012 with the metropolitan law 6360. The number of districts has increased from 9 to 11 by the establishment of Süleymanpaşa in the central district, Kapaklı in Çerkezköy district and Ergene in Çorlu district. The developing industry and its location characteristics are effective in the migration of the province and the increase of the population.
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The purpose of this study is to examine dynamic interactions between economic growth, housing markets, residential distribution and international trade. The paper builds a multi-country growth model with economic geography and capital accumulation. It makes an original contribution to the literature of spatial economic growth by integrating economic geography and housing markets into a multi-country growth model with microeconomic foundations. The four basic models – the Solow growth model, the Oniki–Uzawa trade model, the Alonso urban model, and the Muth housing model – in economic theory are integrated within a comprehensive framework. This unique feature implies that many basic issues of spatial economics can be examined in a single framework. We show that the dynamics of the J-country world economy is described by J differential equations. We also simulate the global economy with three countries. Comparative dynamic analysis shows how different exogenous changes in the national preferences, technologies, land, and labor affect the global growth, national development, and spatial geography.
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