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The aging of the population represents one of the dominant characteristics of the demographic development of Serbia in the second half of the 20th century. The aging process was especially intensified during the last decade of the last century, which resulted in the fact that the population of Serbia today is among the oldest in the world. The main cause of population aging is the declining and low fertility and negative migration balance of the young and younger middle-aged population. Demographic aging is a comprehensive process that has affected all municipalities, districts and regions of the country and takes place simultaneously from the top of the age pyramid (increasing the share of the old population) and from the base of the age pyramid (decrease in the share of youth). A clear spatial polarization of demographic age has been established within the Republic of Serbia. On the one hand, there are large cities that have improved the age structure and raised fertility rates through immigration, while on the other hand, there are depopulated municipalities of eastern and southern Serbia and the municipalities of the inner city core of Belgrade. During the first half of the 21st century, a continuation of low fertility and a further decrease in mortality are expected, which will lead to an increase in life expectancy. The depopulation tendencies could be stopped only due to a sudden increase in fertility and a positive migration balance. The aging process will be continuous and continue to be very intense. The aging of the elderly will be especially pronounced. The contingent of the population over 80 years old will increase significantly and will represent a quarter of the total number of old people. All of the above points to a seriously deteriorated age structure, which further leads to an imbalance in the relationship between the able-bodied and dependent part of the population, primarily the elderly. The effects will be reflected on the financing of social programs related to the elderly population, that is, on the pension and health systems.
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In these articles, the effects of growth on the economy are studied, and the current situation is examined. It is to determine the impact of increasing research funding on the economy of Azerbaijan, work to plan future development and prepare suitable proposals. It covers the period of independence based on research. Secondary analysis, analysis, logical environment and systematic analysis, generalization of analysis, analytical-statistical studies were used as research methods. The study examines share growth and its characteristics, the impact of growth on growth and its impact on wage growth. At the same time, it is analyzed in relation to nutrition and energy consumption of the population. It is necessary to investigate that the number of people who live in the state of maximum welfare has increased. Also, housing has transitioned to demographic aging. in a few more years, the country will not be able to benefit from the demographic dividend. Under these conditions, it is important to control the growth of the state by conducting the correct socio-economic policy. The research can be used as a reliable source for future research by institutions and experts related to economic growth. At the same time, it can be used by the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Population.
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The article reflects the analysis of expenses for the payment of labor pensions as the main expenditure item of the budget of the pension system. The current financial provision of pension payments is investigated. The factors affecting the financial stability of the pension system and the budget deficit are analyzed. The trends of changes in the coefficient of “Pension replacement rate” as a criterion of the economic efficiency of the state pension system over the past decade have been revealed, the influence of demographic development of the population on the pension payment system has been studied. The goals and results of the pension reform carried out in the country are commented on. Proposals are made to regulate external factors affecting the development of the pension system. The basis of the pension system model is the balance of its income and expenses. The income of the Pension Fund consists of mandatory insurance payments of the officially employed population and deductions from the state budget. In this regard, an econometric model of the dependence of the pension system on factors affecting the budget deficit is constructed. Based on this multiple regression model, a short-term (five-year) forecast of deductions from the state budget was developed in order to balance the budget of the State Social Protection Fund. The upper and lower bounds of the forecast, the results and the confidence interval are interpreted
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Tekst poświęcony jest obrazom wykorzystywanym współcześnie przez polskie ruchy pro-life (antyaborcyjne) oraz ich odczytaniom przez rozmaitych aktorów społecznych. Przedmiotem analizy są przede wszystkim sposoby i ramy obrazowania, narracje wizualne i ich związek ze społecznymi praktykami. Wizualia antyaborcyjne podzielone zostały na „twarde” obrazy aborcji oraz „miękkie” obrazy rozwoju prenatalnego i powiązane z różnymi rodzajami instytucji i działań społecznych. Autorka proponuje refleksję na temat mocy poszczególnych typów obrazów, rozumianej jako miara siły oddziaływania na porządek poznawczy oraz porządek społecznych praktyk.
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The article presents Posthuman Genetic Legacies a practice-based research project that investigates avenues of producing an alternative non-human and ongoing genetic legacy via biotechnological intervention. The project aims to establish cell lines (immortalised cells) from benign tumour (fibroid) tissue removed from the artist’s uterus following abdominal surgery in 2020. Rather than simply advocating for the uptake of biotechnological reproduction, the project aims to use this provocation to interrogate gender expectations and the desire for immortality via genetic continuance. It invites consideration on how a posthuman Xenofeminist positioning that disrupts biological norms and embraces the emancipatory and world-building potential of new technologies may offer an empowered conceptual space for rethinking the anguish of situational childlessness.
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Rozmowa między badaczką Agnieszką Jelewską i artystką Karoliną Żyniewicz wokół zagadnienia troski w jej liminalnej praktyce produkcji wiedzy.
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Sarah Franklin in conversation with Matylda Szewczyk, on reproduction, biology, feminism, and technology
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The residents of Zakopane are the group of permanent inhabitants who were not born in the Podhale region, but it was their choice to connect themselves to it. The formation of this group is the result of the social-demographic changes in the Tatra mountains at the beginning of the 20th century and in the interwar period. It is a group that is diversified and therefore difficult to define. It figures as a link between the highlanders who are ingrained into the space of Podhale and those who treat it in a pragmatic and utilitarian way. The residents constitute the cultural phenomenon present in literary works as well as in the cultural life of Zakopane during the end of 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. The main subject of the article is a portrayal of the residents — historical figures and literary heroines — taking into account their functions in the society of Zakopane of those times: the groups which have been highlighted are schoolgirls, the women who provide accommodation to the tourists, and the organizers of literary saloons.
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It is known from the history of demography that before it became an inde-pendent field of knowledge, the development of demographic thought took place in different eras within the framework of different sciences and because of its rel-evance, it always attracted public interest.Philosophers of ancient times wrote about demographic issues (Anzor Sakh-vadze 2003: 3-66), and since the middle ages, the development of demographic thought took place in the works of historians, economists, mathematicians, jurists, clerics, doctors and others. For example, in demographic literature (and not only demographic) it is well known the name of the prominent English economist T. R. of Malthus and merit in demographic research, which devoted special work (T. R. Malthus 2004; and T. R. Malthus 2005:) to the study of population growth issues.But very little is known about those scientists and their works, who did not devote separate monographic researches to demographic issues, but discussed them with more or less depth and intensity in their main works. Perhaps, that is why it is still not possible to fully present the demographic views that are intertwined in the works of various scientists.It is clear that the opinions of Adam Smith and David Ricardo, as the greatest thinkers and economists, including the demographic one, did not go unnoticed and had a certain echo and may still have it today, in the views and practical activities of various scientists or political figures. That is why we consider it necessary to analyze them in detail.
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Aim. The aim of this article is to analyse why young adults in the postmodern world postpone the decision to marry. The authors want to present the reasons for this situation on the basis of surveys conducted with young adults aged 18-35 years old, taking into consideration both psychosocial and economic-cultural factors. Methods. In the research procedure, the authors used the survey method and the questionnaire interview technique. The unsupervised survey questionnaire was distributed to the respondents online. The research sample consisted of 28 persons in the age group of young adults. All the respondents were in informal partnerships. Results. Among young adults aged 18-35 years old, reasons for postponing marriage may be divided into psychosocial, related to the pressure of society to carry out developmental tasks and social roles; as well as economic and cultural, focusing on cultural changes and economic standards of young people. Conclusion. Young adults see the consequences of postponing the decision to marry, but it seems like changing cultural and social circumstances of the postmodern world allow them to make a conscious decision regarding their future. They have a neutral or positive attitude towards postponed marriage.
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The article draws attention to the changes in the approach to carnality that are currently visible in social media. A content analysis has been conducted concerning the thread of “fashion for ugliness”, which was initiated in the Internet space by Agnieszka Kaczorowska-Pela’s post and caused a media stir. The text describes such phenomena as body positivity, body neutrality or body shaming in order to point to the changing narration around the perception of carnality. The trend, described as the title “it is shameful to be ashamed”, manifests itself primarily on Instagram and concerns people active in the digitized reality, i.e., mainly the youth. The analyzed reactions of the Instagram community indicate that one should not feel ashamed of how one looks, but rather should be proud of one’s appearance regardless of whether it fits into the current canon of beauty or not.
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School dropout, a societal problem that seems to be increasing with each passing year, is determined by a vast array of interdependent and independent factors such as poverty rate, annual average salary, population level, and education funding. The present study aims to analyze how the aforementioned factors influence fluctuations in the school dropout rate. To achieve this, the study utilizes a multiple regression model in which the school dropout rate represents the dependent variable while the independent variables considered are poverty rate, annual average salary, population level, and education funding, with the period analyzed being 1995-2022.
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The research used an artificial neural network (ANN) to examine optimum extraction conditions and phytochemical contents of Luffa cylindrica seed oil. The oil yield was predicted using an artificial neural network. The performance of the ANN and response surface methodology models was compared. The optimum extraction yielded 7.567% oil yield, 185.676 mg/l phenol, and 45.087 mg/l terpineol at 75.57 °C extraction temperature, 5.77 h extraction time, and 10.68 g/mol n-hexane concentration, respectively. These data show that the oil output is poor but has a significant phenol and terpenoid content that may be employed in pharmaceutical sectors. The FT-IR analysis of Luffa cylindrica seed oil revealed a high level of unsaturated hydrocarbons and esters, making the oil appropriate for using in the paint industry and creating cosmetics.
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This article explores the importance of evaluating air and water quality in the vicinity of school environments and its relation to mosquito populations and environmental health. The author highlights that poorly maintained school environments can become breeding grounds for mosquitoes, including Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which are carriers of serious diseases such as dengue fever. The impact can harm the health of students, school staff, and the surrounding community. This study utilises the Systematic Literature Review method to investigate relevant information from reliable sources such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Springer Link. The research provides a deeper understanding of the importance of monitoring and evaluating the air and water quality in school environments to prevent more severe health issues. In addition to addressing mosquito-related concerns, this article also highlights the significant role of climate change and human activities in exacerbating air and water quality issues in the vicinity of school environments. With climate change affecting rainfall patterns and human activities such as industry, intensive agriculture, and transportation contributing to pollution, attention to the conditions of school environments becomes increasingly crucial. The article emphasises the need for proactive actions and comprehensive policies involving various stakeholders, such as schools, government entities, environmental organisations, and the community, to address these issues. Furthermore, increased awareness and education regarding maintaining a healthy environment are crucial to implementing effective preventive measures and protection. We can create safe, healthy, and optimal school environments for students' development and the community's well-being through collaboration and strong commitment from all parties involved.
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Motives: Dynamic strategic issues have raised concerns about perceived liveability measurements to maintain a high quality of life that affects the residents’ wellbeing. Liveability aspects and indicators should be adjusted to accurately identify local issues and living conditions, and to promote community participation. Rigorous research methods with more representative samples are required to improve the accuracy of perceived liveability analyses in a specific context. Aim: The aim of this study was to measure the perceived liveability index in the Indonesian city of Balikpapan. The economic development of Balikpapan relies heavily on natural resources, and the city will be affected by the government’s plan to relocate the Indonesian capital. A survey involving both quantitative and qualitative methods was conducted to analyse perceived liveability in Balikpapan. The aspects and indicators of perceived liveability were adjusted and weighted based on a multi- stakeholder perspective to accurately represent the interests of all stakeholders when calculating the perceived liveability index using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). A content analysis of open- ended responses was carried out to analyse the feedback and the problems experienced by Balikpapan residents. The developed approach contributed to a better understanding of the residents’ opinions regarding the quality of life in the city. Results: Eight aspects of perceived liveability consisting of 51-item indicators were defined in this study. These aspects were arranged in the following descending order based on the values of theassigned weights: (1) access to basic utilities, (2) environment and health, (3) social development and security, (4) economy, (5) utility, (6) transport, (7) spatial development, and (8) recreation, culture, and public spaces. The analysis revealed that industrial and urban development in the eastern part of the city is inversely proportional to the perceived liveability index. In turn, urban development plans in the northern part of the city offer better prospects for new urban residents, economic actors, and stakeholders in the future residential design. The two major factors of perceived liveability, namely cleanliness and safety, indicate that the city effectively accommodates the needs of the existing residents, as well as potential migrants. Floods and poor road quality were identified as the most pressing problems in the city. According to the residents, economic problems and job insecurity were the main consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. The results of this study can assist the local authorities in enhancing the capacity of urban policies or levels of policy implementation to meet the needs of local residents.
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The term anemia itself has been used since the 19th century, and is a compound noun of the Greek words an=negation andhaima=blood, which means bloodlessness. As the term is not very appropriate, the name anemia is usedto describe this disease state.Worldwide, anemia occurs in half of children under the age of five (WHO, 2008). Anemia is defined ashemoglobin level that is two standard deviations below the average for age. Anemia can be categorized as microcytic, normocityc, or macrocityc. Iron deficiency microcityc anemia is a common cause of childhood anemia, while macrocytic anemia is rare in children. The main goal was to examine the frequenci onf anemia in patients hospitalized in the Pediatric Department of the Travnik JU Hospital in the period from January 1, 2018.until 31.12.2018. years. According to the coleccted data, the number of hospitalized patients diagnosed with anemia was 124. In realatio to gender, 88/124 (70,90%) were male and 36/124(29%) were female. In a sample of 124 hospitalized patients in the Pediatric Department diagnosed with anemia, 70/124(50,50%) werw under one year of age, from one to four years 50/124(40,30%), from five to nine years 3/124(2,40%). The percentage ofthose hospitalized under the diagnosis of anemia was between 10-14 years of age, 1/124 (0,80%). In realation to the placeof residence, the highest frequency of hospitalized patients diagnosed with anemia in the Pediatric Departmentwas in the municipality of Travnik 46/124 (37%). 27/124(21,80%) hospitalized patient had anemia has the main diagnosis, while 51/124 (41,10%) hospitalized patient had respiratory infection as the main diagnosis.The average degree of anemia in hospitalized patients was the most frequent 77/124(62,10%). Sideropenic anemia can be prevented and is effects mitigated, both mild and moderate, even in deeply socially disadvantaged populations, by giving iron-supplemented formula in stead of unmodified cow´s milk.
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The Covid-19 pandemic has brought changes throughout the world in all spheres, and the entire population has been affected by the pandemic. Healthcare workers who were the first line of defense in the fight against the pandemic were especially affected. Employees in nursing homes also bore a heavy burden, taking into account that they work with the most vulnerable category of people and nursing homes closed their doors to visitors and residents could not go outside. In addition, the staff worked in specially organized shifts. The research included 50 respondents who are employees of homes for the elderly and infirm in Bugojno (Revitalis), Donji Vakuf (Linija života), Travnik (Naš dom), Sarajevo (Sentivo 1 and 2, and Vitalis). The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) for professionals in helping professions was used for the research. The results showed that the respondents, employees in nursing homes, have a moderate level of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, but a low level of perception of reduced personal achievement.
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A 70-year-old male patient, who was diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in 2001 and did not undergo antiretroviral therapy, was admitted two months after the onset of left cortical-subcortical ischemic stroke, with involvement of the corona radiata and the left thalamus. As a consequence of this vascular event, he suffered aphasia, severe dysarthria, dysphagia, and right hemiparesis. The patient took part in a rehabilitation program at a rehabilitation centre for neurological diseases with a specialised interdisciplinary rehabilitation team. He underwent speech therapy intervention with a frequency of 2-3 hours per day. Despite the intensity of the program, there was a decline in his clinical and functional status during hospitalisation, with decreased capacity to swallow and communicate (either because of the exacerbation of the aphasia, or due to the worsening of dysarthria and apraxic features). Due to this global deterioration, additional imaging, as well as serological and aetiological examination was performed, which led to a diagnosis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in the context of HIV1 infection. Antiretroviral therapy was administered to reverse the symptoms. This case illustrates the relevance of clinical disclosure for the establishment of appropriate functional prognoses and discharge planning. It also shows that the initial clinical features can be misleading and can lead to concealment of the real aetiology, as well as delays in appropriate treatment, especially in multipathology patients.
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This paper contributes to the verification of the Trivers–Willard hypothesis (TWH). Based on theTWH, observed sex (male-to-female) ratio at birth in a population is presumed to decline when parentsexperience economic stress. The empirical evidence so far is mixed.The research material consisted of data on the total numbers of live male and female births in thePolish population in the years 1995–2020. The data were used to produce semiannual time series forsecondary sex ratio (SSR), and the sex ratio at birth (SRB). The variable describing the economic stress ofhouseholds was percentage change in private consumption. The statistical method proposed by Catalanoand Bruckner – expanded to include additional statistical analyses – was applied to retest the economicstress hypothesis. The analysis led to complementary ARMAX models, explaining SSR or SRB variancebased on autoregression and the moving average process, as well as private consumption. The resultsindicate that periods of decreasing consumption favored mothers having daughters, while periods ofincreasing consumption favored mothers having sons. The number of “additional” male births resultingfrom improved economic conditions was calculated for the period of study. Consequently, the economicfactor was shown to have a positive effect on the human sex ratio. At the same time, it should be notedthat SSR and SRB reaction lags to consumption changes were different for Łódzkie Province (one year) andfor Poland (two years).The obtained results led to the “correct” verification of the Trivers–Willard hypothesis (TWH):economic stress affected the SSR and SRB in Poland. Both SSR and SRB were useful in analyzing economicstress (a dual solution). The use of a greater density of data points was shown to improve analysis effectsand increase the likelihood of a “positive” verification of the economic stress hypothesis.
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