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Medicine as Reproduced Powerlessness: Everyday Life in Czech Reproductive Medicine from the Physicians’ Point of View

Author(s): Lenka Slepičková,Iva Šmídová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Since the end of the last century, social science research in medicine has focused primarily on the transformation or disappearance of the traditional attributes associated with the medical profession. These changes, dating from the second half of the century are described using terms such as professional decline (Annandale 1998), deprofessionalisation (Haug 1972) or proletarisation (McKinlay and Stoeckle 1988). The above-mentioned concepts emphasise the different causes of changes to the medical profession, but their description of the basic features of the changes is the same. The main sources of power in the medical profession, defined by Freidson (1988), such as autonomy, specified as the ability of medicine to exercise sovereign control over its own activities, and dominance, outlined as the medical control over other professions in health care, are weakened in relation to changes in medical practice.

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Establishing Trust – the Patient’s Responsibility. The Role of Trust between the Patients and the Doctors in Assisted Reproduction

Author(s): Lenka Slepičková / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Trust, as the ability to rely on doctors and to believe that their behaviouris guided by the interests of the patient (Pearson and Raeke 2000), is one of the key elements of the relationship between the doctor and the patient which has persisted right up to the present in modern medicine. Trust is a key mechanism connecting doctors and patients, and is the foundation of professional autonomy in medicine (Fugelli 2001). Sick people have an increased need for trust which helps them cope with their existential angst, the risks, and the loss of control over their body, their social roles and the future (Fugelli 2001).

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Medical Childbirth Made in the Czech Republic: Required and Desired Practices

Author(s): Iva Šmídová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

A vast majority of childbirths (99.8%) take place in health facilities and are supervised by medical doctors in the Czech Republic (ÚZIS 2013: 19-20). The report on “Mother and Newborn 2012” refers to the growing trend where childbirth is performed under the control of a physician/obstetrician (80.2%) as opposed to midwives (18.9%, ÚZIS 2013: 19 and Table 2.26.2, p. 87). As for the place of birth, only 245 children, out of the 107,430 children born in 2012 in the Czech Republic, were born outside of hospital (ÚZIS 2013: 20and 24). The report presents the data as a downward trend in the number of births outside of hospital, presenting such events generally as accidents, which is supported by the high proportion of premature births among them (Ibid.).

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Conclusion: Contemporary Challenges in Czech Reproductive Biomedicine

Author(s): Iva Šmídová,Lenka Slepičková,Eva Šlesingerová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Czech reproductive biomedicine is the bearer of the legacy of modernism, with its admiration for figures, technology, and science. It is also part of the late-modern deep social and cultural transformations that establish biosocieties or biosociality, as described by Paul Rabinow (Rabinow 1996). These transformations are not revolutionary; they are rather the product of the intensification of power that is inscribed in the very foundationsof modernity/the modern society. The power is biopower, which names, creates and controls life at the level of populations as well as at an individual level.

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Pension-related Application of the Cohort Life Table

Author(s): Ján Gogola,Ondřej Slavíček / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Longevity risk, the risk that people will live longer than expected, weighs heavily on those who run pension schemes and on insurers that provide annuities. Hence the prediction of future mortality rates is an issue of fundamental importance for the insurance and pensions industry. Our analysis focuses on mortality at higher ages (65-95), given our interest in pension-related applications where the risk associated with longer-term cash flow is primarily linked to uncertainty in future rates of mortality. The Lee-Carter model became one of the most applied models and it is used to forecast agespecific death rates. The main goal of this paper is to apply the Lee-Carter model to construct the so-called “cohort life tables” for calculation of a 30-year annuity to a person aged 65 in 2015. We use data on deaths and exposures for the Czech Republic from the Human Mortality Database (HMD). The HMD provides evidence that life expectancy is increasing. We have shown that if the today rate of increase will continue, it will at age 65 concluded (after calculation) to increase the present value of pension liabilities in defined-benefit schemes about 5 % if we use cohort life table instead of period life table. Probability statements derived from the use of a single model and parameter set should be treated with caution. Hence, there is a need for awareness of model risk when assessing longevity-related liabilities.

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The Impact of Demographic Characteristics on Financial Literacy: An Empirical Study in Commercial Banks’ Customers

Author(s): Thi Anh Nhu Nguyen / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This study was conducted with the aim of assessing and analyzing financial literacy against the demographic characteristics of customers of commercial banks in emerging financial market in Vietnam. Primary data was collected by a structured questionnaire from 240 respondents in 12 branches of four commercial banks in Ho Chi Minh City. The results of descriptive statistics indicated that the average of basic financial and general investment knowledge of commercial banks' customers in Vietnam is moderated. Regression analyses revealed that levels of education, gender, and age scale (age over 55) are significant factors which enhance the basic financial knowledge and general investment knowledge while income, job status and marital status are insignificant to financial literacy. The results of this study assist to improve the level of personal financial knowledge by creating a wide range of education programs related to financial knowledge as well as implementing further research into this field in Vietnam.

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Contribution to the Research for Adequate and Sustainable Pensions – The Study of the Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic

Author(s): Erika Pastoráková,Zuzana Brokešová,Tomáš Ondruška,Eleonóra Zsapková / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Pension systems have been under great pressure in the last years due to the changes of paradigms which formed the basis for these systems. Therefore systems are undergoing more or less important changes starting with increasing the age of retirement, lowering the amount of pensions and finally introducing a new pension system as it happened in Sweden in the year 2000. The European Commission (“EC”) is aware of the necessity to reform pension systems and therefore the EC asked EIOPA to help and search for measures which are necessary for creating the common market in the area of personal pension products. The EC in the White Paper on Adequate, Safe and Sustainable Pensions encourages to look for and develop supplementary private pension systems and appeals to member states to support them by optimization of tax and other stimuli (Brussels, 16.2.2012). The paper´s ambition is to contribute to the discussion concerning the pension systems. It concentrates on the demographic and economic starting points and predictions valid for the Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic and it discusses the possibilities of more radical changes in the pension systems that have already been realised in some countries.

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The Level of Education in Regions of the Czech Republic according to Census Results

Author(s): Tomáš Fiala,Jitka Langhamrová,Jana Langhamrova,Kornélia Csefalvaiová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Level of education has a significant impact in assessing the cultural level and quality of human capital in the region regarding to age, gender and educational level for the whole population. The paper presents changes of education level of population in the period 1991-2011 and interregional differences based on the census data of Czech population. The development of unemployment rate and average age of population in each education category is also mentioned. Significantly different from other regions is Prague having the oldest population, the highest education level and at the same time the lowest unemployment rate.

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Region to Region Comparison of Selected Social Services for Senior Citizens

Author(s): Miloslava Kašparova,Jiří Křupka,Pavel Jirava / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This contribution deals with the topic of certain social services provided on the level of and by the Czech Republic [CR) administrative regions. This contribution is focused senior citizens [elderly) target group. The objective of a background study executed for the purpose of this contribution was to identify how social services for this target group had developed with time. The objective is also to show what the midterm tendencies in this services sector in connection with democratic developments towards population ageing are. Relevant data was acquired from Regional information service [RIS) and from the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs of the CR [MPSV CR).

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Can Demographic Characteristics Explain Intermunicipal Differences in Production of Municipal Waste?

Author(s): KRISTÝNA RYBOVÁ,Jan Slavík / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Ongoing demographic changes have been influencing many aspects of society and its functioning, infrastructure including waste management is not any exception. This paper aims at quantifying how demographic variables influence the municipal waste generation in the Czech Republic. For this purpose similar variables as in studies from abroad are constructed and reviewed methods are applied on the data for municipalities from the Czech Republic in year 2011. 8 indicators for 5 887 municipalities were investigated. For the analysis correlation and multidimensional linear regression were used.

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Economic and Demographic Determinants of Life Insurance Industry Development

Author(s): Zuzana Brokešova,Tomáš Ondruška,Erika Pastoráková / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

countries. In European area, the majority of life insurance business is concentrated in the West European countries, where life insurance has a long tradition in the population. Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries are significantly behind in this area, what is documented by the level of their life insurance density and penetration. However, during the last few decades, we have observed extensive growth in these markets. In addition, CEE countries also overcome dynamic changes in economy and demography, during this period.

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Přechod do dospělosti

Author(s): Stanislav Ježek,Petr Macek,Ondřej Bouša,Lucia Kvitkovičová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Přechod z dospívání do dospělosti může nabývat mnoha podob se značně odlišnou délkou. V jednom extrému může mít podobu relativně rychlé a razantní změny navazující na dosažení plnoletosti, kdy během několika let mladý člověk dokončí studia a získá perspektivní práci, vstoupí do manželství, narodí se mu první dítě a založí vlastní domácnost. V druhém extrému, pokud to okolnosti dovolí, může mladý člověk usilovat nejprve o získání řady zkušeností, které mu umožní ona důležitá, zavazující či obtížně zvrátitelná rozhodnutí dělat informované, s širokým vědomím jejich konsekvencí, lepší znalostí sebe sama a také s větší jistotou a sebedůvěrou. Takto mohou být důležitá rozhodnutí, závazky, odkládána do okamžiku, než se na ně bude mladý člověk „cítiť‘, což může vyplnit i celou třetí dekádu života.

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Demographic factors, solid waste generation and solid waste expenditures

Author(s): Michal Struk / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Paper presents a quantitative research concerning various municipal demographic factors and their relationships with municipal solid waste generation. Analyzed factors consist of overall population size of the municipality, level of males and females among the population, level of registered unemployment, population age structure, ratios of flats to total houses, population density and municipality size. Created econometric model estimates coefficients and significance of examined factors regarding actual solid waste generation based on the data from selected sample of municipalities from the South Moravian Region in the Czech Republic.

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KVANTIFIKÁCIA EXTRA RIZIKA V ŽIVOTNOM POISTENÍ METÓDOU PERCENTA NORMÁLNEJ ÚMRTNOSTI

Author(s): Ingrid Ondrejková Krčová,Kristína Majerníková / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

The paper is devoted to describe product pricing of life insurance Company for the nonstandard risk. One of the methods of quantification of extra risk is percentage of the normal mortality, where we can use two different approaches. First approach is based on the change of the probabilities so that it needs recalculation. Second approach is based on approximation so that it is enough to use the standard mortality tables.

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INTERGENERATIONAL REDISTRIBUTION AND SOLIDARITY AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF A PENSION SYSTEM

Author(s): Dana Hálová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Demographical ageing is one of the challenges for the 21st century. Increasing longevity and decreasing fertility are main drivers to population ageing. All around the world new debates on new significant changes to many of our institutions and pension reforms have arisen.

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Applying P-splines for Mortality Rates in the Czech Republic

Author(s): Ján Gogola / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Many important classes of liability in life insurance business are sensitive to the direction of future mortality trends. Therefore the prediction of future mortality rates is an issue of fundamental importance for insurance companies. The Lee-Carter model became one of the most applied models and it is used in different countries around the world to forecast age-specific death rates. The main goal of this paper is to apply the method of P-splines to the smoothing and forecasting of two-dimensional mortality tables for the population in the Czech Republic.

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Disability Benefits for Victims of Traffic Accidents – Size of Compensations Offered by the Current Amount of Coverage in MTPL Insurance

Author(s): Anna Jędrzychowska,Ewa Poprawska / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Liability insurance protect the insured against the financial consequences of the potential claims of persons or entities to whom the insured causes injury and, according to law, is obliged to repair. At the same time liability insurance protects third parties who are injured as a result of the events for which the insurance holder is responsible. They give a sense of security and greater certainty of receipt of future benefits. It should be remembered that the responsibility of the insurer in the liability insurance is limited by amount of cover defined in the contract, representing mostly the limit of liability for one and / or all of the events.

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Figure tijela u poeziji i prozi Hamze Hume

Author(s): Lejla Žujo-Marić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Human body is very frequent literary theme through Hamza Humo`s poetry and prose. Some protagonists are characterized through forms of body, especially in expressionistic poetry and prose, where body is a place of violence, passion, death. On the other side, human body represents important ethical figure in Humo`s novels with dominant social orientation.

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POSITION OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA IN THE BALKANS IN THE CONTEXT OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

Author(s): Maida Fetahagić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

What position does B&H take in relation to the surrounding countries in terms of human development indicators? What kind of human development trends have been present in relation to the Balkan countries? What position does B&H take in the world? An effort to answer these questions will be made by analysis of B&H’s position in terms of human development indicators: Human Development Index, Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, Gender Inequality Index and Multidimensional Poverty Index for 2010. The context of human development is getting increasingly important, as the concept of human development is becoming a developmental paradigm of the 21st century. In the first Human Development Report that was published in 1990, the UN introduced the concept of human development, with holistic vision of development that puts people in the center of all developmental processes. After over 20 years of practice and academic papers on human development and capability approach, the latest HDR 2010 defines human development as a process of the expansion of people’s freedom to live long, healthy and creative life; to advance other goals they have reason to value; and to engage actively in shaping development equitably and sustainably on shared planet. (HDR 2010, p. 12) The report involved 169 countries, the classification of which was carried out in accordance with the achieved human development indicators. Bosnia and Herzegovina takes the 68th position, with the achieved HDI of 0.710, and belongs to the group of countries with high human development.

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SUMMARY - SOCIAL WORK WITH OLDER PEOPLE IN THE CONTEXT OF CRITICAL GERONTOLOGY

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This publication is a contribution to the debate on the possibilities to ensure the provision of social work services to older people in the context of demographic ageing of the Czech population. In the first part we discuss the functional potential and its assessment as a tool to adequately set the level of support for people whose self-sufficiency is limited. The problem of reduced self-sufficiency is regarded from the perspective of critical gerontology, which has been developing since mid-seventies of the past century as a counterbalance to the biomedical model of ageing and the old age. Under the concept of critical gerontology, the reduction in functional potential is perceived not only as an objective consequence of individual ageing, but in many respects also as a socially constructed fact that can be influenced by changing society’s attitude towards older persons.

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