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POJETÍ STÁŘÍ A POTŘEBA POMOCI V KONTEXTU KRITICKÉ GERONTOLOGIE

Author(s): Kateřina Kubalčíková / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Stárnutí populace je obvykle popisováno a diskutováno perspektivou standardních demografických indikátorů (porodnost, úmrtnost, naděje na dožití, migrace), které jsme prezentovali v předchozí kapitole. Souhrnná statistická data představují základní nástroj pro sledování obecných trendů věkové proměny společnosti, nicméně pouhý numerický výčet jedinců spadajících do stejné skupiny určené kalendářním věkem se stále zřetelněji ukazuje jako ne zcela dostačující pro nastavení adekvátních změn v příslušných oblastech sociální politiky. Autoři publikací tematicky zaměřených na problematiku stárnutí a stáří se vesměs shodují, že využití chronologické definice stáří je velmi limitující. Wilson (2000, s. 29–31) explicitně hovoří o „západní perspektivě“, která určuje stáří s ohledem k potřebám veřejné administrativy a byrokracie, takto je např. dolní hranice stáří stanovena podle věku, který je v dané zemi rozhodný pro odchod do penze. Považují za nezbytné vnímat kulturní odlišnosti, které ovlivňují stáří jedinců v různých zemích (odlišnosti v životních cyklech, význam rodinných a sociálních vazeb, zaměstnanost a příjem, výskyt nemocí, odlišná emocionalita apod.), zejména pokud se stárnutí populace neomezuje pouze na země západní kultury, ale stává se globálním tématem.

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ZÁVĚR

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Cílem knihy bylo diskutovat možnosti sociální práce při poskytováním pomoci starším lidem s omezeným funkčním potenciálem v kontextu kritické gerontologie. Pokud zrekapitulujeme obsah jednotlivých kapitol, jeví se jako značně pošetilé nyní vyslovovat závěry. Reálně jsme na začátku. Na začátku procesu demografické přeměny společnosti a zatím můžeme jen s větší či menší přesností odhadovat jaký bude další vývoj a s jakými výzvami bude nezbytné se vyrovnat. Rozhodně se ale můžeme pokusit o to, aby sociální práce nebo přesněji sociální pracovníci byli na tyto výzvy připraveni.

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THE EFFECT OF CZECH CONSUMERS’ SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS ON FAIRTRADE GOODS BUYING

Author(s): Linda Plaváková,Ondřej Částek / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Ethical consumerism is a growing field. It attracts increasingly more attention not only from the supply and demand sides, but also from researchers. Numerous surveys are trying to describe consumers’ behavior, many studies are trying to identify and analyze what contributes to the higher ethical consumption. Yet, we can claim that in the case of the Czech Republic, though ethical consumerism is not really a terra incognita here, the evidence is still not comprehensive. This paper therefore aims to fill a gap in the understanding of Czech Fairtrade goods consumers. Namely, the sociodemographic characteristics and their effect on Fairtrade goods consumption will be examined. The results show that women tend to buy Fairtrade goods more often. University educated and younger consumers more often decide to buy Fairtrade goods, but once they decide so, the effect on the frequency of their purchases is not very clear. It is also possible that the effect of age is only spurious.

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Kariérová adaptabilita perspektivou času

Author(s): Petr Hlaďo,Stanislav Ježek,Bohumíra Lazarová,Lenka Hloušková / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Přestože kariérová adaptabilita byla a je hojně zkoumaným konstruktem, pouze nepatrná část výzkumů byla zaměřena na identifikaci změn kariérové adaptability v průběhu času (např. Hirschi, 2009; Negru-Subtirica et al., 2015; Zacher, 2014b, 2015). V tomto ohledu tedy chceme dosavadní poznatky rozšířit a zajímá nás, zdali u žáků odborného vzdělávání dochází po odchodu ze střední školy ke změnám v úrovni celkové kariérové adaptability, dimenzích kariérového zájmu, kontroly, zvídavosti a sebedůvěry, a zdali se dimenze kariérové adaptability proměňují společně nebo jsou mezi nimi rozdíly. Kromě toho chceme zjistit, jestli se případné proměny kariérové adaptability liší u respondentů s různými sociodemografickými, školními a profesními charakteristikami (srov. Johnston et al., 2016). Všechna tato zjištění sumarizujeme v této kapitole.

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HEALTH GEOGRAPHY – THE CONTEXT OF HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT ON THE EXAMPLE OF ASTHMA DIAGNOSIS

Author(s): Dana Hübelová ,Alice Kozumplíková,Jarmila Überhuberová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Non-communicable diseases are the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries. The aim of the paper is to present the development of patients with asthma diagnosis and mortality on diseases of the respiratory system in relation to the emissions of major pollutants in 2006–2015 and the air pollution load expressed in five-year averages between 2011 and 2015. Model regions represent deliberately selected regions of the Czech Republic. The growth of the number of dispensarized patients with asthma diagnosis is reported by the whole Czech Republic and selected regions in the period 2006–2015. The highest share of growth by age groups has populations aged 20+. The number of patients with asthma diagnosis (per 100,000 inhabitants) significantly exceeds the Czech Republic in the Moravian-Silesian Region, while the low number of these patients is in the South Bohemian Region. These trends also correspond to the emission and values of the main air pollutants transferred to the burden of the territory, despite the improvement in their status compared to 2006 and 2015.

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Komár sedne, bodne, saje aneb skupinové opakování orgánových soustav členovců

Author(s): Lenka Pavlasová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Opakování je jednou z vhodných příležitostí rozvíjet komunikativní kompetence žáků. Pokud zvolíme variantu opakování ve skupinách spojenou s vyhledáváním informací v elektronických a tištěných médiích, rozvíjíme současně i kompetence k učení a kompetence sociální (RVP G, 2007). S tímto záměrem byla realizována i vyučovací hodina, která je předmětem námi provedené analýzy. Následující ukázka výuky nás zavede na hodinu biologie ve druhém ročníku vyššího gymnázia (ISCED 3), kde je probírána zoologie bezobratlých, konkrétně vybrané téma z anatomie členovců. Obecně můžeme hodiny, postavené na tomto principu, samozřejmě pokud se vydaří, považovat za příklady dobré praxe, fungující práce ve skupině a aktivního učení žáků.

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Pozorování a porovnávání ve výuce přírodopisu

Author(s): Martin Jáč / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

V tomto příspěvku představíme výukovou situaci z hodiny přírodopisu na základní škole (ZŠ). Daná situace je tematicky zaměřena na stavbu kostry obratlovců a člověka s využitím pozorování a porovnávání koster vybraných zástupců. Výuková situace bude zhodnocena s využitím metodiky 3A: anotace–analýza–alterace (Janík et al., 2013). Protože považujeme biologické pozorování a porovnávání za klíčové dovednosti, které by si žáci měli ve výuce přírodopisu osvojit, zaměříme se především na možnosti, jak je ve výuce smysluplně rozvíjet. Pokusíme se navrhnout alteraci prezentované výukové situace se snahou o komplexnější využití jejího potenciálu v kontextu produktivní kultury vyučování a učení (srov. Janík et al., 2013).

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Proteosyntéza eukaryot: hledání cesty od znalosti pojmů k hlubšímu porozumění buněčným procesům ve výuce biologie

Author(s): Martin Jáč / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

V následující didaktické kazuistice se seznámíme s výukovou situací z hodiny biologie na gymnáziu, která proběhla ve volitelném semináři v maturitním ročníku. Tématem analyzované výukové situace je proteosyntéza eukaryot, tedy molekulární proces, kterým v eukaryotických buňkách vznikají bílkoviny. Problematika buněčné a molekulární biologie, do níž toto téma spadá, je pro žáky z obsahového hlediska velmi složitá (souhrnně viz Koba & Tweed, 2014). Proto se s využitím metodiky 3A (Janík et al., 2013) zaměříme pohledem ontodidaktické a psychodidaktické transformace vzdělávacího obsahu na možnosti jeho strukturace v rámci hodnocené výukové situace. Zároveň se pokusíme navrhnout vhodnou alteraci této výukové situace, která by s využitím prvků aktivního učení (srov. Knight & Wood, 2005; Freeman et al., 2014) žákům usnadnila hlubší a trvalejší porozumění procesu proteosyntézy.

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Dinamici socio-demografice și identitate central-europeană

Author(s): Adrian Basarabă / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Cercetarea de față are drept obiect studiul Europei Centrale din punct de vedere socio-demografic, prin intermediul principalilor indicatori demografici și sociali corespunzători statelor din această zonă. Fiind „un spațiu cu geometrie variabilă”, trebuie să stabilim care anume vor fi statele luate în discuție. în ceea ce mă privește, acestea sunt: Austria, Bosnia-Herțegovina, Cehia, Croația, Estonia, Germania, Letonia, Polonia, România, Slovacia, Slovenia, Ucraina și Ungaria.

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STUDIU ANALITIC ASUPRA ECONOMIEI LOCALE DIN MIERCUREA CIUC

Author(s): Andrea Csata,Ottilia György,Benedek Nagy,Attila Szöcs,József-Levente Tánczos / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The first study aims at presenting the economic analysis of the city by elaborating the current situation analysis. The main objective was to develop an accurate analysis on the local economy, on the existing problems and relations within the local economic system. In addition to the secondary data, a field observation was also carried out regarding the situation of industrial districts and other economic activities. After analysing the situation, a SWOT analysis of the settlement was conducted, followed by the definition of the main strategic directions and the formulation of a strategic vision. Following that, three alternative development scenarios were formulated, among which the most viable one was chosen, partly integrating the other two.

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Vnímanie bezpečia v kontexte vnímania rizika, kontroly a frekvencie sociálnych aktivít

Author(s): Miroslava Kopaničáková / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

The study aims to analyze the perception of safety and preventive behavior regarding the frequency of social activities, risk perception and perceived control. The sample consist of university students (N = 249), of which 32.1% are men and 67.9% are women. The average age of respondents is 21.95 years, SD = 1.84. Part of analysis is to identify the degree of influence of selected predictors (frequency of social activities, risk perception and perceived control, victimization), including control sociodemographic variables, the perception of safety and frequency of preventive behavior.

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The Government Expenditure Efficiency in OECD Countries with DEA Approach

Author(s): Jakub Sopko,Beata Gavurova,Kristína Kočišová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is one of the methods to measure efficiency in the service sector. DEA searches individual scales for each production unit. In the presence of different input and output factors, efficiency is perceived as the ratio of the weighted sum of outputs to the weighted sum of inputs. The aim of our paper is to analyze efficiency in the health care sector using DEA models. In several OECD countries, it is possible to point to the ineffectiveness of public spending on health care. We use the basic health characteristics of the population as well as the basic macro indicators from the point of view of health financing in OECD countries. The paper shows on the impact of individual indicators on the level of efficiency in the health sector.

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MIERA EKONOMICKEJ AKTIVITY OBYVATEĽSTVA V KONTEXTE DEMOGRAFICKÝCH ZMIEN V REGIÓNOCH SLOVENSKA

Author(s): DANA ORSZÁGHOVÁ / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Region is closely connected with one of important factors of its development; i.e. with region population that represents socio-demographic, cultural and economic potential in this space. The aim of the paper is to assess development of labor-force participation rate in the context of demographic changes in regions of Slovakia. Economic activity rate is a quantitative indicator about situation at the labor force in regions. Values of this indicator are dependent on demographic changes of working-age population. Analysis consisted of assessing changes in different age groups of population and rate of economic activity in period 2000 - 2015. Development of working age population has been significantly affected by economic crisis, which culminated in Slovakia in 2010. Development of population in post-working age follows the trend in majority of European countries, resulting in a marked aging of the population. Based on data it can be expected decline in population of working age in the near future. In terms of prediction of development of labor-force participation rate, the opposite effect occurs; rate of economic activity of the population will be increasing due to labor shortages. The part of retirement age residents will remain active in labor market.

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WEBBOVA TYPOLOGIE ÚZEMNÍCH JEDNOTEK A JEJÍ MODIFIKACE HODNOTÍCÍ ZMĚNY VĚKOVÉ STRUKTURY OBYVATELSTVA

Author(s): Zdeněk Matěja / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Human resources are considered the main wealth of any society even at the regional level. However, the populations of similar sizes may have completely different age structures; hence it is needed to pay attention to these structures. The paper introduces a modification of Webb's typology of territorial units in terms of demographic ageing, which may be used for capturing of ongoing demographic changes and which is designed to evaluate changes in the age structure of population of regions. The aim of this paper is to apply both conventional and modified Webb's typology of territorial units to examine the dynamics of population and changes in age structures of Czech regions between 1996 and 2015. Then its results allow to test the usability of Webb's modified typology of territorial units by fulfilling the objective. The results shown large differences in demographic development of Czech regions over the 20-year period, e.g. the population of the Central Bohemia region increased by more than 220 thousands of inhabitants, while that of the Moravia-Silesian region decreased by more than 80 thousands. Moreover, the development of age structures of the Central Bohemia region and Prague differ significantly from the other regions.

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NĚKTERÉ ASPEKTY POPULAČNÍHO A SOCIOEKONOMICKÉHO VÝVOJE V ČESKÉ REPUBLICE NA MIKROREGIONÁLNÍ ÚROVNI

Author(s): Miloslav Šašek / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Research objective was to identify regional differences in population development and selected socioeconomic characteristics at the micro-level, which are considered as micro-regional districts of municipalities with extended authority (SO ORP). Applied method was the comparison of population development, educational structures and unemployment of SO ORP in the Czech Republic and monitoring of their correlation dependence. Population in developed countries and regions is crucially influenced by migration today. Other characteristics that were analyzed with population growth was the percentage of university graduates in the population aged fifteen years, education index and the unemployment rate at micro-regions. The results of the analysis show that there is a strong correlation between migration attractiveness of micro-regions, their population growth and transformation success, connected with the increasing in the proportion of university graduates in the population and a relatively very low unemployment rate. Micro-region at SO ORP level then help us to distinguish the contiguous areas with favorable or unfavorable population and socio-economic development.

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VLIV DEMOGRAFICKÝCH A SOCIOEKONOMICKÝCH DETERMINANTŮ NA ÚMRTNOST V OKRESECH JIHOMORAVSKÉHO KRAJE V LETECH 2006–2015

Author(s): Dana Hübelová ,VERONIKA JADCZAKOVÁ,GABRIELA ROUSOVÁ / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The demographic behavior of a population was strongly affected by a political economic and social transformation in 1989 in the Czech Republic. As the key factor of demographic processes is mortality, this paper strives to address the development of selected mortality determinants according to cause (blood circulation system, respiratory system, digestive system and external causes of mortality) using mean coefficient of growth. This paper aims at identification of relevant demographic and socioeconomic determinants of the diseases as the mortality causes in the South Moravian Region and in the districts of the region in 2006–2015 by means of multivariate regression analysis (ENTER method). Based on the method, it may be conceded that out of 11 demographic and socioeconomic factors, indicators such as ageing index and housing allowance turned out to be statistically significant (p<0,05). Analyzed indicators show spatial differentiation and determine with varying level of impact the mortality in the districts of the South Moravia Region. Brno-Country District may be considered as a district with the most favorable demographic and socioeconomic determinants of mortality (low ageing index, ageing dynamics, death rate and the lowest housing allowances). By contrast, Brno-City District exhibits negative tendencies towards mortality determinants (high ageing index, death rate, and the highest housing allowances). From the national economy standpoint, the changes in the mortality ratios according to causes represent a major potential for the use and development of human capital.

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CONSUMER ETHNOCENTRISM OF MORAVIAN-SILESIAN REGION: COMPARISON OF CETSCALE RESEARCH 2013/17

Author(s): Michal Stoklasa,Halina Starzyczná / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The aim of this article is to measure the Consumer Ethnocentrism (further as CE) in the Moravian-Silesian region in the Czech Republic utilizing the CETSCALE. The research was focused on finding the strength of individual CETSCALE scales and the dependency of CE on demographic factors. Literature review describes the development of CE, and more importantly the CETSCALE, with some of its critics and constraints. The research took place in the MS Region and the sample consisted of 439 respondents. All the data is compared with our previous research from 2013. According to Cronbach's Alpha, the data is consistent and therefore reliable to explain CE. The main findings are the strength of the CE is as high as 66.3% of the overall possible score, which ranks this region amongst ones with the highest CE. In both, the 2013 and 2017 data, we can observe strong evidence of consumers in this region being highly ethnocentric, supporting local products and local producers, with negative perception of foreign products. In 2014, only education and net monthly income were proven to have statistically significant impact on CE, in 2017 also the age categories.

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FOREIGN IMMIGRATION: PERMEATION OF MIGRATION THEORIES INTO REGIONAL DOMAIN

Author(s): Jaroslav Macháček / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Increasing intensity of international migration induces the need for its appropriate theoretical interpretation, also with regard to development of various types of territorial systems. The aim of the paper is to specify question and issues, the understanding of which should support the evaluation of foreign migration´s impacts on economy, in both national and regional dimensions. The paper presented draws attention to some of regionally significant elements of migration economic theory based particularly on the neoclassical concept. Sequentially, it evaluates the possibility of regional analysis and comparison related to migration, the application of which can contribute also to the advancement of migration theories. The examples of data, related to the Czech regional pattern, which describe territorial distribution and dynamics of foreign migration in selected Czech regions have been presented.

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Relationship between Gender and Age Diversity among Board Members and Firm Performance

Author(s): Lenka Janošová,Petr Mikus / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper provides an evidence that age diversity in managing and supervisory boards among Czech joint-stock companies has impact on firm´s performance indicators. Age diversity is becoming widely discussed topic due to population ageing, which is reflected in corporate governance area as well. Age diversity can influence decision-making process, risk attitude or structure of assets, that´s why it has impact on overall profitability of businesses. The main goal of our paper is to test possible relationship between age composition of supervisory and executive board members in Czech stock companies and firm performance. The initial sample included 364 companies with Czech domicile operating in manufacturing industry, especially in IT industry. Randomly chosen sample is composed of 70 Czech companies from IT industry. For this sample we gained basic data describing the number of board members, their age, gender as well as current key performance indicators published financial statements (ROA, ROS, liquidity, indebtedness). We use these indicators to assess the relation between age diversity and profitability through basic statistic and mathematic methods.

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Determinants of Non-Life Insurance Consumption

Author(s): Tomáš Ondruška,Zuzana Brokešova,Erika Pastoráková / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The paper examines various personal, demographic and economic factors and their impact on the non-life insurance consumption in the Slovak Republic. Non-life insurance is complex and abstract service that has become an increasingly important part of the protection of individual’s property by providing a wide range of policies for consumers. What are the key determinants associated with the non-life insurance consumption? Our results have identified most robust predictors of the non-life insurance consumption that could be used in predictions of consumer’s consumption of property insurance. These results can help insurers to better understand their potential consumers and to improve their acquisition and segmentation techniques.

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