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Comparison of the psychological capital of founders and their employed top management

Author(s): Victoria Berg,Marcus Heidbrink / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

This study examines the difference of Psychological Capital (PsyCap) of founders in comparison to their employed top managers in young companies. We use the PCQ (Psychological Capital Questionnaire) developed and tested by Luthans and colleagues to do so. Results were concluded on the basis of 36 responses from founders from Germany and Chile from 27 different young companies and the same number of answers from their respective employed top managers. A t-test for independent samples shows a significantly higher level in three of the four states of PsyCap among founders: self-efficacy, resilience and optimism. Hope is the only state in which founders don’t exhibit a significantly higher level than their employed top managers. Overall, PsyCap of founders is higher than their employees’. The study is concluded with implications and limitations.

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Niewiedza w ramach międzykulturowej opieki medycznej

Author(s): Wioleta Kubik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2019

Niewiedza ma szczególnie duże znaczenie w diagnostyce międzykulturowej opieki medycznej. Brak wiedzy na temat uwarunkowań kulturowych może niekorzystnie wpłynąć na przebieg komunikacji lekarz – pacjent i w konsekwencji przyczynić się do nieprawidłowej diagnozy lekarskiej. W komunikacji międzykulturowej występują różne obszary niewiedzy. Wśród nich wymienić można m.in.: niewiedzę w zakresie odmiennej komunikacji werbalnej i niewerbalnej, niewiedzę na temat odmiennej reakcji na chorobę i podejmowane leczenie, czy niewiedzę w zakresie wpływu kultury na zachowania zdrowotne ludzi. Skutkiem niewiedzy są uprzedzenia i negatywne założenia, które powodują przedmiotowe traktowanie człowieka. Pacjent, którego odmienność kulturowa zostanie niezrozumiana, może zamknąć się na proces leczenia. Dlatego osoby, których zawodowo dotyczy problematyka wielokulturowości w medycynie, powinny wykazywać otwartą postawę oraz gotowość rozpoznawania kulturowych barier w leczeniu zagranicznych pacjentów. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie znaczenia niewiedzy w perspektywie międzykulturowej opieki medycznej.

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Wielokulturowość jako wyzwanie dla dietetyka

Author(s): Agnieszka Guligowska,Zuzanna Chrząstek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2019

Praca dietetyka z pacjentem dotyczy głównie jego nawyków i zwyczajów żywieniowych. Najczęściej wynikają one z tradycji rodzinnych bądź uwarunkowań kulturowych. Zalecenia żywieniowe oraz zasady dietoterapii, z którymi dietetyk zapoznaje się podczas procesu kształcenia, są zwyczajowo dostosowane do tradycyjnego profilu Polaka. Tymczasem rozwijająca się mobilność społeczeństw sprawia, że coraz częściej w gabinecie dietetycznym pojawiają się osoby, które mają zróżnicowane uwarunkowania kulturowe, światopoglądowe, religijne, a także fizjologiczne. Tego typu wyzwania są coraz powszechniej spotykane. Mogą one dotyczyć na przykład zaleceń dla pacjenta z anemią, który jest wegetarianinem. Powiększa się także dostępność w polskich sklepach produktów spożywczych z całego świata, co z jednej strony pozwala obcokrajowcom na wykonywanie tradycyjnych potraw, z drugiej natomiast stanowi inspirację dla mieszkańców naszego kraju. Wyzwania te wskazują na potrzebę włączenia do procesu kształcenia dietetyków modułu obejmującego wiedzę o wielokulturowości, kuchniach świata i zasadach religijnych wpływających na sposób odżywiania się. Ułatwi to tworzenie alternatywnych zaleceń dla pacjentów reprezentujących odmienne środowiska kulturowe, przy uwzględnieniu ich zwyczajów żywieniowych. Warto również położyć nacisk na naukę języków obcych oraz na pogłębienie umiejętności tworzenia zaleceń żywieniowych dla pacjentów z innych państw. Pozwoli to zniwelować trudności wynikające z wielokulturowości.

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Magnitude of social anxiety disorder, and impact on quality of life among medical students, taif city-KSA

Author(s): Hadeel N. Bin Jarallah,Fahad K. Al Omari,Imtenan F. Altowairiqi,Khulod K. Al Saad / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2017

Background: Social anxiety disorder is a prevalent condition in KSA, especially among people who are in their adolescent years and in the early twenties. It has significant impact on education and employment. Aim: To estimate the magnitude of Social anxiety disorder (SAD), identify associated factors and assess its effect on the quality of life among the participants. Subjects and methods: it was a cross sectional study conducted in April and May (2015). It included all medical students in the clinical years at Taif University-KSA. A a validated self-administered questionnaire used as data collection tools. Results: The study included 283 students out of 338 invited to participate (RR=83.7%). Their age mean was 23.5years and standard deviation of 1 year. Males represented 65% of them. Based on DSM-V criteria, SAD was diagnosed in 29.3% of the medical students in the clinical years, Taif University. None of the studied demographic variables was significantly associated with SAD. Students who reported often parental criticism, often parental criticism in front of others and occasional, usual parental provocation or often parental maltreatment, reported higher rate of SAD compared with others, p< 0.05. Quality of life based on social adaptation of self-evaluation score ranged between 0 and 60 with a mean of 37.1 and standard deviation of 11.2. Conclusion: The prevalence of SAD constitutes about one third of the medical students in the clinical years, Taif University but it has significant effect on the QoL. Attention with proper education and periodic assessment is highly recommended for university students.

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Treating depression in the Caregivers of Cancer Patients

Author(s): Joyce M. Louis,Lisa Adams,Tony L. Brown / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2017

Partners often assume the role of caregiver when cancer is brought into the home. The support caregivers provide to cancer patients has immeasurable value. However, care giving can take a significant toll on loved ones from both a psychological and physiological perspective; sometimes to the point of producing caregiver burden. One of the diseases most prevalent in caregivers is depression. Signs and symptoms of depression amongst caregivers vary from mild to severe and people respond quite differently to the life stressors they face. While, the exact cause of depression is not known, proven research correlates it with an internal chemical and/or neurotransmitter imbalance that can be triggered by stress, chronic stress in particular. As a mood disorder, depression affects how you feel, think, and function in the performance of your daily activities. It is critically important to identify caregivers exhibiting depressive symptoms and first, to provide them with both emotional and psychological support, and second, so as to ensure the individual battling cancer receives optimal support from their loved ones. This review article serves to promote health awareness and the unmet needs of cancer patient caregivers, the presence of caregiver burden, and the impact that stress can have on one’s neurophysiological processes to precipitate the development of mental illness such as depression.

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Mental health and youth of Kashmir

Author(s): Sayed Aqeel,Mohammad Muzaffar Khan,Shekhar Saxena,Shafique Ur Rehman / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

This report is being written in the context of current political turmoil in Kashmir and the impact it had on the mental health of the Youth of Kashmir. To begin with let us define what Mental health means. According to WHO Mental health is a state of well being in which an individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life , can work productively and is able to make contribution to his or her community. In this positive sense mental health is the foundation for individual well being and the effective functioning of a community. It becomes a disability if it has long term effect on normal day to day activity which is something an individual does regularly in a normal day.

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From prosecuting doctors to twin epidemics of suicides and heroin overdose deaths

Author(s): Alen J Salerian / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2016

Alen J Salerian, Silviu Ziscovici and John Mirczak are not household names in America, yet our stories may offer insights into our twin epidemics in America: Deaths by suicide and heroin overdose. CDC reported 44.000 deaths by suicide and 10.574 by heroin overdose in 2014. Deaths from both have been on a steady rise since 2000. Our medical careers ended in 2010 and 2011 upon allegations of “drug trafficking by over prescribing opiates”

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Diagnosis of complicated grief using the texas revised inventory of grief, brazilian portuguese version

Author(s): T. M. Alves,M. C. Oliveira,Neto F. Lotufo / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

Background: Complicated grief is characterized by persistent yearning for the deceased, intense sorrow and emotional pain in response to death causing significant distress. Complicated grief is often under recognized and undertreated. The Texas Revised Inventory of Grief (TRIG) is a questionnaire that has been demonstrated to have high validity and reliability in the assessment of grief. Our objective was to translate, adapt, and validate the TRIG to Brazilian Portuguese and to verify whether the TRIG, in a bereaved population, is able to distinguish between those with and those without complicated grief and to identify which elements in the scale contribute to this. Methods: Two stages: a) cross-culture adaptation of a questionnaire, and b) cross-sectional study of reliability and validity. Setting and Participants: 165 adult patients were recruited from a) the Grief Outpatient Clinic at the Department and Institute of Psychiatry - University of São Paulo, b) private practice at the same department, and c) co-workers who have lost a loved one. All the patients were interviewed with the TRIG. According to clinical criteria69 of 165 bereaved patients were presenting complicated grief. Results: Cross-culture adaptation: the TRIG was translated from American English, then back-translated and finally compared with the Brazilian Portuguese version by two bilingual psychiatrists. Reliability: the Cronbach’s alpha coefficients (internal consistency) of the TRIG scales were 0,735 (part I) and 0,896 (part II). Sensitivity, specificity as well as cutoff points to identify complicated and non-complicated grief, were measured using the ROC curve. Using the total score of 104 (part I + part II + Part III + psychographics variables), we can correctly classify 71.3% of individuals with and without complicated grief. The construct validity was assessed by factor analysis and confirmatory analysis. Furthermore, by logistic regression, our study demonstrated that a low education level, age of the deceased and age of the bereaved, loss of a son or daughter, and unexpected death were all risk factors for complicated grief. Our results also suggest that religion may influence complicated grief. Conclusion: The TRIG adapted to Brazilian Portuguese is as reliable and valid as the original version. In the evaluation of Brazilian bereaved, it was able to distinguish individuals with and without complicated grief. And, we suggest a cut-off value of 104 for complicated grief.

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The economic justification of running the online medical care in high schools 2

Author(s): Mahsa Houshdar / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

Introduction: Online Medicare is a method in which parts of a medical process, whether diagnostics, monitoring or treatment itself, will be done by using online services. The website (www.hooshdar.com) is an effort to bring fairness in health to people across the globe using modern methods. We choose psychiatric disorder depression and anxiety to be our focus in phase one. With this system we can search for psychiatric problems of several persons in schools, factories or other organs, and create psychiatric profiles for them. With this system we can find out who needs lab exams, and by feeding the results to the system, we can create a medical and psychiatric profile for each person. i. In order to find out system’s feasibility we need to know the following: ii. Is there a large enough demand for the system or not? iii. Are the potential users of the system prepared to pay for it? iv. What are the specifications of users who are prepared to pay for the services? Method: We examined the system in three high schools, A state high school in Fardis Karaj ( Lower middle class neighborhood), A state high school in Gohardasht Karaj (above average neighborhood), and A private high school in Gohardasht Karaj (above average neighborhood. We examined the system to find out its economical justification, we found out that each applicant student must pay 7$ for using the system and its benefits for the system to be profitable. The advantages of using the system: i. Free visit by a physician, if needed. ii. Free visit by a psychiatrist, if needed. iii. Fifty percent off in price of lab examination, if needed. Expect in deprived area, the students divided in to two groups: Group one: the ones who participated in using the system and its advantages, every one paid 7$. Group two: the ones who participated in using the system without using the advantages, they paid nothing. In both groups the prevalence of depression and anxiety, and their severity were measured. Results: The severity of depression in two groups show: In the state high schools, not only in Lower middle class neighborhood ,but also in above average neighborhood, need for medical and psychological attendance between the ones who paid for using the system and the ones who did not pay is significant with P value 0.031 < 0.05 & P value 0.005< 0.05. In private high school: Needs for medical and psychological attendance between the ones who paid for using the system and the ones who did not pay is not significant with P value 0.940 < 0.05. Conclusion:The data show that in the state high schools in Lower middle class neighborhood & above average neighborhood, the more is the need for medical psychological services, the more is the interest for paying for it. Thus for operating the system in different neighborhoods, different ways must be used. For example: In deprived neighborhoods: running the system without financial support for performing lab examination is not possible1. In state high schools, when we present the system to ones who are motivated to receive this attendance and accept to pay for it, we get the best results. In private high school, there is no problem for performing lab examination for all of the students, and then giving medical, psychological and psychiatric services to ones who are motivate. The economic justification of running the online medical care (www.hooshdar.com) in high schools.

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Post-traumatic stress disorder in the aftermath of wars, conflicts and terrorism: co-relation between countries gdp and prevalence of PTSD

Author(s): Muhammad Gul,Rafey Faruqui A. / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

Background: An estimated 1.6trillion dollars per year is spent on defence, and as much as three times more people are killed by human made disasters, the reported prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder among population exposed to human-made disasters varied across different countries. The global cost of mental illness is 2.5trillion dollars, accounting for 37% of health loss years. Aim: Our aim was to investigate the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder across different region in population exposed to human-made disasters including war, conflicts and terrorist attacks. Another aim of our study was to investigate the correlation between prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder and economic performance indicators of individual countries, and percentage of GDP spend on health care. Method: The study was conducted in two stages. In stage 1 we conducted systematic literature search to establish prevalence of PTSD reported in context of human-made disasters from different countries. In stage we gathered economic performance reports and health care expenditure of respective countries. SPSS was used to identify any correlation between prevalence of PTSD, countries GDP, and percentage of GDP spend on health care expenditure. Results: The review identifies large variation in the prevalence of post-traumatic disorder in population exposed to human-made disasters, with prevalence estimates from 0.6 to 73%. It has been found that countries with poor socioeconomic structure and lower spending on health care expenditures were seen with high prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder. Conclusion: Difference in prevalence of PTSD can be explained by gender, marital status, and educational background of the participants and time of the study after exposure to traumatic event. But countries socioeconomic status and per capita GPD health care expenditure were found to be significantly correlated with the difference in prevalence of PTSD in population exposed to human-made disasters.

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Abused sexuality- experience of sexuality post experiences of sexual abuse

Author(s): Sunanda Jalote / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

Sexual abuse has been happening from times immemorial and is that brutal aspect of society which also talk about spirituality, peace and harmony in the same breath. Youth gets irrevocably scarred by such childhood traumas which linger on in their adult life too. In the present study, an effort was made to study and understand how heterosexual and queer youth in contemporary middle class in Delhi explore the relationship sexual abuse survivors have with their own sexuality and how their negotiate their sexual selves. The secondary aim of the study was to investigate the function and effects of guilt, shame, desire, fantasies and gender roles in their lives and how, if at all, they connect to the experiences of sexual assault suffered by individuals within this socio-cultural group. The approach that frames this study is a discourse analytic approach and this is seen as central to the methodology of this study and the language used to talk about the findings and implications of this research.

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Involuntary first admissions to a tertiary psychiatric hospital in cape town: a five year review of family referrals to psychology

Author(s): HB Thornton,D Thornton,S Baumann / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

Background: Valkenberg Hospital is one of three tertiary psychiatric hospitals in Cape Town – and has a catchment area population of over one million. It is an acute admissions hospital for adults (18-59years). Objectives: This article aimed to determine the psychosocial history of male patients involuntarily admitted to a high care psychiatric unit for the first time, and the needs and concerns of their families, to allow for the development of more appropriate services. Method: The psychology family clerking interviews (June 2007 – June 2012) of the Male High Care Unit (MHCU) of Valkenberg Psychiatric Hospital’s first admission families (FAF) were reviewed. All of the patients in the chart review were severely psychotic and had not been able to be managed at a secondary hospital level, which had necessitated their referral to Valkenberg. Each clerking interview with the family lasted 1.5 to 2 hours, and was conducted by the Intern Clinical Psychologist placed at Male Admissions. All 225 available folders were reviewed and coded. Results: The majority of the patients were young (mode = 21), still living at home (80%), single (90%) and unemployed (65%).More than 80% of the men were given a working diagnosis of either Substance Induced Psychotic Disorder (SIPD: 46%), Schizophrenia (27%) or Bipolar (11%). There was a strong family history of severe mental illness (SMI: 49 %), psychiatric admissions (30%), depression (26%), suicide (18%), substance use (SUD in parent/s: 45%, siblings: 36%) and domestic violence (30%). Most families suspected that the patient had used drugs and police had had to be involved in at least 40% of the admissions. Despite nearly half of the patients expressing regret at their substance use, more than half the families reported that the patient had become aggressive and that at some stage they had feared them. The families most identified the patients’ admission as their greatest stressor. The second most identified greatest stressor was finances, with 40% of the families being in debt and more than a third of the families being either unable to or financially struggling to visit the patient while he was admitted. Conclusion: For many patients and their families, the times before and during the admission had been long and traumatic. Family intervention was necessary to provide more effective help-seeking methods, and to provide services that simultaneously looked at co-morbid substance use, depression and anxiety, suicidal thinking, social isolation and domestic violence, often in the background of poverty. It was highly recommended that the development of services aimed at treating dual diagnosis (severe mental illness or the risk thereof, and substance use disorder) be developed and prioritised.

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The drug problem: ten suggestions from a psychiatrist in prison

Author(s): Samuel A. Nigro / Language(s): English Issue: Sp. Iss. 1/2015

Drugs and crime are destroying America. There are over two million incarcerated young men and women (more than in the military). Almost all of their crimes are related to drug abuse beginning about 13 years of age. The epidemic of drug abuse at early ages is based on the failure of families, schools and the communication industry to immunize youths against the contagion of drug abuse and the related rage against our culture which created them. There is one drug abuse arrest every 20 seconds. The growing acceptance of marihuana seems counterproductive. Basically, people want to escape from the ragecreating trends of life. Alcohol and drugs, including marihuana, are easy, but ineffective, ways of doing so. A major overlooked question is “Why? What is our culture doing to make people, beginning in their early puberty, to want to “turn off” rather than eagerly engage in a productive life?” Even those who are well off? And what can we do about it?

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THE MEDIATING ROLE OF PERCEIVED PSYCHOLOGICAL SAFETY IN THE EFFECT OF HEALTH-ORIENTED LEADERSHIP ON ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT: A HOSPITAL SAMPLE

Author(s): Şefik Özdemir,Nursena ŞAHİN / Language(s): English Issue: 30/2024

The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of healthoriented leadership and psychological safety on employees' organizational commitment. For this purpose, the impact of health-oriented leadership on organizational commitment and the mediating effect of psychological safety perception in this impact were examined. The data of the study were collected face-to-face using a questionnaire consisting of scales for health-oriented leadership, organizational commitment, and psychological safety. The data collected from 130 participants consisting of employees of a private hospital in a province in Turkey, were analyzed using statistical software. The analyses revealed that health-oriented leadership positively affects organizational commitment, and psychological safety perception partially mediates this effect.

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Design and Construction of a Low-Cost Hemoglobin Electrophoresis (Genotype) Machine for the Diagnosis of Inherited Genotype Disorder

Author(s): Oluwasegun Temitope Adefemi,Vincent Andrew Akpan,Jessica Temilola Ovabor,Olabisi Glory Adekoya,Buniechukwuenu Emmanuel Mbamalu / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2024

Designing and constructing a low-cost haemoglobin electrophoresis (genotype) machine using cellulose acetate paper is an exciting project that underscores using locally sourced materials and resources to achieve its aims. The technique of haemoglobin electrophoresis is adequately harnessed to detect and evaluate various types of haemoglobin disorder, which include sickle anaemia and many other abnormal genotypes. The cost of acquisition and maintenance of the equipment is made available at a comparatively reduced rate by using materials and components that are remotely accessed to construct the haemoglobin electrophoresis machine, which is efficient and cost-effective. The design and construction team incorporated a power supply unit, buffer solution (tris), cellulose acetate paper, filter paper, electrodes (anode and cathode), switch, cable, capacitor, fuse, and other necessary components. The successfully constructed genotype machine was validated for effective and efficient diagnostic purposes for detecting different types of haemoglobin genotypes by testing it using several specimens of known haemoglobin genotypes of different types. The researchers compared the results from this testing process with those obtained from a standardised haemoglobin genotype machine. The test result obtained from this verification and validation process showcases that the low-cost haemoglobin electrophoresis ma-chine using cellulose acetate paper can effectively separate, distinguish and identify different haemoglobin variants such as HBAA, HBAS, HBAC, HBCC, HBSS, HBSC, HBF, HBAC, HBAF with few limitations. The drawbacks include the inability to distinguish other haemoglobin genotype variants that co-migrate with HBAA, HBAS, HBAC, HBCC, HBSS, HBSC, HBF, HBAC, and HBAF when exposed to the electric field in the electrophoretic chamber. Examples of such haemoglobin genotypes include HB E, HB D, HB O, and HB G, with many other haemoglobin variants having exact migration patterns on the cellulose acetate paper when subjected to the electric field. However, this limitation can be overlooked as these haemoglobin variants are not peculiar to people in this part of the world (Nigeria) where the project has been carried out. Hence, the design and construction of this haemoglobin electrophoresis machine will give people from lowresource areas easy access to carry out the test and enhance prompt detection and management of hemoglobinopathies.

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GUARANTEEING THE RIGHT TO HEALTH THROUGH THE COMPULSORY HEALTH CARE INSURANCE FUNDS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

Author(s): Nadejda BOTNARI,Cristina COPĂCEANU / Language(s): English Issue: 26/2022

Health, like education, defense or social protection, represents a field of particular importance, which requires a significant volume of resources, a large amount of services, as well as the entire population as a consumer. The actuality of the article resides in the complexity of the compulsory health care insurance funds, especially in conditions of crisis and financial stress. The aim of the article is to highlight the existing problems in the effective execution of the compulsory health care insurance funds, but also their reconfiguration in the context of the reduction and aging of the population as a demographic indicator, which greatly affects the consumption of medical goods and services. The main results obtained as a result of the investigations consist in performing a broad diagnosis of the compulsory health care insurance funds, as well as offering practical recommendations for improving the respective process. Regrettably, the uncertainty and financial tension we are in, requires us to find new opportunities to maintain and develop the financing mechanisms of the healthcare system, but also to control costs.

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Lifestyle Profile and Professional Satisfaction of Social Services Workers

Author(s): Ionela Andreea STOICOV / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2023

This research aims to identify the lifestyle profile and the professional satisfaction of social services workers in Romania, taking into account their individual characteristics, the way they value their own health and their career. The methodological design is a quantitative one. The sample consists of 278 participants who are active in the social work field, most of them being part of the National College of Social Workers. There are two scales used in the development of the instrument: the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile (Walker, Hill-Polerecky, 1996) and the Generic Job Satisfaction Scale (Macdonald, Maclntyre, 1997). The results indicate that social workers' lifestyles are healthy, from the physical and mental perspective, on a scale from moderate to high. People who work with socially assisted beneficiaries have a job satisfaction whose level increases exponentially when their lifestyle is healthier. The job satisfaction of people who work with social assisted beneficiaries increases exponentially when their lifestyle is healthier. The relationship between the way of life of the respondents and their professional satisfaction is influenced by the type of the social services they provide. Spiritual development and stress management are the most important lifestyle components when it comes to increasing job satisfaction. For people in the private sector, this satisfaction increases more powerful with the adoption of a healthy lifestyle than it does for respondents in the public sector. The research achieved its objectives by identifying the interdependencies between the measured dimensions and the life characteristics of the study participants.

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ETHICS MANAGEMENT IN HEALTHCARE INSTITUTIONS - SOME RESEARCH DIRECTIONS

Author(s): Vladimir Poroch / Language(s): English Issue: 27/2023

In a demarche to explore the specialized literature, our paper makes a brief theoretical review of the aspects that need to be approached holistically and integrated into the creation and implementation of the component elements of the ethics management system in the institutions of the healthcare sector. The analysed issues may also be subjects of interest for further research to offer a better understanding and effective tools for the practice and performance of healthcare organizations.

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Običaj obrezivanja kroz historiju

Author(s): Enver Imamović / Language(s): Bosnian,English Issue: 52/2023

For a long time, the issue regarding the practice of circumcision has been attracting the attention of many historians, ethnologists, philosophers, sociologists, doctors, archaeologists, and others who studied this phenomenon in accordance with their fields of study. Every field made their contribution to this phenomenon so today we know far more than about a hundred years ago. Archaeology distinguished itself from other fields of study by discovering cave paintings depicting circumcision from the Stone Age dating back to several tens of thousands years ago. Namely, these paintings undoubtedly indicate that the practice of circumcision developed from the fertility cult, because people, even in prehistory, realized that male sexual function is the guarantee for community survival. That capability is, even today, closely related to inflammation of the prostate, i.e. a penile defect when the foreskin is too tight so it cannot be pulled back from the head (glans) of the penis. Consequently, residual urine drops cause heavy inflammation along with sexual dysfunction. After studying this issue, scientists concluded that tribes and peoples from all over the world eventually realized that the aforementioned problem can be solved by medical intervention, that is, by stretching the foreskin and cutting the narrow tip, enabling the male for intercourse and procreation. Comparative study of this phenomenon from all around the world determined that, because of the aforesaid reason, circumcision was performed by both culturally primitive tribes from the rainforests of South and Central America, Oceania, Australia, Africa, and highly developed civilizations like Egyptians, the Semitic peoples including Jews, Arabs, Edomites, Colchians, and many others whose written and monument legacy mention this phenomenon.

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STUDY THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE COGNITIVE ASPECT OF THEORY OF MIND AND UNDERSTANDING IN ORAL LANGUAGE IN ALZHEIMER'S PATIENTS DURING THE MIDDLE STAGE OF THE DISEASE

Author(s): Saadia Mohammed Bouchnak,Amin Djenan / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The ability to infer internal mental states through the behavior is related to the understanding of implicit language statements in interactive situations where the speaker’s intention is public. This study looked at that relationship by answering whether this association persists during aging and after Alzheimer’s. Apply some of the terms of the Theory of mind (Toma) battery and the Oral Language (OLTA) battery designed for the adult. A group of 5 individuals with Alzheimer's disease during the middle stage. The results found that the impact relationship is not limited to the group of individuals below the age of maturity, but continues into old age. it would explain the nature of language and cognitive disorders in understanding metaphors such as folk proverbs and the attribution of mental states either through behavior or through language in intermediate Alzheimer’s patients.

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